The Personality Changes on Major Character in Defoe's

THE PERSONALITY CHANGES ON MAJOR CHARACTER IN DEFOE’S

ROBINSON CRUSOE

A THESIS

CINIO STEVEN SINAGA

REG. NO. 120705096

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2016

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA THE PERSONALITY CHANGES ON MAJOR CHARACTER IN DEFOE’S

ROBINSON CRUSOE

A THESIS

CINIO STEVEN SINAGA

REG. NUMBER: 120705096

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Drs. Parlindungan Purba. M.Hum. Drs. Siamir Marulafau. M.Hum. NIP.196302161989031003 NIP. 195805171985031003

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra From

Department English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2016

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D NIP. 19541117198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of

Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara on 24 October 2016

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. ______

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. ______

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum. ______

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum ______

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, CINIO STEVEN SINAGA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR

OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT

OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed : Cinio Steven Sinaga

th Date : October 24 , 2016

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME NAME : CINIO STEVEN SINAGA

TITLE OF THESIS : THE PERSONALITY CHANGES ON MAJOR

CHARACTER IN DEFOE’S ROBINSON CRUSOE

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed : Cinio Steven Sinaga

Date : October 24th, 2016

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After finished all the processes of study in English Literaure Department, at last I had graduated from University of Sumatera Utara. The very first thanks I would like to say to my Almighty God Jesus Christ for his blesses. All of what I had done was nothing if it was not because of Him. I knew that in all of my steps Jesus always lead my way, not only till this, but always forever more. I could never relly on any body else, but Him to face all of my problems.

And the secondly, I woud like to express my gratitude and appreciation to those who have given me pray, advice, motivation, and help in accomplishing my thesis. They are :

1. My beloved parents, to whom this thesis is devoted, Anthony Steven Sinaga and Asnawati Siregar, who always pray for me everytime and for everything. They are great parents ever, particulary my mother who always been take care of us (the children). My parents are the supporter, the advisor and my enthuasiasm charger that I can live my life until nowadays and accomplish this thesis. Thank you for your unconditional love, I promise that I will not to disappoint you. 2. My dear brothers and sister,Jefry Steven Sianga, David Steven Sinaga, and AyuStefanySinaga who have become my cheeriness and motivation, I do love you all. I will take care of you all, so wish me get succeed soon. 3. Drs.ParlindunganPurba, M.Hum as my supervisor andDrs. Siamir Marulafau. M.Hum. as co-supervisor who have share their valuable ideas, times, guidance, and patience in process of completing this thesis. 4. Dr. H.Muhizar Muchtar, M.S as the head of English Department and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D the Secretary of English Department and all the lecturers of English Department who have shared many knowledge and experience. 5. Irvan S Simbolon, NielMaruliTua, David Samuel Silalahi, AnastasyaBernadeth, Dame Diarnita S, Monica, Isti, Mukhtar Hasan,Dzulfiwar, Windo, who become such my family, thanks for the time

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA when we are still study as student, the laugh, the crazy moments we spent together, share many things in all the times, that was the precious time to be spent with you all. Also for all my friends in English Literature University of Sumatera Utara especially Class A 2012 that I can’t mention name by name, I will never forget you guys, may all us be succesfull in the future. Amin 6. Thanks also to my seniors who have given me advices and suggestions, Novi Sinaga, Stephany Joice, Daniel, Martin, Sam, and all of you that I cannot mention one by one. 7. My loyal supporter and the best partner I have ever had, Apriliana Lase. I still remember the first time when I notified you that my title was approved by the Department. It was in April.Same as your name. Magic month, magic name. You have changed so many things in my life. You are still here with me till I finished my study, and I wish you can always be my best partner. I love us. 8. Last but not least, for all my friends and people who know me. Apriliana Lase, Jessica Ignatia, Ade Trya Eka Wardani, Ridwan Syahputra, Anes, Budi Hutauruk, Ankada. I am truly sorry because I cannot write your names but I hope you always know that you are always in my heart.

Finally, may this thesis be worthwhile for all of the readers, may the grace and love of God be with us forever. Amin

Medan, October 2016

Cinio Steven Sinaga Reg. No. 120705096

vii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “The Personality Changes On Major Character In Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe”, discussed aboutthe causes and the impacts of personality changesas reflected in novelRobinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. The writer used Freud’s Psychoanalitic Theory about the id, the ego and the superego collaborated with descriptive qualitative method of research in this analysis. The witer collected the datas from several references by using the library method of research, then the colledted and selected data are being analyzed to find the changes of personality on major character. After analyzed the data and applies the theory of Freud into it, had been known that the personality changes that happened to the major character were caused by the unconsistant processes of expressing the id, the ego, and the superego inside the character, which inflenced by the situation around him and as the impact of his personality changes, the major character had changed to be a faithful man.

Key Words : Personality Changes, Freud, Daniel Defoe, Psychology Literature

viii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “The Personality Changes On Major Character In Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe”, yang membahas mengenai perubahan kepribadian yang terdapat dalam novel Robinson Crusoe karya Daniel Defoe. Dalam melakukan analisis masalah, penulis menggunakan teori psikologi Freud mengenai id, ego dan superego untuk menjawab masalah kepribadian tokoh utama. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dimana dalam proses pengumpulan data menggunakan metode kepustakaan dan kemudian data terpilih dianalisis untuk menemukan masalah perubahan kepribadaian dari tokoh utama. Setelah dilakukan analisis data serta pengaplikasian teori Freud ke dalamnya diketahuilah bahwa proses pengekspresian dari id, ego dan superego di dalam diri karater utama yang tidak konsisten telah mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan kepribadian dan sebagai dampaknya ia mengalami perubahan sifat menjadi pribadi yang lebih baik lagi.

Kata Kunci : Perubahan Kepribadian, Freud, Daniel Defoe, Psikologi Sastra

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE AUTHOR DECLARATION iv COPYRIGHT DECLARATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi ABSTRACT viii ABSTRAK ix TABLE OF CONTENT x

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1.Background 1 1.2.Problem of The Study 6 1.3.Objective of the Study 6 1.4.Scope of The Study 6 1.5.Significance of The Study 7

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory 8 2.2. Persoanlity Changes 11 2.3. Hermeneustic Theory 13 2.4. Hermeneuistic Theory 14

CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1. Research Design 16 3.2. Data Collection 16 3.3. Selecting Data 17 3.4. Data Analysis 17

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1. Robinson Crusoe’s Personality Changes 18

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.1. The Failure of The Ego and The Superego to The Id 18 4.1.2. The Changes of The Id to The Superego 27 4..2. The Impact of Robinson Crusoe’s Personality Changes 33 4.2.1. The Thankfulness 33 4.2.2. Robinson Crusoe Become Wiser 36 4.2.3. The Faitfull 37 4.2.4. The Discover of Self Identity 39

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1. Conclusion 43 5.2. Suggestion 45

REFERENCES 46

APPENDICES i. Author’s Biography and Works ii. Summary of The Novel

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

The presence of human inall literary works is absolutely undeniable.

Although literature often surfaces some figures of fiction like stones, animals, monsters or any else, actually the pivot are humans. This kind of method in literature is called personalization, which animals or lifeless things are revealed as the simile of human.Personalization mostly reveals on story of fairy tale, but there is time when although if the character itself is human, the authorof the novel sometime puts several attributes of animal or lifeless things into the characters, with purpose to make an analogy of how human could pass his own limit as human. This kind of application often reveals on many characters in novel or drama.

The analysis of characters in a novel is thesame as analyzing the behavior of human, because human is the pivot of all characters in literary works. The only difference is human in literary works tends to be fictitious.They are not real. They are group of people that are created by the author’s imagination. The deeper analysis of character cannot keep using the same method as analyzing any other aspects of literature, like the intrinsic items of novel, because human have many different characteristics. It will need the study of psychology to be able to see deeper and further about the acts of human personality.

The approach of psychology into literature has been begun when Sigmund

Freud as the psychologist used to read many literary works. Freud’s psychoanalysis theory hasinspired many psychology literature observers. Freud defines personality

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA into 3 types, they are the id, the ego, and the superego. These 3 domains of psychology, seem are the base foundation of psychology literature analysis.

According to Endraswara (2008: 11), “Psychology of Literature does not mean to solve the problems of psychology instantly. As its meaning, the purpose of this study is to understand the mentally aspects of human contained in a literary works”.So, here the writer does not pretendto become a psychologist that can solve the main character’s problem in that novel. The purpose of this analysis is to understand the mentally aspects on the main character as the study of humanity in literature.

Meanwhile, Bernard J. Paris in his book entitled A Psychological Approach to Fiction, he has made statement taken from Normand Holland (1974: 1) that, “We should use psychology in our real and lively reaction to the work rather than on the character’s fictitious minds”. He feels that the character study is useful to legitimate only when it is incorporated into our analysis by the audience’s mind. The fact iswhat is in the character’s mind comes from the author of the novel. It means that the psychological condition of the author influencesthe whole process of the character’s mentality creation.

In addition, Holland says that, “Three possible minds to which psychological critic customary refers are the author’s mind, a character’s mind and the audience’s mind”. He believes that there are two kinds of mind within realistic novel that can be studied in psychological terms; they are the minds that implied by author of the novel and the minds of the leading characters. Here in this analysis, the writer tends to analyze the leading character’s mind and his change of personality rather than analyzing the author.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In term of psychology development, an individual mayexperiences the change of personality. The changes thathas been mentioned here is not about the feeling(like or dislike) toward something, but the whole point of view of an individual to see something. People do not change every day. They changes by the test. Not every man can pass their own test. Some people havedefeated before fighting, some else gets their wisdoms and the other can proud of their self as they passes the test. In study of psychology, those things are generally happens to people.

