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Bazi Achillea L. Türleri Üzerinde Farmasötik Botanik Araştirmalar

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Bazi Achillea L. Türleri Üzerinde Farmasötik Botanik Araştirmalar T.C. HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BAZI ACHILLEA L. TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDE FARMASÖTİK BOTANİK ARAŞTIRMALAR Bio. Osman Tuncay AĞAR Farmasötik Botanik Programı YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ANKARA 2010 T.C. HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BAZI ACHILLEA L. TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDE FARMASÖTİK BOTANİK ARAŞTIRMALAR Bio. Osman Tuncay AĞAR Farmasötik Botanik Programı YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ TEZ DANIŞMANI Doç. Dr. Fatma Pınar ŞAHİN ANKARA 2010 iii ONA Y SAYFASI iv TEŞEKKÜR Tez çalışmam süresince sabır ve anlayışla desteğini benden hiç esirgemeyen, değerli bilgilerini bana aktaran, danışman hocam Doç. Dr. F. Pınar ŞAHİN’e; Çalışmalarım sırasında ilgi ve yardımlarını gördüğüm Farmasötik Botanik Anabilim Dalı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Nurten EZER’e ve desteklerini arkamda hissettiğim Farmasötik Botanik Anabilim Dalı öğretim elemanları Doç. Dr. İrem ÇANKAYA, Arş. Gör. Z. Ceren ARITULUK ve Arş. Gör. Serap ANUL ile Farmakognozi Anabilim Dalı tüm öğretim üyeleri ve araştırma görevlisi arkadaşlarıma; Eskişehir Anadolu Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi’ndeki çalışmalarım boyunca bana her türlü imkanı sunan ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen başta Doç. Dr. Nilgün ÖZTÜRK ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Miriş DİKMEN olmak üzere, Uzm. Zerrin K. CANTÜRK ve Uzm. Sinem ER’e; Arazi çalışmalarım sırasında yardımlarını gördüğüm Uzm. Haşim ALTINÖZLÜ, Arş. Gör. Barış ÖZÜDOĞRU, Uzm. Golshan ZARE ve Bio. Mustafa Eren ŞAHİNER’e; Çalışmalarım sırasındaki değerli yardımlarından dolayı Muttalip AÇIKGÖZ’e, Eskişehir’de geçirdiğim zamanlarda manevi destekleri ile her zaman yanımda olan sevgili dostarım Fatih GÖGER, Hale Gamze DUYMUŞ, Hülya Tuba KIYAN ve Leyla YURTTAŞ’a; Çalışmalarım süresince her türlü desteği ile bana kuvvet veren Z. Merve UĞUR’a, Çalışmalarımın her aşamasında maddi ve manevi her türlü desteği sağlayan ve daima yanımda olan değerli aileme en içten duygularımla teşekkür ederim. v ÖZET Ağar, O.T., Bazı Achillea L. Türleri Üzerinde Farmasötik Botanik Araştırmalar, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Farmasötik Botanik Programı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2010. Ülkemizde doğal olarak yetişen A. wilhelmsii C.Koch. subsp. wilhelmsii, A. lycaonica Boiss. & Heldr., A. setacea Waldst. & Kit., A. kotschyi Boiss. subsp. kotschyi, A. coarctata Poir., A. biebersteinii Afan. türlerinin anatomik özellikleri ayrıntılı olarak belirlenmiş, toplam fenolik madde miktarları ile içerdikleri fenolik asitlerin miktarları tespit edilmiş, antioksidan ve sitotoksik aktiviteleri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışılan taksonlar çiçeklenme zamanlarında toplanmış, herbaryum numuneleri ve anatomik çalışmalar için %70’lik alkol materyalleri hazırlanmıştır. Bitkilerden alınan enine kesitler ile toz edilmiş numuneler, mikroskopta Kloralhidrat ve Sartur reaktifi ile incelenmiş, tespit edilen anatomik özellikler çizimler ve orijinal fotoğraflarla açıklanmıştır. Sonuçlar karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Miktar tayini ve biyolojik aktivite çalışmaları için bitkilerden metanol ekstreleri hazırlanmıştır. Ekstrelerin