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La Tribu Anthemideae Cass. (Asteraceae) En La Flora Alóctona De La Península Ibérica E Islas Baleares (Citas Bibliográficas Y Aspectos Etnobotánicos E Históricos)

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La Tribu Anthemideae Cass. (Asteraceae) En La Flora Alóctona De La Península Ibérica E Islas Baleares (Citas Bibliográficas Y Aspectos Etnobotánicos E Históricos) Monografías de la Revista Bouteloua 9 La tribu Anthemideae Cass. (Asteraceae) en la flora alóctona de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares (Citas bibliográficas y aspectos etnobotánicos e históricos) DANIEL GUILLOT ORTIZ Abril de2010 Fundación Oroibérico & Jolube Consultor Editor Ambiental La tribu Anthemideae en la flora alóctona de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares Agradecimientos: A Carles Benedí González, por sus importantes aportaciones y consejos en el desarrollo de este trabajo. La tribu Anthemideae Cass. (Asteracea e) en la flora alóctona de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares (Citas bibliográficas y aspectos etnobotánicos e históricos) Autor: Daniel GUILLOT ORTIZ Monografías de la revista Bouteloua, nº 9, 158 pp. Disponible en: www.floramontiberica.org [email protected] En portada, Tanacetum parthenium, imagen tomada de la obra Köhler´s medicinal-Pflanzen, de Köhler (1883-1914). En contraportada, Anthemis austriaca, imagen tomada de la obra de Jacquin (1773-78) Floræ Austriacæ. Edición ebook: José Luis Benito Alonso (Jolube Consultor y Editor Ambiental. www.jolube.es) Jaca (Huesca), y Fundación Oroibérico, Albarracín (Teruel). Abril de 2010. ISBN ebook: 978-84-937811-0-1 Derechos de copia y reproducción gestionados po r el Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos. Monografías Bouteloua, nº 9 2 ISBN: 978-84-937811-0-1 La tribu Anthemideae en la flora alóctona de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares INTRODUCCIÓN Incluimos en este trabajo todos los taxones citados como alóctonos de la tribu Anthemideae en la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares en obras botánicas, tanto actuales como de los siglos XVIII-XIX y principios del siglo XX. Para cada género representado, incluimos información sobre aspectos como la etimología, sinonimia, descripción, número de especies y corología. Para cada especie, y de manera general hemos seguido el siguiente esquema: sinonimia, etimología, nombre común, corología, mapas corológicos, iconografía (tanto fotografías como grabados etc.), problemática (donde incluimos las citas bibliográficas de estas especies como alóctonas), etnobotánica y número cromosómico. Incluimos igualmente numerosas imágenes de estas especies tomadas de obras botánicas tanto españolas como extranjeras, de los siglos XVIII-XIX y principios del XX. Como resultado de nuestro trabajo hemos observado distintos grupos: 1. Alóctonas con un área de distribución natural conocida (alejada geográficamente de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares): Anthemis austriaca Cotula coronopifolia Artemisia annua Cotula mexicana Artemisia canariensis Matricaria matricarioides Artemisia tournefortiana Matricaria perforata Artemisia verlotiorum Soliva pterosperma Centipeda cunninghamii Soliva stolonifera Cotula australis Ursinia nana 2. Autóctonas, con un área de distribución natural en parte de la Península Ibérica y/o Islas baleares, que ocasionalmente han sido halladas fuera de su área de distribución: Anacyclus radiatus Leucanthemum monspeliense Anthemis cotula Leucanthemum paludopsum Artemisia assoana Matricaria aurea Coleostephus myconis 3. Autóctonas con un área de distribución natural en la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares, que también son cultivadas y ocasionalmente pueden o han podido escapar de cultivo (época actual): Achillea ligustica Artemisia vulgaris Achillea millefolium Chrysanthemum coronarium Artemisia absinthium Leucanthemum maximum Artemisia alba Santolina chamaecyparissus Artemisia arborescens Tanacetum vulgare 4. Alóctonas, con un área de distribución conocida (alejada de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares), citadas en obras botánicas del siglo XIX y principios del XX, que no han vuelto a ser citadas por autores actuales: Monografías Bouteloua, nº 9 3 ISBN: 978-84-937811-0-1 D. Guillot Ortiz (2010) Anthemis abrotanifolia Cotula anthemoides Artemisia pontica Chrysanthemum carinatum Artemisia rupestris Leucanthemum adustum Artemisia scoparia Lonas annua 5. Alóctonas, con un área de distribución natural conocida alejada de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares, introducidas como plantas cultivadas y escapadas de cultivo Achillea filipendulina Eriocephalus africanus Argyranthemum frutescens Tanacetum balsamita Artemisia dracunculus Tanacetum cinerariifolium Chrysanthemum indicum Tanacetum parthenium Chrysanthemum sinense 6. Alóctonas de origen incierto, tanto no cultivadas como introducidas para su cultivo y escapadas Artemisia abrotanum Matricaria chamomilla Chrysanthemum segetum Monografías Bouteloua, nº 9 4 ISBN: 978-84-937811-0-1 La tribu