There are so many cases of personality changes in world of psychology studies. The stimulant of these changes must be a big important event in life. For example, the death of a father can make the only boy in family act like a chairman in the house, or the traumatic of scary thing that can make someone become very coward. Those changing can be good or bad, depends on the impact toward the person itself and the environment.

In many literary works also, this kind of motif is often appeared, for example, in Shakespeare’s Macbeth.The main character in the tragedy of Macbeth,undergoes a series of personality changes throughout the play. His transformation occurs in three major stages. First comes from his attitude at the beginning of Macbeth where it is very positive and powerful. Subsequently he endures with the murder of king

Duncan that reduce him from his moral and good status. Finally he becomes wicked in his ways and develops into a tyrant and a butcher. The same motif of personality changes also appeared in Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, the novel that the writerwant to analyze here. Throughout the Crusoe’s experiences on the island, he changes from an unreligious person to be a faithful and pious believer in God and

Christianity. Another change of Crusoe’s personality is his point of view toward worldly pleasure. There are parts in the novel that tells how Crusoe deniesthe thought

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA of regret that he leaves his wealth only for travel overseas and ends up shipwrecked in an island.

The object of this research is a novel of 1719 published at United Kingdom by the legend of England writer Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe is the title of the novel. It talks about a man that has been shipwrecked and must stay in an island, surviving by his own self. His name is Robinson Crusoe. He remains on the island for twenty seven years. He is able to take many provisions from the ship before it goes into the deep sea. In that time, he recreates the England life such building homes, necessities, and foe his unhappiness. There are so many conflicts of psychology that the writer has noticed from this novel. Defoe’s style in writing this novel has made the novel becomes so real and near to humanity problems of life

(especially spiritual conflicts). The orientation of the writer in analyzesthis novel is more focus on the major character Robinson Crusoe. Defoe has made Robinson as the story teller of his life tale. The story is not only what happened to Robinson

Crusoe but also what is in his mind at the situation. The domain of the novel is the individual and his social relationships, and it tends to present the exploration into individual minds. The curve of the story is fully depended on Crusoe’s psychology.

His point of views, the decisions he has made, and thechanging of his personality has been the main ideas of the novel.

The exploration into human’s spiritual in order to know more about the details of human is something stimulating. That is why the writer picks up this subject of research. The first reason comes from the novel. The way Defoe explores

Crusoe’s mind is like entering hundreds doors of a temple when you will have such enlightenment every time you open a door. The genre is a breakthrough at the year it has been published. By the success of Robinson Crusoe, many novels after that year

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA have adoptedthe same genre that called robinsonade. The second reason is because the writer does like to study psychology of human being. The changing of Robinson

Crusoe’s personalitywhich reflected in this novel is an exact object of research. The novel, according tothe writer’s opinion, is surrounded by the aspects of psychology.

The personalitychanges that happen to the major character in the novel becomes interesting to be analyzed because not only in the fiction stories, many people in real live have the same changes inlife as the part of humanization process.

The story of Robinson Crusoe is such a big inspiration for the audiences. His brilliant changing actually does not happen just like that. The steps of his changing are what writer wants to discuss in this analysis. For Robinson Crusoe it is not an easy test. No one will consider it is easy to be shipwrecked in an island alone.

In order to explain the condition of major character, the writerapplies the theory of Sigmund Freud. Freud with his psychologist teamhave developed the theory of psychoanalytic to analyze the human personality. Freud introduces what will later come to be called “structural theory” of psychoanalysis in his 1923 book,

The Ego and The Id. The theory divides mind into three agencies or “structures”, the id, the ego, and the superego. The id, which is fully unconscious,consists the primitive desires of satisfy its biological needs. The superegocontains the socially influences conscience and counteracts the id with moral and ethical prohibitions. The largely conscious ego functions as mediator for theid nor the superego. This theory, in its coherence with this analysis, may be able to explain the situation that happens to the major character’s changing of personality.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

1.2 Problem of The Study

According to the background of the study that has been described, this research focuses on these following problems:

1. What are the causesof the personality changes on the major character

based on Freud’s theory?

2. What arethe impacts of the personality changesportrayed in the

novel?

1.3 Objectives of The Study

Based on the problem of study, the objectives of this research are:

1. To find out the causesof the personality changes on the major

character based Freud’s theory.

2. To find out the impacts of personality changesportrayed in the novel.

1.4 Scope of The Study

The focus of this analysis is to identify the personality changeson major character in novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.The identification will find the answer for the causes and the impacts of personality changes as portrayed in the novel. The writer finds several aspects of personality changes from the novel that the writer want to reveals in this analysis. The writer puts them into two great lines, they are:

 The changes of Robinson Crusoe’s mindset about human worldly

will. This is including his will before being shipwrecked. Crusoe

shown many rejection of himself toward worldly things, like money.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  Robinson Crusoe’s opinion toward religion things. This is the most

prominent changes of leading character that the audiences will see

from the novel. The big contrast of the leading character’s way in

applying religion values into his life before and after the accident.

Based on those great lines upon, this analysis only focuses on identifying the causes and the impacts of Crusoe’s personality changes as how it has portrayed in the novel.

1.5 Significance of The Study

The significances of this analysis aredivided into theoretically and practically.

The theoretically significances are:

 This research can add new sight in analysis of psychology of literature

with a topic about personality changes.

 This research applying discipline of psychology into literature

analysis. The result of this analysis, theoretically, approve that

creative process of literature is near with rules of psychology.

 The finding of this study is expected to be significant to the readers of

literature, because it can show the inspiration, opinion and idea.

And, the practically significance of this research is this research can be the sequential for the future research with same subject of analysis. Then this paper can improve the English student’s interest in studying literature.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CAHPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychoanalytic literary criticism is literary theory which, in method, concept, or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis has begun by

Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic has been practiced since the early development of psychoanalysis itself, and has developed into a heterogeneous interpretive tradition.

Freud has written several important essays on literature, which he used to explore the psyche of authors and characters, to explain narrative mysteries, and to develop new concepts in psychoanalysis. The criticism has been made, however, that his, and his early follower‘s studies, what calls for elucidation are not the artistic and literary works themselves, but rather the psychopathology and biography of the artist, writer or fictional characters.

In his book entitled Beginning theory An Introduction to Literary and

Cultural Theory, Barry (1995) noted:

All of Freud's work depends upon the notion of the unconscious, which is the part of the mind beyond consciousness which nevertheless has a strong influence upon our actions. Freud was not the discoverer of the unconscious: his uniqueness lies in his attributing to it such a decisive role in our lives. Linked with this is the idea of repression, which is the 'forgetting' or ignoring of unresolved conflicts, unadmitted desires, or traumatic past events, so that they are forced out of conscious awareness and into the realm of the unconscious. A similar process is that of sublimation, whereby the repressed material is 'promoted' into something grander or is disguised as something 'noble'. For instance, sexual urges may be given sublimated expression in the form of intense religious experiences or longings. Later in his career Freud suggested a three-part, rather than a two- part, model of the psyche, dividing it into the ego, the super-ego,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and the id, these three 'levels' of the personality roughly corresponding to, respectively, the consciousness, the conscience, and the unconscious

Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy which aims to cure mental disorders 'by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind' (as the Concise

Oxford Dictionary puts it). The classic method of doing this is to get the patient to talk freely, in such a way that the repressed fears and conflicts which are causing the problems are brought into the conscious mind and openly faced, rather than remaining 'buried' in the unconscious. This practice is based upon specific theories of how the mind, the instincts, and sexuality work. These theories have developed by the Austrian, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). There is a growing consensus today that the therapeutic value of the method is limited, and that Freud's life-work is seriously flawed by methodological irregularities. All the same, Freud remains a major cultural force, and his impact on how we think about ourselves has been incalculable.

According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed by three elements. These three elements of personality are known as the id, the ego, and the superego, work together to create complex human behaviors.

The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, so it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires. If these needs are not being satisfied, the result is a state anxiety or tension.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The ego develops in order to meditate between the unrealistic id and external real world. It is the decision making component of personality. Ideally the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and totally unreasonable. The ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demand often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. The ego considers social realities, norms, etiquette, and rules in deciding how to behave.

Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure and avoids pain, but, unlike the id, the egoconcerns with devising a realistic strategy to obtain pleasure. The ego has no concept of right or wrong; something is good if it achieves its ends of satisfying without causing harm to itself or to the id. Often the egois weak relative to the headstrong id. The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others. It develops around the age of 3-5 during phallic stage of psychosexual development.

The superego’s function is to control the id’s impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and strive for perfection.

The superego consist of two systems; the consciences and the idea self. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feeling of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to the id’s demands, superego may make the person feel bad through guilt.

The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people and how to behave as a member of society. Behavior which falls short of the ideal self may be punished by

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA superego through guilt. The superego can also reward us through the ideal self when we behave ‘properly’ by making us feel proud.

If a person’s ideal self is too high a standard, then whatever the person does will represent failure. The ideal self and conscience are largely determined in childhood from parental values and how the person brought up.

Those concepts of psychoanalytic theory of Freud about id, ego and superego are can be applied as a capable theory to analyze the personality of Robinson Crusoe.

