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Fortificaciones 2 FORTIFICACIONES EN EL NORTE DE MARRUECOS: Tánger - Tetuán Coordina: España José Antonio Martínez López Coordina: Marruecos Mansour Akrache © de los textos: Mansour Akrache, José Antonio Martínez López, Larbi el-Mesbahi © de las fotografías: Sus autores © de esta edición: Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia. Consejería de Educación y Cultura. Dirección General de Cultura. Gestión editorial: Ligia Comunicación y Tecnología, SL C/ Manfredi, 6, entlo. 30001 Murcia Tfno.: 868 940 433 - Fax: 868 940 429 [email protected] ISBN: 84-7564-317-5 Depósito Legal: MU-1792-05 ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO................................................................................................................................................................................................7 MARCO NATURAL ..............................................................................................................................................................................17 TÁNGER ................................................................................................................................................................................................33 ALCÁZARSEGUIR ..............................................................................................................................................................................59 TETUÁN ................................................................................................................................................................................................87 TARGHA ..............................................................................................................................................................................................123 XAUEN ................................................................................................................................................................................................145 LARACHE ............................................................................................................................................................................................183 ARCILA ................................................................................................................................................................................................217 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ..............................................................................................................................................247 5 PRÓLOGO El estudio, conservación y recuperación del Patrimonio Histórico de la Región de Murcia constituye una línea de trabajo prio- ritaria para la administración regional, cuya responsabilidad recae primordialmente en la Consejería de Educación y Cultura y dentro de ésta en la Dirección General de Cultura. La Ley 16/85 del Patrimonio Histórico Español declara por sí misma como bienes de interés cultural los castillos y fortifica- ciones. Este reconocimiento expreso en esta ley fundamental nos permite tener una clara idea de la importancia de estos elementos como integrantes del patrimonio histórico y nos obliga a dedicarles una especial atención en nuestro trabajo de protección. Los castillos y fortificaciones han pasado de constituir tradicionalmente manifestaciones simbólicas de poder a ser, en nues- tro tiempo, poderosos símbolos culturales. Este potencial como símbolo cultural favorece que estas construcciones consti- tuyan, frecuentemente, lugares idóneos para albergar centros de estudios, museos, o para simbolizar y estructurar, en torno a sí, rutas turísticas o proyectos culturales que se vinculan, en nuestros territorios, con complejas iniciativas sociales y eco- nómicas. Por otra parte, el patrimonio histórico de la Región de Murcia no debemos contemplarlo desde una mirada estrecha y loca- lista. Nuestro patrimonio histórico alcanza su auténtica dimensión desde una perspectiva que desborde el ámbito regional, y en este sentido, resulta básica su visión desde el marco europeo y el marco mediterráneo. Y esto hay que entenderlo no sólo para su estudio, y comprensión histórica y formal, sino también: para abordar su com- prensión desde el mundo actual; enriquecer nuestras técnicas de trabajo de cara a su conservación y restauración; mejorar los métodos de puesta en valor y de puesta al servicio de la sociedad y del desarrollo de nuestros territorios; y a su inser- ción como elementos de conocimiento, enriquecimiento y de futuro común de los pueblos europeos y mediterráneos. El patrimonio histórico se entiende, afortunadamente cada vez más, como parte fundamental de un acervo común, dentro del cual los matices y diferencias locales o regionales a todos