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Quoddy: Smuggling in the Maine New Brunswick Borderlands 1783-1820 Joshua M

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Quoddy: Smuggling in the Maine New Brunswick Borderlands 1783-1820 Joshua M The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 2003 The Rogues of 'Quoddy: Smuggling in the Maine New Brunswick Borderlands 1783-1820 Joshua M. Smith Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Human Geography Commons, International Economics Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Joshua M., "The Rogues of 'Quoddy: Smuggling in the Maine New Brunswick Borderlands 1783-1820" (2003). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 189. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/189 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. THE ROGUES OF 'QUODDY: SMUGGLING IN THE MAINE- NEW BRUNSWICK BORDERLANDS 1783-1820 BY Joshua M. Smith M.A. (Honours) University of St. Andrews, 1989 M.A. East Carolina University, 1997 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May, 2003 Advisory Committee: Scott W. See, Professor of History, Advisor Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History Richard Judd, Professor of History Liam Riordan, Associate Professor of History James Gallagher, Associate Professor Emeritus of Sociology THE ROGUES OF 'QUODDY: SMUGGLING IN THE MAINE- NEW BRUNSWICK BORDERLANDS By Joshua M. Smith Thesis Advisor: Dr. Scott W. See An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) May, 2003 Smuggling has been an important problem in American-Canadian relations. Yet the nature of smuggling is little understood; it is by definition an elusive, secretive, and subtle practice. This dissertation explores smuggling as a social force within a border community on the United States-Canada boundary. Smuggling almost always involved the illicit crossing of political boundaries, and as such can be used as a means of studying popular attitudes toward the creation of national borders. Moreover, because smuggling is directly related to the transition to modem capitalism, this study sheds light on the roots of both American and Canadian economic developn~ent. The Passamaquoddy region that straddles the border between Maine in the United States and New Brunswick in what is now Canada offers an ideal example of borderlands smuggling in the years following the American Revolution to the end of the War of 18 12. During this period, the international border running through Passarnaquoddy was extremely ill-defined and subject to periodic military action and diplomatic correction. By 1783, two oppositional groups settled Passamaquoddy. Loyalist adherents to the British Crown settled the New Brunswick side of Passamaquoddy Bay, while republican Americans settled the Maine side. Despite the ideological differences of these two groups, and various laws that often prohibited trade between them, Passamaquoddy residents engaged in a lively smuggling trade even when the United States and Great Britain were fighting the War of 18 12. The accommodation between Loyalists and Americans at Passamaquoddy provides an opportunity to compare the historical experience of Canada and the United States, both of which have developed extensive frontier mythologies. The theoretical basis for this study is "borderlands theory," which emphasizes modes of accommodation rather than conflict on the North American frontier. Smuggling thus provides a means to analyze the creation of the border between the United States and Canada, to compare the American and Canadian frontier experience, and to understand the transition to capitalism. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................vi .. ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................. w INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF SMUGGLING ...............................20 Introduction................................................................................ -20 Understanding Smuggling ................................................................23 International Examples of Smuggling ...................................................25 Smuggling and the American Revolution............................................... 29 Smuggling in the Bay of Fundy ..........................................................34 The Smugglers.............................................................................. 41 Conclusion................................................................................. -46 CHAPTER 2: PASSAMAQUODDY AS BORDERLAND ..................................54 Introduction................................................................................ -54 Geography of a Smuggler's Haven ...................................................... 59 The People of Passamaquoddy ........................................................... 69 Borderlands Theory ........................................................................ 77 Lewis F . Delesdernier: Model of a Borderlands Resident ............................81 Conclusion................................................................................. -87 CHAPTER 3: AMERICAN ENFORCEMENT................................................ 96 Introduction................................................................................ -96 Borderland Residents and State Authority ..............................................98 American Customs Regulations......................................................... 101 Passamaquoddy's Customs Collectors................................................ 108 Lesser Customhouse Officers and Revenue Cutters................................. 112 Catching and Punishing Smugglers .................................................... 116 Conclusion................................................................................. 122 CHAPTER 4: COLONIAL ENFORCEMENT .............................................. -129 The Falmouth Incident .................................................................. 129 Mercantilism and the British Empire ................................................... 133 New Bnmswick's Customs Officials ...................................................137 Loyalist Ideology. Officeholding. and Corruption................................... 142 New Bnmswick's Creole Customs Collectors ........................................144 George Leonard. Schematist ........................................................... -147 Aftermath of the Falmouth Incident ................................................... 150 Crown Customs Officers at Passamaquoddy .......................................... 153 Conclusion................................................................................. 159 CHAPTER 5: THE BORDERLAND EXPERIENCE ......................................... 167 Dr . Faxon Goes to a Tavern .............................................................167 Borderlands as Frontier- ..................................................................169 Migration to the Ffontier................................................................. 171 Wilderness Improvements. ............................................................... 176 Borderland Religion..................................................................... -181 Borderland Deference.................................................................... 185 Borderland Commerce ..................................................................-188 Borderland Merchants.................................................................... 193 Conclusion................................................................................. 201 CHAPTER 6: ADVENTURERS AND ENFORCERS ....................................... 210 Introduction................................................................................ 210 The Adventurers........................................................................... 212 James Colles............................................................................... 215 Richard Hasluck ..........................................................................-221 Constantino Llufiio ....................................................................... 223 John McMaster........................................................................... -225 The Enforcers.............................................................................. 227 Naval Officers............................................................................ -228 Army Units .................................................................................233 The Transition to Capitalism............................................................ 238 Conclusion................................................................................. 244 CHAPTER 7: THE FLOUR WAR ............................................................... 251 Introduction............................................................................... -251 Jefferson's Embargo ....................................................................-254
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