The id, the ego and the superego of Crusoe is the most important component to be analyzed in order to discover the reason and the impact of his personality changes implied in the novel.

2.2 Personality Changes

The foundation of Freud’s contribution to modern psychology is his emphasis on the unconscious aspects of the human psyche. Freud argues the unconscious mind follows the conscious mind in mental activity. The changes may happen because there are some conditions that brings mental proceses of an individual experiences some transformation. In view of this, Freud (Guerin,1979 : 123) defines two kinds of unconscious:

One which is transformed into conscious material easily and under conditions which frequently arise, and and another in the case of which such as transformation is difficult, can come about with a considerable expanditure of energy, or never occur at all... We call the unconscious which is only latent, and so can easily becom conscious , the “preconscious” , and keep the name “unconscious” for the other .

The proces of mental changes has been influenced by condityion in term of desire. The id is governed solely by the pleasure princilple. Conscuently, the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA egoserve as intermediary between the world within and the world without. The superego is the moral censoring agency, the repository of conscience and pride. (

Guerin, 1979 : 126).

From tihs point it cann be generated the id is dominated by the pleasure principle and the ego by the realitic principle, the superego is dominated by the morality principle. The realization of psychological changes can be illustrated with

Frued on diagram, ( Guerin, 1979 : 124)

2.3 Character

Every literary works must have a character inside. It is one of the most important elements in literature. Character holds the role to present the story in literary works such novel, poem, drama, short story, and others. Character makes live the story.

Character can be defined as any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary work.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA According to Robert (1993;20) characters are the person in dramatic of narratives work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with the moral qualities that are expressed in what they say in the dialogue and what they do the action.

The development of character probably changes the personality, behavior or mind of character. This development of character could be irreversible, reversible or there are even no changes at all from the beginning until the end of story. The curiosity about the possibility and the condition of identity changes has been remarkably intense in fiction and in psychology during the last century.

In talk about literature, this has led to the development of a crude but useful terminological distinction of two sorts of characterization; “static” and “dynamic”. A static character is one that does not undergo an important in the course of the story, remaining the same at the end as he or she was at the beginning. A dynamic character, in contrast, is one that does undergo important changes in the course of the story. More specifically, the changes that we are referring as being “undergone” here are not changes in circumstances, but change in some sense within the character. In its relation with this analysis, Robinson Crusoe, as the main character in the novel, might be classified as the dynamic character, considering that he have changed in course if the story. Robinson experienced a permanent character changes as the impact of theme in the novel.

In his book entitled Aspect of the Novel, British novelist E.M. Foster (1974) first used the term round and flat to describe the types of characters.According to

Foster, round characters have “the incalculability of life” about them. Round characters are well developed character who demonstrates varies and sometime contradictory traits. Round character tends to be fully developed than the flat one, or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the static characters. It engages the reader’s imagination and empathy, makes it possible for the reader to imagine him or herself in the character’s shoes. Round character is complex, like actual human beings and can surprise readers. It is usually dynamic (change in some way over the course of the story). Dynamic characters experiences this change as the result of the action in the plot, and the changes are significant enough to make permanent changes within the character beyond his or her mood.

In contrast, flat characters are not complex or dynamic. They do not change and may be referred to as static. Flat character is a character whose reveals only one,may be two, personality traits in a story or novel, and the trait(s) do not change.

Often, they are not even interesting to readers. Flat character is never surprise the reader.

2.4 Hermeneutics Theory

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of text interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. The term

‘hermeneutics’ come from the Greek languagehermenuetikos, bears an obvious reference to Hermes, the messenger god of ancient Greeks. Besides being a mediator between gods and between gods and men, he led souls to the underworld upon death.

Hermes was also considered to be the inventor of language and speech, an interpreter, a thief, a liar, and a trickster. In order to deliver the messages of the gods,

Hermes had to be acquainted with their language as well as with that of the mortals for whom the messenger were sent. Hence, Hermes had to understand and interpret for himself what the gods wanted to communicate before he could translate, articulate, and explicate this to their mortal subjects. While Hermes had to ‘explain’

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA what the gods intention were to mortals, his explanations were clarifications aimed at rendering what was unclear, clear in order to allow mortals to make sense of understanding what was being conveyed. Hermeneutics is defined as theory of the interpretation of meaning (Butler, 1998: 285).

Chladeneus (in Szondi, 1995: 21) stated that hermeneutics as theory of interpretation indicating the true understanding of a passage. Notion of understanding is the meaning of a passage, and what idea its possible obscurity lead to definition of interpretation as the teaching of concepts which are necessary for complete understanding of a passage, but which reader might lack. It means that “words, phrases or sentences” have something in themselves through which one could reach a certain or probable understanding by interpretation.

Szondi (1995:1) also states “literary hermeneutics is the theory of the exgesisinterpretatio or interpretation on literary works. This theory determines the possibility of universally valid interpretation on the basis of an analysis of understanding. The interpretation towarda visual depends in part on one’s past experience, prior knowledge, professional background, culture and expectations.

Through Hermeneutics theory, the writer can interpret the analysis of the topics. Hermeneutics theory helps the writer to produce meaning in the process of analysis. Explanation and interpretation will help the writer in process of analysis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1. Research Design

In the process of writing this thesis the writer uses descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative method is a method of analysis by describing and analyzing the data and then giving interpretation and explanation. According to

Hancock (2009:6), that qualitative descriptive is a kind of research method focuses on descriptions and interpretations, concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. The writer’s order to find the data as reference of writing this thesis, the writerapplies library research and internet research. The writer collects data from some books, internet and many other resources that can be related to the subject matter being analyzed.

3.2 Data Collection

The writer collects the data by reading the novel several times in order to get more understanding about the novel, the writerunderlined the important parts of the novel which related with character transformation and its impact toward the character. There are secondary data that are gathered from several books which are related to the topic of this thesis. The writer collects the data which give understanding with the problem and objective of this thesis. Some of data and information are also found from the internet to support the analysis data.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3 Selecting Data

When all the data and information related to the topics of this study are collected, then data will be selected. The data are being selected and only the significant data are used in the process of finishing this thesis. The data will be selected related to the topic of character transformation and its impact toward the character.

3.4 Data Analysis

The technique that the writerhas applied here to analyze this novel is qualitative descriptive method. Qualitative descriptive method is a method of analysis by describing and analyzing the data then giving some interpretation and explanation. All the collected and selected data which are related to the topics are analyzed to achieve the objective of this thesis. The writer makes interpretation based on the data which have already been taken and finally the writer can draw the conclusion for this thesis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1. ROBINSON CRUSOE’S PERSONALITY CHANGES

4.1.1. The Failure of The Egoand The Superego toward TheId

The id is the primitive and instinctive component of personality. It remains infantile in its function throughout a person’s life and does not change with time or experience, as it is not in touch with the external world because it operates within the unconscious part of the mind. The id demands immediate satisfaction and when itis happened we experiences pleasure, yetwhen it is denied we experience ‘un-pleasure’ or tension.

Meanwhile, the ego develops in order to mediate the unrealistic id and the real world. It is the decision-making’s component of personality. The ego operates according to reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society.Often the ego is weak relative to the headstrong id, so it is the superegowhich redeems the demands and pointing the ego in the right direction and claiming some credit at the end as if the action were its own. The ego is the conscious element in mind that never been changed. It always satands in the netrual line of the id and the superego as the real action.

The relation between the ego and the idis about the fulfillment of desire. The id has such the impetus of its own which only put forward the pleasure without seeing if it is bad of good. Mostly the impacts of id’s fulfillment are bad for own self nor for the society. The id never recognizes right or wrong. The only mission is to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA pursuit the fulfillment of desire. It can turn the ego, which standsbetween consciousness and unconsciousness, to dive under the unconsciousness to be able to reach the pleasure. The ego actually works by considering the reality of living in the society, but when the action of the ego givesbad impactsfor theself nor the society, it is the id that takes the drive of the self.

For example, there is a boy meets a girl. The girl is beautiful and has a perfect body. The boy is interested to the girl. He wants to possess the girl. The boy does anything to attract the girl’s heart. Once they are in a relationship, the boy wants to kiss the girl. The wish of the boy to kiss the girl is the ego of the boy. The ego is driven by the feeling of like toward the girl. The situation is he loves the girls and the girl do so. The kiss is the action of their ego. Then, after the kissing the boy does something more to the girl. The result of that action is the girl becomes pregnant.

This is how the ego turns into the id. The id has driven by lust. It does not consider right or wrong. In the beginning the boy kisses the girl as the follow-up of the ego. It is the real act and consciously, but when the action turns into unconsciousness and does not consider the concept of right or wrong, it is the id. In simple way, all the real action is ego and when it ends up with bad impacts, it is become id. The idis always been negative because it is out of norms. This is shown how the ego and the superego has failuered to reduce the power of the id for seeking pleasure only withoun considering norms in society.

According to the novel, Robinson Crusoe leaves the house with no blesses from his father. He rejects to stay at home and continuethe family business, instead he leaves the house to meet his miserable. The father tells to him that only by stays,

Robinson Crusoe will be save and have the best future in his life. For the only son rest in the family, actually there are no reasons for Crusoe to refuse his father. He

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA supposed to be considering the things that happened to his brothers. It should be taught him not to repeat the same mistakes of his brothers.

As the journey begins, Robinson Crusoe faces so many hardships till it almost kills him. The miserable is true. Robinson Crusoe has trapped onto the slavery ships, brought him out to Guinea at Africa. That is the worse time in his life that he has to be a slave who serve his master. After all, he can escape by the strategy, yet he still has to face another miserable during the runner time.