Anthemideae en la flora alóctona de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares TRIBU ANTHEMIDEAE Cass (1819) (Asteraceae) Sinónimos: Tribu Cotuleae Benth. (1868); Tribu Ursiniae H. Rob. & Brettell (1973). Corología: Tribu cosmopolita que agrupa 76 géneros y unas 1200 especies (Lisowski, 1991), mientras otros autores como (Kubitzki, 2007) indican 111 géneros con cerca de 1800 especies, distribuidas en todo el mundo (extratropicales), pero con concentraciones en el centro de Asia, la región mediterránea y el sur de África. Davis & al. (1975) señalan que principalmente del Viejo Mundo, principalmente Mediterráneo y sur de África. Descripción: Plantas anuales, bienales o perennes, herbáceas, subarbustivas o arbustos, raramente epinescentes. Indumento raramente ausente, en general con pelos cortos biseriados glandulosos y uniseriados basifijos, con forma de T, medifijos o pelos estrellados. Hojas en general alternas, raramente opuestas o basalmente agrupadas, generalmente variablemente disectas, dentadas, aserradas, lobuladas, pinnatífidas o pinnatisectas, raramente enteras, en ocasiones vermiformes, raramente suculentas. Capítulos solitarios o en corimbos laxos a densos, panículas o racimos, o en glomérulos, a menudo pedunculados, raramente sésiles, heterógamos y radiados o disciformes, u homógamos y discoideos. Involucros a menudo hemisféricos, en ocasiones obcónicos, cilíndricos o urceolados. Filarios en 2-7 niveles, imbricados en ocasiones con uno o varios canales resiníferos, casi siempre con márgenes escariosos y ápice. Receptáculos planos, meniscoideos, hemisféricos, cónicos o estrechamente cónicos, glabros o pelosos, paleados o epaleados. Paleas persistentes o caedizas, planas o canaliculadas, en ocasiones con un canal resinífero central. Lígulas femeninas y estériles o fértiles, o neutras; limbo blanco, blanco con base amarilla, amarillo o raramente azul-violeta, rosado o rojizo. Flósculos externos (en capítulos disciformes) en uno o varios niveles, femeninos, en general fértiles; corola tubulosa y con 0-5 lóbulos apicales, generalmente amarillos, raramente ausentes. Flósculos centrales hermafroditas o funcionalmente masculinos; corola tubulosa o infundibiliforme, actinomorfa, raramente ligeramente cigomorfa, amarilla o raramente blanquecina o rojiza, con 3-6 lóbulos apicales; lóbulos raramente con saco resinífero central. Estambres iguales en número y alternando con los lóbulos de la corola; parte superior de los filamentos con células con paredes engrosadas, formando una hendidura cilindrica; anteras generalmente con un apéndice apical ovado, triangular o subtriangular a subulado, generalmente redondeado, raramente cortamente apendiculadas en la base; polen generalmente espinoso, en ocasiones rugoso o liso, tricolporado, con una capa gruesa basal, larga basal columela con ramas distales, y un doble tectum formado por una columela infratectal de longitud uniforme. Estilo con una base alargada o bulbosa, en general situado sobre un estilopodio acopado (nectario); ramas del estilo en general libres, en ocasiones (en flores funcionalmente masculinas), unidas, generalmente lineares, de contorno raramente elípticas u ovadas, apicalmente truncadas, peniciladas, y generalmente con áreas estigmáticas paralelas, en ocasiones curvadas, papilado estigmáticas, sobre su cara adaxial. Aquenios variables en cuanto a la forma, a menudo obovoideos, obcónicos, o cilindricos en contorno y circulares, triquetos o angulosos en sección transversal, en ocasiones dorsiventralmente aplanados y elípticos o rómbicos en sección, generalmente con costillas más o menos prominentes en ocasiones aun alados, en ocasiones sin costillas; ápice marginalmente redondeado o truncado o con una corona entera a lacerada (en ocasiones adaxialmente más desarrollada) o con una corona formada por escamas individuales, en ocasiones basalmente fusionadas, o escamas similares a Monografías Bouteloua, nº 9 5 ISBN: 978-84-937811-0-1 D. Guillot Ortiz (2010) cerdas, o con una (generalmente adaxial), aurícula; pericarpo a menudo con sacos o conductos de resina y especializado, células epidérmicas mixogénicas. Saco embrionario de desarrollo monospórico o tetraspórico, raramente bispórico. Número cromosómico base generalmente x= 9, a veces x= 10, raramente x= 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, o 17 (Kubitzki, 2007). Etnobotánica: Los miembros de la tribu son bien conocidos como plantas aromáticas, y algunos son empleados por su valor farmaceútico y/o pesticida (Kubitzki, 2007). En España se cultivan como ornamentales representantes de los géneros Cotula, Eriocephalus, Ajania, Chrysanthemum, Artemisia, Achillea, Otanthus, Anthemis, Leucanthemopsis, Argyranthemum, Santolina, Leucanthemum y Matricaria. 1. Achillea L., Sp. Pl. 2: 896. 1753 Etimología: Nombrada por Aquiles (Cronquist & al., 1994; Edsall, 1985). Triano (1998) indica que el nombre genérico Achillea proviene de la batalla de Troya, donde Aquiles curó a muchos de sus soldados y al propio rey Télefo, rey de Micenas, utilizando el poder que la milenrama tiene para detener
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