toplam fenolik madde miktarları Folin-Ciocaltaeu yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiş, en yüksek toplam fenolik madde miktarı A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi ekstresinde tespit edilmiştir. Fenolik asitlerin miktar tayinleri YBSK ile yapılmış ve ekstrelerin vanilik ve kafeik asitçe zengin olduğu görülmüştür. Ekstrelerin antioksidan potansiyeli β- karoten-linoleik asit sisteminde, serbest radikal süpürücü etkileri ise DPPH radikal süpürücü etkinin ölçülmesiyle değerlendirilmiştir. En kuvvetli antioksidan aktiviteyi A. lycaonica ekstresi, en kuvvetli radikal süpürücü etkiyi A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi ekstresi göstermiştir. Ekstrelerin MCF7 hücreleri üzerindeki sitotoksik etkileri MTT yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiş ve en etkili sitotoksik aktivite A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi ekstresinde gözlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Achillea, anatomi, toplam fenolik madde miktarı, fenolik asit, YBSK, antioksidan aktivite, radikal süpürücü etki, sitotoksik aktivite, MTT vi ABSTRACT Ağar, O.T., Botanical studies on some Achillea L. species, Hacettepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Botany Program, M.S. Thesis, Ankara, 2010. Anatomical properties of A. wilhelmsii C.Koch. subsp. wilhelmsii, A. lycaonica Boiss. & Heldr., A. setacea Waldst. & Kit., A. kotschyi Boiss. subsp. kotschyi, A. coarctata Poir., A. biebersteinii Afan., which are growing in our country, were described in details. In addition to anatomical studies quantitative analysis of total phenolic constituents and phenolic acids were carried out as well as antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the plants were examined. Plants were collected during flowering period, herbarium materials were prepared and specimens were also kept in 70% alcohol for anatomical studies. Transverse sections and powdered plant material were examined with chloraldhydrate and Sartur reagents under a light microscope, characteristics which were detected during anatomical studies were described with drawings and original photographs. Results were comperatively evaluated. Methanol extracts of the plants were prepared for quantitative analysis and biological activity studies. The total phenolic contents of the extracts were determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the total phenolic content was highest in A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi extract. Quantitative analysis of phenolic acids in the extracts were done by HPLC and the most abundant phenolic acids were found to be vanillic and caffeic acids. Extracts were also tested for antioxidant and radical scavenging activity by β-carotene-linoleic acid model and by DPPH model. A. lycaonica extract was exhibited highest antioxidant activity while A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi showed highest radical scavenging activity. Plant extracts were also screened for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells by MTT assay. According to our results the most active plant was A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi. Key words: Achillea, anatomy, total phenolic compound, phenolic acids, HPLC, antioxidant activity, radical scavenging activity, cytotoxic activity, MTT vii İÇİNDEKİLER ONAY SAYFASI iii TEŞEKKÜR iv ÖZET v ABSTRACT vi İÇİNDEKİLER vii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ix ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ xi RESİMLER DİZİNİ xiv TABLOLAR