Robinson Crusoe actually becomes a success person in Brazil after a Portugal captain, who will be his best friend, saves him and helps him with some materials.

Crusoe just can be the richer person than his father with his tobacco produces if just he can stay in the save zone. Yet, once again he rejects the blessed of God that he has received. Robinson Crusoe does not recognize his fortunes for being saved and placedon the best place he might have as blessed. He must be does not remember the blessed that he has got is coming from his parent’s prayer. He rejects it all and goes back to the sea once again. Then he arrives at the climax of his miserable.

The situation hits him so hard. One scene shows how regret he is for what he has done to his father and to God. The time when he gets sick during the shipwrecked is the saddest time of his miserable. How could it be to be sick alone on the primitive island? He is so scared of death at that time. Then he begins to cry and pull out all his regret for what he had done to the father and to God. He reminds what his father have ever says to him and how God responds that too. Robinson Crusoe never been so regret before, but then he realizes that he has made a big mistake.

My thoughts were confused, the convictions great upon my mind, and the horror of dying in such a miserable condition raised vapours into my head with the mere apprehensions; and in these

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA hurries of my soul I knew not what my tongue might express. (Defoe, 1719 : 56)

The ego of Robinson Crusoe is to become a free life person and the man who travels the world.That is the Crusoe’s imaginary of ideal life. It is the ego that takes part to make decisions, but when the action impacts negatively, it becomes the id.

The idis always bad because the goal is only chasing pleasure with no compromise if it is right or wrong.

Crusoe’s ego to leave the family and travel the sea has brought him in to the miserable. He ends up in desperation with no blessesnand no hopes to be saved. The ego has turned to become the id. The egoof having a free life actually is not wrong, because everybody wants to be free. No one would love to life under pressure. Yet, the ego of Robinson Crusoe has failed to compromise the reality risks of that decision. At the result, the id has taken role upon the ego unconsciously, because the ego stands between consciousness and unconsciousness. The action of leaving the family and rejecting the father is the implication that the ego of having a free life, has become the id which no considering the possible bad risk of that decision.

I observed in this last part of his discourse, which was truly prophetic, though I suppose my father did not know it to be so himself-I say, I observed the tears run down his face very plentifully, especially when he spoke of my brother who was killed: and that when he spoke of my having leisure to repent, and none to assist me, he was so moved that he broke off the discourse, and told me his heart was so full he could say no more to me. (Defoe, 1719 : 2)

From the quotation above, the writer notices that Crusoe actually feels sad to leave the family. He realizes that the father does not want to lose him. According to the ego, Crusoe must be considering the reality that obviously he cannot leave the family, especially the father who need his help to continue the family business.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Yet,theego has dived down and turns to be the id. He rejects the real consequences of his controversial decision in purpose to be able to chase the desire of sea travel.

The young Robinson Crusoe leaves the house to go over the sea to see the world. Is that true that he just want to see the world? The young Robinson Crusoe is in the process of seeking his true identity. Men at his age are truly fronted to many choices of life. The hardest part is to take decision, but in Crusoe’s situation that is contrast. That is not really hard for Crusoe to leave everything for his dream, yet to ensure the father about that decision became impossible.

There are such ideas in the father’s mind to build Crusoe to become like him.

The father always approaches his son that he has a good plane well prepared, also that the plane is the easiest life Crusoe may have in the future. Crusoe refuse it because he does not want to be like his father. He refuses because he seeks another purpose of life rather than help his father’s business. The loss of his elder brothers has some impacts to him. He wants to know about how is the real life out there. He finds another thing that more important to do in life than became rich and save.

Being the third son of the family and not bred to any trade, my head began to be filled very early with rambling thoughts. My father, who was very ancient, had given me a competent share of learning, as far as house-education and a country free school generally go, and designed me for the law; but I would be satisfied with nothing but going to sea; and my inclination to this led me so strongly against the will, nay, the commands of my father, and against all the entreaties and persuasions of my mother and other friends, that there seemed to be something fatal in that propensity of nature, tending directly to the life of misery which was to befall me. (Defoe, 1719 : 1)

By those quotations Defoe wants to show the reader how is the situation in

Crusoe’s family that has built his characteristic. Crusoe states, “Being the third son of the family and not bred to any trade, my head began to be filled very early with rambling thoughts”. That has putted himself as a victim for what happened to his

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA elder brother as he knows that the suspect is the world outside that full of miserable stuffs.

I had two elder brothers, one of whom was lieutenant- colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders, formerly commanded by the famous Colonel Lockhart, and was killed at the battle near Dunkirk against the Spaniards. What became of my second brother I never knew, any more than my father or mother knew what became of me. (Defoe, 1719 :1)

Those quotations are the only part of scene on the novel that tells about

Crusoe’s brother. That is also the only thing that Crusoe knows about his brothers.

Not because he does not care, but because no one can answer his question. He is a young man that full of questions. He is questioning the true purpose of his live in the world. He is questioning “how is that world seem like?” The world which so dangerous according to his father, the world which has been disappearing his brothers. Crusoe will not satisfy with the answer of his father because the father will only give blurred pictures about it. Crouse may want to find out himself. Right until here, the analysis has answered the clear reason why Robinson Crusoe left the house.

Then, how is the seeking of his identity can change his personality?

Robinson Crusoe has been in a long journey over the sea. There are so many things that he has seen from the world. Also there are many miserables he has experienced from the ship journey till he becomes a slave. He has ever been in the top place of life when he has succeeded with the farm in Brazil. He hasfelt the up-and-down of life. But why is Robinson Crusoe still confuses with his life’s goal?

After the escape from slavery, Crusoe does a farming business by the money that he has received from Portuguese captain and become a rich man in Brazil.

According to the situation, that is the best Crusoe can accept from his terrible journey. In some good ways, God has pulled him back to life. He is supposed to be

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA thankful to God for that, by never going back to the sea any more. But the seeking is not finish yet. Still Crusoe feels vacant inside himself whenever he is in down nor up in his life. There is something missing from him.

But I, that was born to be my own destroyer, could no more resist the offer than I could restrain my first rambling designs when my father' good counsel was lost upon me. In a word, I told them I would go with all my heart, if they would undertake to look after my plantation in my absence, and would dispose of it to such as I should direct, if I miscarried. (Defoe, 1719 : 23)

Those quotations are really indicating that Crusoe still has not found the goal of

his life, even after the long journey on the sea. He puts the attribute of a destroyer to his own self. From that statement, actually Defoe reveals the feeling of desperation on Robinson Crusoe that he cannot get what he has been looking for the long time. There is such asthe big desire on Robinson Crusoe that he will not stop doing the search until he finds his real identity and the goal of life.

Those are the part of his ego which driven by the situation inside the family. Crusoe has a big curiosity about the how is the world and what is the purpose of loving in the world. The father cannot completely explain the pictures of the real world and what is the real purpose of living in the world. That is why the seeking of Crusoe’s identity has become the important ego. It decides all of his way of life and where it turns.

The dangerous is when the id is larger takes part on the ego then the superego. The id is negative. It has no meaning of right of wrong as long as the pleasures are reached.

At the miserable moment of being shipwrecked in an island, Robinson

Crusoe finds little miracle after all. He finds the ship that should be lost out of the sea still hung on a stone near the beach. Robinson Crusoe tries hard to take whatever which rest on the ship. There are so many useful things he can take out to his island.

There is where he has found three bibles in very good condition.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Why Defoe puts the bibles to be found by Crusoe? Why must bibles? Why not a map of globe which is logically more possible thing a man could found on the ship? That will be more useful according to his situation. Although he finds another books, they are belong to the Portuguese. In other term, Crusoe will not understand it. There is the old wise saying that sounds “Reading is the bridge of knowledge”.

Does Defoe think that Robinson Crusoe need to learn something from the bibles?

The bibles are comes from England’s cargo. Somehow makes it as the only thing

Crusoe can read and understand in his lonely time. There must be the straight purpose of the bibles came into the story.

Robinson Crusoe reads the bibles after all. He spends his free time after or during his work time in the island to read the bible. The bible seems to be a guide book of new life to him. Every time he reads the bible, he gets one question of his situation being answered.

JULY 4. -In the morning I took the Bible; and beginning at the New Testament, I began seriously to read it, and imposed upon myself to read a while every morning and every night; not tying myself to the number of chapters, but long as my thoughts should engage me. It was not long after I set seriously to this work till I found my heart more deeply and sincerely affected with the wickedness of my past life. The impression of my dream revived; and the words, (Defoe, 1719 : 58)

Those quotationsare indicating how Crusoe is not questioning the reason of his miserable again. He understands that God has been watching over him all the time. He truly has offered his life to God’s hands now. Day by day Crusoe reads the bible, it makes his heart become softer and more than it has ever been. Not only reads the bible, Crusoe also appliesthe values that implicated in the bible into his life in the island.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "Well, then," said I, "If God does not forsake me, of what ill consequence can it be, or what matters it, though the world should all forsake me, seeing on the other hand, if I had all the world, and should lose the favour and blessing of God, there would be no comparison in the loss?" (Defoe, 1719 : 67)

There is the feeling like energy of healing for Crusoe after reading the bible.

The thing that has been healed in here is not the scar or sickness of Robinson Crusoe.