enriquecen. A partir de este convencimiento, la Dirección General de Cultura y el Servicio de Patrimonio Histórico de la Región de Murcia han participado durante los últimos años, de forma activa, en una serie de proyectos transnacionales auspiciados por la Unión Europea, y relacionados, de forma directa o indirecta, con el patrimonio fortificado. Dentro del programa Interreg III-B Medocc, y entre los años 2003 y 2004, se encuentra actualmente en desarrollo, el Proyecto “CASTRUM. Torres, murallas y castillos: un proyecto de valorización de los bienes culturales y de las ciudades menores del Mediterráneo Occidental para la promoción de un turismo sostenible”. El proyecto está coordinado por la 7 Dirección de Bienes Culturales de la región italiana del Piamonte, y en él, la Dirección General de Cultura de Murcia parti- cipa junto a otros socios de Italia, Portugal y Marruecos. El proyecto desarrolla en Murcia una de sus Acciones Piloto: la ruta de las fortificaciones del valle del Guadalentín. También desde Murcia se coordina una de las líneas de trabajo más ambiciosas desde el punto de vista científico del proyecto: la creación de un vocabulario multilingüe de términos de arquitectura militar y de fortificaciones en árabe, portugués, francés, italiano y castellano. Cuando diseñamos nuestra participación en el proyecto, desde Murcia entendimos que era básica la inserción en el trabajo conjunto de la reflexión sobre las fortificaciones de la costa norte de Marruecos, puerta del Mediterráneo occidental, y esto como continuación de nuestro trabajo previo desarrollado con arquitectos y arqueólogos y amantes del patrimonio de Tetuán, con los que ya habíamos tenido la satisfacción de colaborar en el marco de anteriores proyectos europeos. Por ello dentro del trabajo coordinado desde nuestra Región en el proyecto Castrum se incluyó una propuesta elaborada conjuntamente con la Asociación de Amigos del Patrimonio de Tánger-Tetuán: elaborar una base de datos sobre las forta- lezas de la región de Tánger y Tetuán que junto al análisis arquitectónico y arqueológico recogiese una evaluación de su potencial turístico y de sus necesidades básicas de intervención. La colaboración de nuestros amigos de Tetuán y de Meknés y fundamentalmente del Instituto Cervantes ha permitido así mismo que podamos conjuntamente llevar a Marruecos la exposición realizada por todos los socios del proyecto Castrum, y que tras inaugurarse en Tetuán se paseará por Fez, Rabat, y Meknés. El libro que hoy aquí prologamos es otra consecuencia de todo el trabajo que venimos realizando con los técnicos de Tetuán en el marco del proyecto “Castrum”. Recoge un catálogo de las principales fortificaciones, presentando una información bási- ca sobre las mismas. Pretende ser una modesta aportación al conocimiento de las fortificaciones de la región de Tánger- Tetuán y a su divulgación; también afianzar la colaboración entre los arquitectos, arqueólogos, e historiadores de la Región de Murcia y de Tetuán y de los profesionales y estudiosos de ambas orillas del Mediterráneo interesados en el conocimien- to, conservación y función social del patrimonio fortificado. Juan Ramón Medina Precioso Consejero de Educación y Cultura de la Región de Murcia 8 9 PROLOGUE L’étude, la conservation, et la récupération du patrimoine historique de la région de Murcie constitue une ligne de travail prio- ritaire pour l’administration régionale, dont la responsabilité retombe essentiellement sur le Ministère de l’éducation et de la culture et à l’intérieur de celle-ci sur la Direction Générale de la Culture. La loi 16/85 du patrimoine historique espagnol déclare les châteaux et les fortifications comme biens d’intérêt culturel. Cette recon- naissance formelle de cette loi fondamentale nous permet d’avoir une idée claire de l’importance de ces éléments comme mem- bres du patrimoine historique et nous oblige à lui consacrer une attention particulière dans notre travail de protection. Les châteaux et fortifications, qui constituaient traditionnellement des manifestations symboliques du pouvoir, possèdent de nos jours de puissants symboles culturels. Ce potentiel comme symbole culturel favorise que ces constructions constituent, souvent, des lieux idéals pour abriter des centres d’études, des musées, ou pour symboliser ou structurer, au environ, des routes touris- tiques ou des projets culturels, qui se lient, dans nos territoires, avec de complexes initiatives sociales et économiques. D’autre part, le patrimoine historique de la Région de Murcie ne doit pas être envisagé d’une vue étroite et locale. Notre patri- moine historique atteint son authentique dimension depuis une perspective qui dépasse l’espace régional, et dans ce sens, sa vision s’avère essentielle depuis le cadre européen et du cadre méditerranéen. Ceci doit être compris
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