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Tribe, Islam and State in Libya: Analytical Study of the Roots of the Libyan Tribal Society and Interaction up to the Qaramanli Rule (1711-1835)

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Tribe, Islam and State in Libya: Analytical Study of the Roots of the Libyan Tribal Society and Interaction up to the Qaramanli Rule (1711-1835) WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch Tribe, Islam and state in Libya: analytical study of the roots of the Libyan tribal society and interaction up to the Qaramanli rule (1711-1835). Faraj Najem School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Languages This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2004. This is a scanned reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] 'N15:PHD 25o2Zgrl3Ö Tribe, Islam and State in Libya; analytical study of the roots of the Libyan tribal society and interaction up to the Qaramänli rule (1711-1835) by Faraj cAbd al-°Aziz Najem A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2004 London In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. We created you from a single (pair) of a female and male, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know each other (not that ye may despise each other). Verily the most honoured of you in the sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you Qur'än, Sarah49, verse 13. Acknowledgement My sincerethanks and prayers to my parents who have encouragedme all the way since I was a little. Also, to Huda, my wife and our three little ones who all patiently stood by me, and not understanding what I was doing. My gratitude is extended to every one who extended a helping hand to me at the University of Westminster, SOAS library, British Library, Centre of Libyan Studies at Oxford, Tawlat [Berber] Cultural Foundation, Society for Libyan Studies, University of Q5rYünus Central Library, the Libyan National Library at Benghazi, and the Centre for the Studies of Libyans' Jihad at Tripoli and Benghazi. Yet, my appreciation and recognition will indisputably and deservedly be reserved to Dr. M. Fand Elshayyäl who deserves all the credit and heartfelt gratitude for his supervision and direction of this study. In countless meeting, Dr. Elshayyäl and I discussed this work literally word for word. Dr. Elshayyäl could never be thanked enough for that. Faraj Najem. ------------- Tribe, Islam and Statein Libya Faraj Najem List of contents Abstract Transliteration ii Introduction Chapter 1; Berbersand Arabs 1. Prelude 14 2. The Berbers: and their origins in Libya 15 3. Some of the Berber tribes, and the areas they populated before the Islamic conquest of Libya 24 4. The Arabic Islamic Conquest of Libya 27 5. The migration of Arab tribes to Libya 37 6. Ending 46 Chapter 2; Arabisation between inducement and intimidation 1. Prelude 47 2. Islam: religion and identity 49 3. Sizeablesection of Imams, Islamic scholar and thinkers are of non-Arab origins 53 4. The rivalry betweenthe Ibädites and Mälikites 54 5. The spreadof Sufism and the various Süff Orders 57 6. The notion of Arabs and Berbers of common origin 57 7. Arabism has never been a monopoly of anyone 58 8. The Arabs' acceptanceof Berbers as equal partners 62 9. The resemblancein the style of life, mentality, and temperament 63 10. The social make-up of the family and tribe 64 11. Arabic, the language with its vigor and potency 64 12. Arab camp and their power base 66 13. Immigration and expulsion 67 14. Common enemy 67 15. Dictations of benefits and interests 68 16. The pressure of Arab rulers on non-Arabs and non-Muslims 69 17. Ending 72 Chapter 3; Ottomanisation of Libya 1. Prelude 73 2. Ottomans in Power 74 3. The expulsion of Muslims from Spain and their arrival to Libya 79 4. The Ottoman reinforcements of the Libyan shores 86 5. The Janissaries and their control of the various Ottoman State's institutions 95 6. Ending 108 Chapter 4; Karäghla; transmutation of Ottoman Janissaries into an Arab tribe 1. Prelude 109 2. The origins of some of Libya's Ottoman rulers 110 3. The process of Karaghlization and the composition of al-Karaghla 117 4. Majority of Karäghla are of Libyan descent 121 5. Karäghla; the Qaramänli State of Libya 127 6. Ending 134 Tribe, - Islam and Statein Libya ----- Faraj Najem Chapter 5; Ashräf and Muräbitin 1. Prelude 135 2. The linguistic roots of Ribät 136 3. The historical roots of Ribät 139 4. The historical roots of al-Muräbitin 144 5. Al-Murdbitin al-Ashräf 148 6. The spread of Sufi Orders and their