It is his heart that being fulfilled by goodness. Robinson Crusoe is not a worrier man again as he is used to be in the past. In his miserable time, Crusoe find hopes. He is very doubt of what he life for. But then he realizes that his life belongs to God.

Previously, Robinson Crusoe always doubts what he has done. Is it right or wrong? Will it bring him to the miserable like his father said? But after reading the bible, Crusoe seem to be a man with no doubt or fear of falling in to miserable, because he knowsthat God is good. He let God leads his way.

Another reflection was of great use to me, and doubtless would be so to any one that should fall into such distress as mine was; and this was, to compare my present condition with what I at first expected it would be; nay, with what it would certainly have been, if the good providence of God had not wonderfully ordered the ship to be cast up nearer to the shore, where I not only could come at her, but could bring what I got out of her to the shore, for my relief and comfort; without which, I had wanted for tools to work, weapons for defence, and gunpowder and shot for getting my food. (Defoe, 1719 : 77)

There are changes in Crusoe’s personality that have been implicates by those quotation. That is the feeling of very thankful for the blessed. As being mentioned before, Robinson Crusoe left the house without any blessesfrom the father nor the mother, not even permission to God. But then, he realizes that whatever he does, he needs blesses especially from God and need to be thanked for the blessed.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.1.1 The Changes of The Id to The Superego

The id is the element in human personality which does not consider the real consequences of good or bad toward one action. The main focus is only to reach the pleasure. The id works with no concept of reality and norms in society. That is why the id always turns into bad impacts.

In contrastwith the superego, it is incorporate the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents or others. The superego’s function is to control the impulse of the id, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It has also function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive the perfections.

It is undeniable that the id is negative. It is driven by desires. Though, the negative is not always bad. The negative can be positive based on the process. Also the id(which is bad) can be the superego(which is good), but still by the intercession of the ego because the ego stands in between them both.

For example, there is a boy who finds money on the street. The ego is ‘he takes the money’. The id pursues the ego to keep the money, but the superego suggests the boy to find the owner of the money. At the final the boy keeps the money. That is the id which takes part. By keeping the money, the boy may be able to buy a new shirt. His desires to buy the new shirt can be fulfilled. Then, he meets an old man who having a debate with a trader because he cannot pay the price. The old man says that he has lost some of his money, it can be fall on the street. The boy sees it. Soon the superego pursues the ego to redeem the id of having the new shirt.

The superego works by concept of morality. Then the boy gives the money he has found to the old man, who is the owner of the money. The superego has succeededto

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA pursue the ego with values and norms of society. The id has changed to become the superego through the ego.

The superego consists of two systems, the conscience and the ideal self. The ideal self is the picture of how self must be and represents career aspiration, how to treat other people and how to behave as a member of society. The conscience can punish the egothrough causing feeling of guilt. For example, if the ego gives the id’s demand, the superego make the person feel bad through guilt.

The ego of Crusoe has been driven by the id into the bad consequences.

Crusoe does not consider the values that the father has told him. He rejects all morality impacts of leaving the family with no blesses. He has too much self- confidence. At the result, he falls in miserable because the ego let the id’s demands take part. In the miserable, Robinson Crusoe regrets all his mistakes.

In theory, the superego works by system of consciences, which issues the guilt feeling as the punishment to the ego. The feeling of regret has been effectedCrusoe’s mind strongly. Soon, it changes his point of view toward the situation. He realizes that he is wrong. He regrets his sins that he hasdone to the father and to God.

In the relating what is already past of my story, this will be the more easily believed when I shall add, that through all the variety of miseries that had to this day befallen me, I never had so much as one thought of it being the hand of God, or that it was a just punishment for my sin-my rebellious behavior against my father- or my present sins, which were great-or so much as a punishment for the general course of my wicked life. (Defoe, 1719 : 54)

Those quotations are indicating that the regret of Robinson Crusoe,which truly deep and honest, has changed his personality. He is really a stone-head person who never want to listen to anybody, never believe in blesses of God and has too much self-confidence. Yet, the situation that places him really near to death has

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA successfully changed him. In the story before shipwrecked incident, he has never considered his previous miserable as his fault. Then, he becomes a believer.

During the time before being shipwrecked in the island, Robinson Crusoe never has enough time to listen to what people said. He is alwaysveryconfident to himself. He takes no care to all advises and suggestions from his father. Then, God places him in the island where he can be alone to be able to ‘not-to-hear-to-anybody’.

In there he can has pretty much time to listen to himself.

How strange a chequer-work of Providence is the life of man! and by what secret different we love what to-morrow we hate; to-day we seek what to-morrow we shun; to-day we desire what to-morrow we fear, nay, even tremble at the apprehensions of. This was exemplified in me, at this time, in the springs are the affections hurried about, as different circumstances present! To-day most lively manner imaginable; for I, whose only affliction was that I seemed banished from human society, that I was alone, circumscribed by the boundless ocean, cut off from mankind, and condemned to what I call silent life; that I was as one whom Heaven thought not worthy to be numbered among the living, or to appear among the rest of His creatures; that to have seen one of my own species would have seemed to me a raising me from death to life, and the greatest blessing that Heaven itself, next to the supreme blessing of salvation, could bestow; I say, that I should now tremble at the very apprehensions of seeing a man, and was ready to sink into the ground at but the shadow or silent appearance of a man having set his foot in the island. (Defoe, 1719 : 92)

The quotations below are describing how Crusoe pulls back his mind to what he has missed at the past. He considersthe life that he lives before is careless and vacant. He does not recognize that mankind in society needs to be care to each other and help one and another. Then, he has isolated and no one can help him.

According to Freud’s theory of Psychoanalytic, the superego of Robinson

Crusoe is working dominantly during his sadness situation of being alone. The ideal self (the imaginary pictures of how he ought to be) is presented in his mind as a thing

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that he hasmissed. The superego represents as the component of psychology which controls the id’s impulses, especially the pain of loneliness.

The father’s statements are soundingin his head along his loneliness. The image ofall miserables that waiting for, and the easiness that his father has offered to him and prevents him from leaving has increased his deeply regret. Those all advices and warns of the father always bothering his mind as the result of his loneliness.

Then the tears burst out of my eyes, and I could say no more for a good while. In this interval the good advice of my father came to my mind, and presently his prediction, which I mentioned at the beginning of this story-viz. that if I did take this foolish step, God would not bless me, and I would have leisure hereafter to reflect upon having neglected his counsel when there might be none to assist in my recovery. "Now," said I, aloud, "my dear father's words are come to pass; God's justice has overtaken me, and I have none to help or hear me. I rejected the voice of Providence, which had mercifully put me in a posture or station of life wherein I might have been happy and easy; but I would neither see it myself nor learn to know the blessing of it from my parents. I left them to mourn over my folly, and now I am left to mourn under the consequences of it. I abused their help and assistance, who would have lifted me in the world, and would have made everything easy to me; and now I have difficulties to struggle with, too great for even nature itself to support, and no assistance, no help, no comfort, no advice." (Defoe, 1719 : 55)

Robinson Crusoe really misses the advices from anybody. Along the time he is talking to himself.He needs someone else to talk to. Then, he practices the bird that he has saved out of the ship. Yet, still the bird is only an animal. Defoe is picturing how Robinson Crusoe has depressed toward the loneliness.

However, even though I knew it was the parrot, and that indeed it could while before I could compose myself. First, I was amazed how the creature got thither; and then, how he should just keep about the place, and nowhere else; but as I was well satisfied it could be nobody but honest Poll, I got over it; and holding out my hand, and calling him by his name, "Poll," the sociable creature came to me, and sat upon my thumb, as he used to do, and continued talking to me, "Poor Robin Crusoe! and how did I come here? and where had I been?" just as if he had been overjoyed to see me again; and so I carried him home along with me. (Defoe, 1719 : 85)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA From that scene, Defoe clearly has presented the condition of Robinson

Crusoe who is very depressed for having someone to talk to. The feeling of lose, loneliness and depression has changed the personality of Robinson Crusoe, to become a person who really appreciates the relationship between mankind. It has been proved when he meets Friday, the man who he has saved from death. He pays pretty much attention on Friday. He has taught Friday many things including his faith to God.

Crusoe just can choose not to help Friday when he is going to be eaten by the cannibals. What are the disadvantages that Crusoe will have if he letsFriday being eaten by his primitive villagers? Instead, he will be in big trouble if he involves himself to the cruelness. It is right that he damns the actions of those primitive people by eating human, but what makes him responsible to punish the sinned people when he has God upon control of everything? The reason is because he cares to others and loves others as he loves his God. It is portrayed when he does not forget to pray for asking permission to God about his plan to punish the cannibals.

The change of the id to the superego is happened by the action of the ego.

The ego, which previously tends to obey the impetus of the id, puts Crusoe on many troubles and hardships. Soon the bad situation appears anxiety and stress as the reflection of the unexpected impacts that resulted by the ego which turn to be the id.

The fulfilment of uncontrolled id can be the source of many failures that ends up with deep stresses and can be more dangerous.

The superego often takes part lately than the id. The superego works by two systems, the conscience and the ideal self. The conscience can punish the ego trough causing the feeling of guilt. That is the follow up reaction of the superego to redeem the ego to not to fall more deep to the demands of the id. The guilty feeling which

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA issued by the superegoare mostly in kind of consequences in society according to morality values.