DİZİNİ xv 1. GİRİŞ VE AMAÇ 1 2.GENEL BİLGİLER 3 2.1.Botanik Bilgiler 3 2.1.1. Asteraceae Familyasının Genel Özellikleri 3 2.1.2. Achillea L. Cinsinin Taksonomideki Yeri 4 2.1.3. Türkiye Florasındaki Achillea L. Taksonları 5 2.2. Achillea Türleri Üzerinde Yapılan Çalışmalar 7 2.2.1. Botanik Çalışmalar 7 2.2.2. Kimyasal Çalışmalar 19 2.2.3. Biyolojik Aktivite Çalışmaları 33 3.DENEYSEL KISIM 51 3.1.Botanik Çalışmalar 51 3.1.1. Materyal, Yöntem ve Kullanılan Aletler 51 3.2. Ekstraksiyon Yöntemi 53 3.3. Miktar Tayini Çalışmaları 54 3.3.1. Toplam Fenolik Madde Miktar Tayini 54 3.3.2. Fenolik Asitlerin YBSK ile Tayini 54 3.4. İn-vitro Biyolojik Aktivite Çalışmaları 56 3.4.1. Antioksidan Aktivite Tayini 56 3.4.2. Sitotoksik Aktivite Tayini 57 3.5. İstatistiksel Analizler 60 viii 4. BULGULAR 61 4.1. Botanik Çalışmalara Ait Bulgular 61 4.1.1. Morfolojik ve Anatomik Özellikler 61 4.2. Miktar Tayini Çalışmalarına Ait Bulgular 96 4.2.1. Toplam Fenolik Madde Miktarı 96 4.2.2. YBSK ile Fenolik Asitlerin Tayini 97 4.3. In vitro Biyolojik Aktivite Testlerine Ait Bulgular 101 4.3.1. Antioksidan Aktivite 101 4.3.2. Sitotoksik Aktivite 104 5. SONUÇ VE TARTIŞMA 141 KAYNAKLAR 151 ÖZGEÇMİŞ 171 ix SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ 1,5-DKKA : 1,5-di-O-kafeoilkinik asit 1A9 : Ovaryum kanseri 3,4-ODKKA : 3,4-di-O-kafeoilkinik asit 3,5-DKKA : 3,5-di-O-kafeoilkinik asit 4,5-DKKA : 4,5-di-O-kafeoilkinik asit A431 : İnsan deri epidermoid karsinoma hücresi A549 : İnsan akciğer kanseri AB : A. biebersteinii Afan. ABTS : 2,2-azino-bi-3-etilbenzotiyazolin-6 sülfonik asit AC : A. coarctata Poir. AEF : Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Herbaryumu AK : A. kotschyi Boiss. subsp. kotschyi AL : A. lycaonica Boiss. & Heldr. AS : A. setacea Waldst. & Kit. AW : A. wilhelmsii C.Koch. subsp. wilhelmsii B16 : Fare melanoma hücresi BHT : 2,6-di-tert-butil-4-metilfenol DMSO : Dimetilsülfoksit DPPH : 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil ELİZA : Enzim İlintili İmmün Test FA : Ferulik asit FEM-X : İnsan melanoma hücresi GA : Gallik asit GAZI : Gazi Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Herbaryumu HCT-8 : İleoçekal kanseri HeLa : İnsan servikal karsinoma hücresi Hep-2 : İnsan larenks epidermoit karsinoma hücresi HUB : Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Herbaryumu HUEF : Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Herbaryumu x IS : İç standart (Internal standart) K562 : İnsan miyeloid lösemi hücresi KA : Kafeik asit KB : Nazofarenjeal kanser KB-VIN : P-glikoprotein çoklu ilaç dirençli nazofarenjeal kanser KLA : Klorojenik asit LPO : Lipid peroksidasyon MCF7 : İnsan meme adenokarsinom hücresi MDA-MB-231 : Yüksek invazif meme kanseri hücresi MTT : 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromid NKLA : Neoklorojenik asit NO : Nitrik oksit o-KU : o-kumarik P-388 : Fare lösemi hücresi PC-3 : Prostat kanseri p-KU : p-kumarik asit PN : Pik normalizasyon p-OH-BA : p-hidroksi benzoik asit proto-KA : Protokateşik asit RA : Rosmarinik asit S.H. : Standart hata SA : Sirinjik asit T98G : İnsan glioblastoma hücresi t-SİN : trans-sinnamik asit U87-MG : Gliyoblastom hücresi VA : Vanilik asit YBSK : Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografisi xi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ Şekil Şekil 4.1. A. wilhelmsii subsp. wilhelmsii, (A) Gövde enine kesiti, (B) 65 Gövde anatomik karakterleri Şekil 4.2. A. wilhelmsii subsp. wilhelmsii, (A-B) Yaprak enine kesiti: 66 (A) lamina, (B) orta damar,(C)
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