influence in Libyan society 155 7. The shared impact and influence between the 5üfi Orders and Libyans 161 8. Al-Muräbits and their influence in State's politics 168 9. Ending 175 Chapter 6; Immigration of Libyan tribes into the neighbouring countries and their influence there 1. Prelude 176 2. Tribes, geography and immigration 177 3. Causes of immigration out of Libya 182 4. Immigration and Sannsiyya 193 5. Immigration to Egypt 205 6. Immigration to Tunisia 215 7. Immigration to Chad 223 8. Ending 229 Chapter 7; Tribe and tribalism in Libya 1. Prelude 230 2. The arrival of Arab tribes and their dispersion in Libya 231 3. The tribes of al-Muräbitin and Sa`ädis of Cyrenaica 241 4. The economiesof Libyan tribes 251 5. Libyan tribes betweenBedouin and Hudür 260 6. Ending 268 Conclusion 269 Bibliography 276 Maps of tribal locations 283 Tribal and familial trees 298 Index of Tribes 304 Index of Places 306 Appendix 307 Tribe, Islam Statein and Libya ---- Faraj Najem List of Maps of tribal locations 1. Map of major towns and cities in Libya 283 2. Map showing Libya's political, economic and social inclination 284 3. Berber tribes of Libya before the advent of Islam 285 4. The migration of Arab tribes into Libya 286 5. Trade Routes through Libya in 19th Century 287 6. Map depicting where most of the Ottoman Janissarieswere recruited from to servein Libya and other Ottoman territories 288 7. Arab and Berber tribes of Tripolitania 289 8. Ashräf and Muräbitin tribes of Tripolitania 290 9. Sa`ädi tribes and Awäjila of Cyrenaica 291 10. Ashräf and Muräbit n tribes of Cyrenaica 292 11. Tribes and Families of Fazzän 293 12. Map of major families and tribes of Miýrdta 294 13. Libyan tribes in Egypt 295 14. Libyan Tribes in Chad 296 15. Libyan tribes in Tunisia 297 Tribe, Islam Statein Libya Faraj Najem and - ----- -- List of Tribal, Familial and Sect trees 1. Main Arab tribes of Tripolitania 298 2. Sacäditribes of Cyrenaica 299 3. Arab tribes of Fazzän 300 4. Sects that emerged from the followers of °Ali ibn abi Tälib and his descent 301 5. Qaramänli family tree 302 6. cAlids tree 303 Tribe, Islam and Statein Libya --------------- Faraj Najem Abstract The subject of this study is Tribe, Islam and State in Libya. It is an analytical research of the roots of the Libyan tribal society and the interaction of tribe, Islam and State up to the Qaramänli rule (1711-1835). The study deals with the acclaimed blood lineage and the genealogical descent, which compels all Libyans to feel related to each other. It focused on the events culminating in the composition of the tribal groupings and the relation between tribes and the Qaramänli State, which is considered as the first Libyan State with Islam playing an instrumental role, a State built and destroyed by the tribes. This study endeavours to explain the major synthesising components of Libyan society, namely Berbero-Arab, Muräbitin and Karäghla who established Libya with its three strong dimensions: Islam, Arabism, and Libyan identity in the 18th Century. The inference is an original contribution to the field of Libyan, Arabic and Islamic societal and anthropological studies since the topic has never been tackled in such specificity. The aims of the study were to examine the origins of tribes, and the links with Islam and State, and in doing so the methodological approaches of comparative, analytical and chronological were employed. The study found that Libya is a tribalistic society of multitude of races and backgrounds and based on Islam and Arabism despite the fact that some of its people are not ethnically Arabs. There was, also, a bond between Tribes, Islam and State. Moreover, there was an alignment between Islam and tribes to either aide or diminish the power and authority of the State. The study is divided into seven chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by the conclusion. Likewise, every chapter has its own prelude and ending, and supported by detailed demographical (tribal) maps for Libya's three provinces in addition to family tress and tables of diverse tribes' names. Tribe, Islam Statein Libya i Faraj and -- Najem ------------ - Transliteration' Diacritic (transliteration) marks are shown below as a guide to the correct pronunciation. These marks are designed to help those who are non-Arabic speakerson how words should sound, also intended to help native Arabic speakers on how Libyan words are correctly pronounced, even though it is almost impossibleto demonstratethat on printed texts.
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