Then, after the process of punishment toward the ego, second system of the superego works to fix the self’s condition. The ideal self gives the pictures of how the self ought to be, including how to treat other people and how to behave as the member of society. That is the part when Crusoe little by little can reduce his stresses and turns them all to the positive mind. The ideal self of Crusoe manage the attitude toward own self and others to be more kind and wise. Directly, it impacts Crusoe’s personality

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2 THEIMPACTS ROBINSON CRUSOE’S PERSONALITY CHANGES.

4.2.1. The thankfulness

The young Robinson Crusoe is a man with no thanks,even when he has many things to be thanked for. He comes from the middle class family with no less of material, though not also more. At the year of the story, the condition of Crusoe’s family is recognized as a much better condition, considering that England at that time is in unstable situation and many people suffers because of poorness. The father has offered Crusoe to continue the family business for guarantee his future life. Yet,

Crusoe does not consider those all as the blessed that is supposed to be thanked. He rejectshis father’s suggestion with the dreaming things about seeing the world.

The time when Crusoe becomes a slave is very an unbelievable moment for him. He really hates the miserable of being a slave for foreign man. Yet, after he can escape from the slavery and arrived at Brazil where he becomes a success farmer of tobacco he never been so thankful. He does not recognize the save from slavery and from the lost over the sea during the running with a small boat as the blessed from

God and may be from the prayer of his parents. There are no any thankful sayings from Robinson Crusoe for the better situation he has after the miserable time.

But, alas! for me to do wrong that never did right, was no great wonder. I hail no remedy but to go on: I had got into an employment quite remote to my genius, and directly contrary to the life I delighted in, and for which I forsook my father's house, and broke through all his good advice. Nay, I was coming into the very middle station, or upper degree of low life, which my father advised me to before, and which, if I resolved to go on with, I might as well have stayed at home, and never have fatigued myself in the world as I had done; and I used often to say to myself, I could have done this as well in England, among my friends, as have gone five thousand miles off to do it among strangers and savages, in a wilderness, and at such a distance as never to hear from any part of the world that had the least knowledge of me. (Defoe, 1719 : 20)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Those quotations above indicates that Crusoe does not feel thankful at all for the moment which he has been saved from the slavery and when God puts him on the much better situation of life. Instead he complains for the time he has been left the house where he will not being less with his father richness.

Crusoe is not satisfied with the good situation in Brazil where he success as a farmer. He decides to leave for do another sea travel and ended shipwrecked alone in an island. There he undergoes the personality changes which caused of some factors that have been described before. In the most miserable time in the island, Crusoe really learn a lot about how good to be thankful. The accumulation of changing factors such the regret feeling, the routine of reading bible and the pain of being lonely, has forced Crusoe to thank for all the blessed he ever has from God.

Robinson Crusoe so many times thanks God for every merit he may have in the isolation time at the island. He expresses his thankfully feeling whenever he sees the blessed of God on him.

The thoughts of this sometimes sank my very soul within me, and distressed my mind so much that I could not soon recover it, to think what I should have done, and how I should not only have been unable to resist them, but even should not have had presence of mind enough to do what I might have done; much less what now, after so much consideration and preparation, I might be able to do. Indeed, after serious thinking of these things, I would be melancholy, and sometimes it would last a great while; but I resolved it all at last into thankfulness to that Providence which had delivered me from so many unseen dangers, and had kept me from those mischiefs which I could have no way been the agent in delivering myself from, because I had not the least notion of any such thing depending, or the least supposition of its being possible. This renewed a contemplation which often had come into my thoughts in former times, when first I began to see the merciful dispositions of Heaven, in the dangers we run through in this life; …(Defoe, 1719 : 102)

The quotation proves how Crusoe has a deep thought about all his mistakes to be not thankful for the blessed in his life. It reveals the deep feeling of regret on Robinson

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Crusoe that has resulted the new mindset and at the final, it changes his personality.

From that point, Crusoe has changed to be a thankful person in the rest of the story.

There are so many statements of thankful that comes from Crusoe for many blessed he has receivedfrom God. The writer cannot mentioned those all, but there is a blessed that Crusoe really thankfully happy for having it. It is the presence of Friday as the cure of his loneliness. Friday is a primitive man that has to be dead if Crusoe does not save him from the cannibalism. He becomes a loyal man to Crusoe.

“I continued in this thankful frame all the remainder of my time; and the conversation which employed the hours between Friday and me was such as made the three years which we lived there together perfectly and completely happy, if any such thing as complete happiness can be formed in a sublunary state. This savage was now a good Christian, a much better than I; though I have reason to hope, and bless God for it, that we were equally penitent, and comforted, restored penitents. We had here the Word of God to read, and no farther off fro/ His Spirit to instruct than if we had been in England. I always applied myself, in reading the Scripture, to let him know, as well as I could, the meaning of what I read; and he again, by his serious inquiries and questionings, made me, as I said before, a much better scholar in the Scripture knowledge than I should ever have been by my own mere private reading. (Defoe, 1719 : 129)

The presence of Friday is not only as a helper for Crusoe. More thanit, Friday is a friend for Crusoe to spread the goodness as the form of his thankfulness. Crusoe really thanks to God for bringing Friday to the island. Friday is the reflection of how

Crusoe has truly understood how to stand on other’s shoes. He learns the importance of living together with others as the part of his love to God. The feeling of owning and being owned by others is something priceless that he cannot understand before he experiences the personality changes.

At the final, Crusoe has truly changed his personality to be a thankful person for every good or bad thing in his life. The impact of that thankful feeling helps him to find the peace of mind. Crusoe also feels that he must spread the goodness to others as his thanks to God.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

4.2.2. Robinson Crusoe Become Wiser

The id is always negative because it only seeks for pleasure’s fulfilment with no compromise of morality values. The person who follows the id mostly rather than the superego must be the fool who never be able to control the desires. People like this will do anything he wants to do without recognizing others. The impacts could be damaged himself or the people around him. The ego which turns to become the id will never be giving good feedback.

The young Robinson Crusoe has beenfooledby the dream about sea traveling.

He rejects the wise advices from his father to stay for continuing the family business.

The passion to see the world has been poisoning his mind and blinding his eyes on the wise choice from the father. He actually has the brothers as examples that how fool he is if he keeps thedecision to go. He does not need to take the same foolishness of his elder brother and ends up in miserable but he would like to be.

Crusoe is a poor man that creates his own miserable.

“…he told me I had my elder brother for an example, to whom he had used the same earnest persuasions to keep him from going into the Low Country wars, but could not prevail, his young desires prompting him to run into the army, where he was killed; and though he said he would not cease to pray for me, yet he would venture to say to me, that if I did take this foolish step, God would not bless me, and I should have leisure hereafter to reflect upon having neglected his counsel when there might be none to assist in my recovery”. (Defoe, 1719 : 2)

The fools of Crusoe are caused by the seeking of his identity which has been described before as the factor of his personality changes. The situation inside the family also has important roles to build up Crusoe’s personality. All of Crusoe’s unanswered questions have forced him to find the answer by himself.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The seeking of identity has brought him to the isolation in an island. There

Crusoe, by an unexpected way, finally finds the answer. He talks to himself and he talk to God. He muses over all that happen to him along his life. He realizes all the mistakes he has made to the family and to God. Suddenly his personality is changed.

He gets his wisdom.

Such is the uneven state of human life; and it afforded me a great many curious speculations afterwards, when I had a little recovered my first surprise. I considered that this was the station of life the infinitely wise and good providence of God had determined for me; that as I could not foresee what the ends of Divine wisdom might be in all this, so I was not to dispute His sovereignty; who, as I was His creature, had an undoubted right, by creation, to govern and dispose of me absolutely as He thought fit; and who, as I was a creature that had offended Him, had likewise a judicial right to condemn me to what punishment He thought fit; and that it was my part to submit to bear His indignation, because I had sinned against Him (Defoe, 1719 : 92)

Those quotations aredescribing how Crusoe has been seeing his miserable situation in positive way. In order to be able to redeem the stress, Crusoe must forgive his own self first. The Crusoe’s superego has worked to impulse such as healer of his anxiety. As the result, Crusoe’s personality is dominated by the superego because the id has no desires left to be fulfilled. The situation in the island that forced Crusoe to life primitively

4.2.3. The Faithful

The faith to God is something that comes firstly from the family. The role of the parents to introduce the knowledge about religious things is very important.

Children are supposed to know their Lord so that they do not get lost living in the world. The knowledge about religionis also important for the development of their character. Children who used to be introduced to the religion since young, generally

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA grows up with good personality because they know what the love is and how to spread it to others.

Crusoe’s familyactually is not such a faithful family. The father prefers to educate his sons with knowledge of being rich man and how to improve the condition of the family. Since the previous time of his life, Crusoe has never been lectured by the father for being afraid of God. In the time before Crusoe’s derpature, the father just always warns his son about lucky and unlucky, the miserable and the happiness of life, and about doing business to help the family. In many important situations, the father rarely involves God to come in to it.

He told me it was men of desperate fortunes on one hand, or of aspiring, superior fortunes on the other, who went abroad upon adventures, to rise by enterprise, and make themselves famous in undertakings of a nature out of the common road; that these things were all either too far above me or too far below me; that mine was the middle state, or what might be called the upper station of low life, which he had found, by long experience, was the best state in the world, the most suited to human happiness, not exposed to the miseries and hardships, the labour and sufferings of the mechanic part of mankind, and not embarrassed with the pride, luxury, ambition, and envy of the upper part of mankind (Defoe, 1719 : 1)

The father more believes in fortunes rather than blessed of God. It has infected Crusoe too, indirectly. Crusoe has never been praying for everything that he wants to do. He does not want to ask any blessed from God, instead he believes that he is strong enough to face all the obstacles. He sees the situation based on the fortunes and unfortunates. Then, the climax of the story, when he is being isolated in the island, has opened his mind.

The bible has an important role on this thing. Once Crusoe reads the bible, when he is sick, tears begins to fall down from his eyes and soon he realized all his mistakes.

He understands that all the things happen to him, are in shade of God.

…Immediately it followed: Why has God done this to me? What have I done to be thus used? My conscience presently checked me in that

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA inquiry, as if I had blasphemed, and methought it spoke to me like a voice: "Wretch! dostthouask what thou hast done? Look back upon a dreadful misspent life, and ask thyself what thou hast not done? Ask, why is it that thou wert not long ago destroyed? Why wert thou not drowned in Yarmouth Roads; killed in the fight when the ship was taken by the Sallee man-of-war; devoured by the wild beasts on the coast of Africa; or drowned here, when all the crew perished but thyself? Dostthouask, what have I done?" I was struck dumb with these reflections, as one astonished, and had not a word to say- no, not to answer to myself, but rose up pensive and sad, walked back to my retreat, and went up over my wall, as if I had been going to bed; but my thoughts were sadly disturbed, and I had no inclination to sleep; so I sat down in my chair, and lighted my lamp, for it began to be dark (Defoe, 1719 : 56)

The quotation bellow is revealed Crusoe’s anxiety about his bad situation in the island. That situation is the part when the id of Robinson Crusoe has led him to the worst path in his life. Soon the superego reveals as the positive suggestions about the situation. The superego works by issued guilty as a form of punishment to the ego for driving the id’s demands. As the result, the superego takes back the ego to the positively ways of thinking.

Robinson Crusoe has changed to be very faithful to God. For all the things that he wants to do or he has done, he always asks for blessed from God. God is always been involved for all his works. The previous Robinson Crusoe, who always betoo confidence to take all the decision by himselfhas replaced by Crusoe who always prays for God’s blesses before takes any decision.

4.2.4. The Discoverof The Self Identity

Self I identity refers to the global understanding a person has of themselves.

The Self identity is composed of relatively permanent self-assessments, such as personality attributes, knowledge of one’s skills and abilities, one’s occupation and hobbies, and awareness of one’s occupation physical attributes.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The self identity is not restricted to the present. It includes past selves and future selves. Future selves are representing individuals’ ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming.

They corresponds the hopes, fears, standards, goals and threats. Future selves may function as incentives for future behavior and they also provide an evaluative and interpretive context for the current view of self.

The seeking of identity has delivered Robinson Crusoe to an extraordinary event in his life. He has been recovered by such enlighten till it has effected the personality. In the fourth point of personality changes’ causes, has been mentioned how Crusoe does not really understand about his existential in the world. He always wants to leave the house to be able to see the world. The writer here considers that the most reason for Crusoe to leave house actually to seek his identity. The young

Robinson Crusoe is a man full of curiosity. The whole processes of Crusoe’s lifehave changed him.

The young Robinson Crusoe mostly fronted the id upon the superego on the actions of the ego. The unstable personality of Crusoe is mirrored that he is in the moment of seeking the self identity. The power of his desires (the id) is forced him to deny the morality values in society, in purpose of fulfilling it. The characteristic of

Crusoe who bravely takes all responsibility to pay his curios is the pictures of how the ego has turned into the id. In the process of seeking his identity, the superego cannot balance the impulses of the id toward the ego. As the impact, Crusoe does so many failures and regrets because the fulfilment of the id always been negative.

In this manner I used to look upon my condition with the utmost regret. I had nobody to converse with, but now and then this neighbour; no work to be done, but by the labour of my hands; and I used to say, I lived just like a man cast away upon some desolate island, that had nobody there but himself. But how just has it been-

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and how should all men reflect, that when they compare their present conditions with others that are worse, Heaven may oblige them to make the exchange, and be convinced of their former felicity by their experience-I say, how just has it been, that the truly solitary life I reflected on, in an island of mere desolation, should be my lot, who had so often unjustly compared it with the life which I then led, in which, had I continued, I had in all probability been exceeding prosperous and rich. (Defoe, 1719 : 20)

The superego surfaces the thankful feeling for being saved from the first miserable in slavery escape. Yet, when the proposal of the Portuguese man comes to him to persuade him join into the sea journey, the id take the stir again. There such a more forces for the id to pull the ego to the unconsciousness action with no considering of the negative impacts of the action. The dynamic disposition of the id and the superego upon the ego in Crusoe’s personality is kind of establishment’s formation.

In short, I took all possible caution to preserve my effects and to keep up my plantation. Had I used half as much prudence to have looked into my own interest, and have made a judgment of what I ought to have done and not to have done, I had certainly never gone away from so prosperous an undertaking, leaving all the probable views of a thriving circumstance, and gone upon a voyage to sea, attended with all its common hazards, to say nothing of the reasons I had to expect particular misfortunes to myself. (Defoe, 1719 : 23)

Then in the final miserable on the island, Crusoe’ssuperego takes all control of his mindset. That is also as the part of mental maturation process of Robinson Crusoe.

The superego issues the punishment to the mistakes made by the id and the failure of the ego to reduce it in the form of guilty. The maturation process of mental on Crusoe has changed his personality to be more mature in act as a man. Crusoe not again consider only his egoism to be free and take all control of himself, but he starts to invite God to involve into his life decision making because he does not want to be trapped in to another miserable.

Friday is the person who mostly feels the impact of new identity of Robinson

Crusoe. Friday has been a best friend of Crusoe after the Portuguese captain. Crusoe spreads goodness to Friday. He teaches Friday how to say thanks, pray, and how to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA treat each other kindly. Crusoe introduces Friday to God, brings him in to the brand new live which really much better than before.

From these things, I began to instruct him in the knowledge of the true God; I told him that the great Maker of all things lived up there, pointing up towards heaven; that He governed the world by the same power and providence by which He made it; that He was omnipotent, and could do everything for us, give everything to us, take everything from us; and thus, by degrees, I opened his eyes. He listened with great attention, and received with pleasure the notion of Jesus Christ being sent to redeem us; and of the manner of making our prayers to God, and His being able to hear us, even in heaven. He told me one day, that if our God could hear us, up beyond the sun, he must needs be a greater God than their Benamuckee, who lived but a little way off, and yet could not hear till they went up to the great mountains where he dwelt to speak to them. (Defoe, 1719 : 127)

The seeking of identity has truly changed Crusoe’s personality to become better than before. The impact of his new self identity is directly being felt by Friday.

Crusoe spreads his good personality to Friday as his thankful to God for the blessed of his. The superego takes most roles in Crusoe’s new personality.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

After analyzing the data, the writer has conclusion and suggestion related to the result of the previous chapters. In this chapter, the researcher presents the conclusion of the whole analysis. This chapter contains the conclusion based on the result of the analysis and the relevant suggestion for the further researcher related to this study.Based on the analysis, the writer comes upon the following conclusion for my objective of my study:

The ego is the neutral element of mind which stands in reality concepts that makes it cannot be changed. Yet, the id stays in unconsciousness and never considering the values in society. It can change by time as the superego takes control of it by the concept of morality and values in society.

Robinson Crusoe feels the very deep regret toward all his mistakes in the past. The regret has produced by mind as follow up of the superego toward the id.

The big regret has changed his personality to believe in capability of God rather than himself to choose the right choice in the future. The regret has lead to the change of persomnality

The habit of reading bible has changed Crusoe’s opinion about faith to God.

He has been realized that in every moment in his life he should involve God in to it.

He changes from a man who very confidence to his own ability to do anything becomes a man who always believes in God’s help. Religious orientation affects to the changes of vlues on Crusoe’s personality.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Being alone in the primitive island is the saddest moment of Crusoe’s life.

The pain of loneliness feeling has been realizing Crusoe how important is to appreciate every person around him. He changes his social treatment to other people because he knows that every person is precious.

In the moment of growing, every man not only Crusoe, must have been experienced the unstable of emotion. Crusoe is a stone-head person, who never wants to listen to the father’s order. Yet, soon he realizes the purposes of his presence in the family nor in the society and in the eye of God. The impact of religion values makes

Crusoe as a religious man.

Cruse never prays to God for asking any blesses. Then the bible teaches him and make him understands that God always watching over him the whole time in his life. He realizes how guilty he is who never consider the strength of God to help His creature. Robinson Crusoe really lives in God’s way after that. He spread the goodness to others as he want God’s blesses in his life.

Robinson Crusoe is not again the fool creature after the changes of his personality. He leaves all his foolish opinion about seeking the journey on the sea.

He finds his own peace of mind by live with God lead his path. For all decision he want to take, he always involved God into it. Crusoe become wiser for every step in his life. He is not to repeat the same mistakes in the future.

The new identity of Robinson Crusoe is the result of his personality changes.

Crusoe has passed the maturation process from a young man with strong ambition of journey to be a man who prefer to life in peace with others and with God. He then finds his way of life after experiencing many bitterness and sweetness of life. He has done what he wants to do and then he realizes that his worldly will is none but a miserable. Robinson Crusoe at the final decides to life as a servant of God.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

5.2 SUGGESTION

The study that is done by the writer is not a complete study because literature study will never come in the final. This thesis needs to the further study that will develop it in the next time. Hopefully, there are some researchers that interested in studying it further, so the researcher suggests the following items for them:

The reader of novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe may do other researches with this novel as the object, because this novel is full of inspiration and very interesting to read and analyze. For The English literature student especially to understand widely about personality changing implied in literary work. The novel is full of psychology aspects delivered by the main character as the story telling. So, it is still open to be analyzed by another field of literary studies.

The writer hopes that the result of this research would motivate the reader to find other aspects of personality changes not only in this novel, but others, because many literary works also uses dynamic characters, the one which can change in the course of the story. It is important to learn the character in the novel so that the reader of the novel could improve the ability to interpret the course of the story.

For the reader of this thesis, this novel proves that Daniel Defoe wants the reader to believe in each other faith of God. Robinson Crusoe is the sample of the man whose forget his God and lost in miserable. Soon he finds that God’s love is has no edge to all His creatures. All we have to do is to believe and life in Him. From this novel, the reader will realizes that by life with God inside our heart, we will find the peace of love.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

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Manchester: Manchester University press

Bastian F. 1981.Defoe’s Early Life. London: Palgrave Macmillan

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Information System.Journal of Information Technology: 285-300.

London : Palgrave Macliman

Carter, David. 2006. Literary Theory.London: Cox & Wyman.

Castle, Gregory. 2007. Literary Theory. New York: Blackwell Publishing.

Defoe, Daniel 1719. Robinson Crusoe.London: W Taylor

Eagleton, Terry. 2008. Literary Theory; an Introduction. Minnesota: The University of

Minnesota Press.

Endraswara, Suwardi. 2008. MetodePenelitianPsikologiSatra. Yogyakarta: Media

Pressindo.

Guerin, Wilfred. L. 1979. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature, Second Edition

New York: Harper and Row Publisher.

Kenney, William. 1996. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Moan arch Press.

Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. PedomanPenulisanSkripsi. Medan: FIB USU.

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Yogyakarta.PustakaPelajar.

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Reading and Writing. New Jersey: Pretice-Hall, Inc.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Syuropati, Mohammad A. 2012. 7 Teori Sastra Kontemporer& 17 Tokohnya. Yogyakarta:

In Azna Books.

Szondi, Peter. 1995. Introduction to Literary Hermeneutics. New York : Cambridge

University Press.

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Zaviera, Ferdinand. 2007. TeoriKepribadian Sigmund Freud. Yogyakarta: Prismashopi

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

i. Auto’s Biography and Works

Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel and helped popularize the genre in England. He is also a pioneer of economic journalism.

He was born Daniel Foe, probably in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate,

London. Both the date and the place of his birth are uncertain. His father,

James Foe, though a member of the Butchers' Company was a tallow chandler. Daniel later added the aristocratic sounding "De" to his name and on occasion claimed descent from the family of De Beau Faux. His parents were Presbyterian dissenters, and he was educated in a Dissenting Academy at Stoke Newington run by Charles Morton (later vice-president of Harvard

University).

After leaving school and deciding not to become a dissenting minister,

Defoe entered the world of business as a general merchant, dealing at different times in hosiery, general woollen goods, and wine. Though his ambitions were great and he bought both a country estate and a ship (as well as civet cats to make perfume), he was rarely free from debt. In 1692, Defoe was arrested for payments of £700 (and his cats were seized), though his total debts may have amounted to £17,000. His laments were loud, and he always defended unfortunate debtors, but there is evidence that his financial dealings were not always honest.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Following his release, he probably travelled in Europe and Scotland, and it may have been at this time that he traded in wine to Cadiz, Porto, and

Lisbon. By 1695 he was back in England, using the name "Defoe", and serving as a "commissioner of the glass duty", responsible for collecting the tax on bottles. In 1696, he was operating a tile and brick f actory in

Tilbury, Essex.

Defoe's pamphleteering and political activities resulted in his arrest and placement in a pillory on July 31, 1703, principally on account of a pamphlet entitled "Hymn to the Pillory, however, caused his audience at the pillory to throw flowers instead of the customary harmful and noxious objects, and to drink to his health.

After his three days in the pillory Defoe went into Newgate Prison.

Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, brokered his release in exchange for Defoe's co-operation as an intelligence agent. He set up his periodical A Review of the Affairs of France in 1704, supporting the Harley ministry. The Review ran without interruption until 1713. When Harley lost power in 1708 Defoe continued writing it to support Godolphin, then again to support Harley and the Tories in the Tory ministry of 1710 to 1714. After the Tories fell from power with the death of Queen Anne, Defoe continued doing intelligence work for the Whig government.

Defoe's famous novel Robinson Crusoe (1719), tells of a man's shipwreck on a desert island and his subsequent adventures. The author may have based his narrative on the true story of the shipwreck of the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk.Defoe's next novel was Captain Singleton (1720),

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA amazing for its portrayal of the redemptive power of one man's love for another. Hans Turley has recently shown how Quaker William's love turns

Captain Singleton away from the murderous life of a pirate, and the two make a solemn vow to live as a male couple happily ever after in London, disguised as Greeks and never speaking English in public, with Singleton married to William's sister as a ruse.

Defoe wrote an account of the Great Plague of 1665: A Journal Of

the Plague Year.He also wrote Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (1724) offer

remarkable examples of the way in which Defoe seems to inhabit his

fictional (yet "drawn from life") characters, not least in that they are

women.Daniel Defoe died on April 24 or 25, 1731 and was interred in

Bunhill Fields, London.

ii. Summary of the Novel

Robinson Crusoe, as a young and impulsive wanderer, defied his

parents and went to sea. He was involved in a series of violent storms at sea

and was warned by the captain that he should not be a seafaring man.

Ashamed to go home, Crusoe boarded another ship and returned from a

successful trip to Africa. Taking off again, Crusoe met with bad luck and

was taken prisoner in Sallee. His captors sent Crusoe out to fish, and he

used this to his advantage and escaped, along with a slave.

He was rescued by a Portuguese ship and started a new adventure.

He landed in Brazil, and, after some time, he became the owner of a sugar

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA plantation. Hoping to increase his wealth by buying slaves, he aligned himself with other planters and undertook a trip to Africa in order to bring back a shipload of slaves. After surviving a storm, Crusoe and the others were shipwrecked. He was thrown upon shore only to discover that he was the sole survivor of the wreck.

Crusoe made immediate plans for food, and then shelter, to protect himself from wild animals. He brought as many things as possible from the wrecked ship, things that would be useful later to him. In addition, he began to develop talents that he had never used in order to provide himself with necessities. Cut off from the company of men, he began to communicate with God, thus beginning the first part of his religious conversion. To keep his sanity and to entertain himself, he began a journal. In the journal, he recorded every task that he performed each day since he had been marooned.

As time passed, Crusoe became a skilled craftsman, able to construct many useful things, and thus furnished himself with diverse comforts. He also learned about farming, as a result of some seeds which he brought with him. An illness prompted some prophetic dreams, and Crusoe began to reappraise his duty to God. Crusoe explored his island and discovered another part of the island much richer and more fertile, and he built a summer home there.

One of the first tasks he undertook was to build himself a canoe in case an escape became possible, but the canoe was too heavy to get to the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA water. He then constructed a small boat and journeyed around the island.

Crusoe reflected on his earlier, wicked life, disobeying his parents, and wondered if it might be related to his isolation on this island.

After spending about fifteen years on the island, Crusoe found a man's naked footprint, and he was sorely beset by apprehensions, which kept him awake many nights. He considered many possibilities to account for the footprint and he began to take extra precautions against a possible intruder. Sometime later, Crusoe was horrified to find human bones scattered about the shore, evidently the remains of a savage feast. He was plagued again with new fears. He explored the nature of cannibalism and debated his right to interfere with the customs of another race.

Crusoe was cautious for several years, but encountered nothing more to alarm him. He found a cave, which he used as a storage room, and in

December of the same year, he spied cannibals sitting around a campfire.

He did not see them again for quite some time.

Later, Crusoe saw a ship in distress, but everyone was already drowned on the ship and Crusoe remained companionless. However, he was able to take many provisions from this newly wrecked ship. Sometime later, cannibals landed on the island and a victim escaped. Crusoe saved his life, named him Friday, and taught him English. Friday soon became Crusoe's humble and devoted slave.

Crusoe and Friday made plans to leave the island and, accordingly, they built another boat. Crusoe also undertook Friday's religious education,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA converting the savage into a Protestant. Their voyage was postponed due to the return of the savages. This time it was necessary to attack the cannibals in order to save two prisoners since one was a white man. The white man was a Spaniard and the other was Friday's father. Later the four of them planned a voyage to the mainland to rescue sixteen compatriots of the

Spaniard. First, however, they built up their food supply to assure enough food for the extra people. Crusoe and Friday agreed to wait on the island while the Spaniard and Friday's father brought back the other men.

A week later, they spied a ship but they quickly learned that there had been a mutiny on board. By devious means, Crusoe and Friday rescued the captain and two other men, and after much scheming, regained control of the ship. The grateful captain gave Crusoe many gifts and took him and

Friday back to England. Some of the rebel crewmen were left marooned on the island.

Crusoe returned to England and found that in his absence he had become a wealthy man. After going to Lisbon to handle some of his affairs,

Crusoe began an overland journey back to England. Crusoe and his company encountered many hardships in crossing the mountains, but they finally arrived safely in England. Crusoe sold his plantation in Brazil for a good price, married, and had three children. Finally, however, he was persuaded to go on yet another voyage, and he visited his old island, where there were promises of new adventures to be found in a later account.

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