Bosque ISSN: 0304-8799 [email protected] Universidad Austral de Chile Chile

Hernández-Vera, Diego; Pompa-García, Marín; Yerena-Yamallel, José I; Alanís- Rodríguez, Eduardo Within-tree carbon concentration variation in three Mexican pine species Bosque, vol. 38, núm. 2, 2017, pp. 381-386 Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=173152521015

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2 381-38, 2017 DOI 10.407/S0717-92002017000200015

ithin-tree carbon concentration variation in three Mexican pine species

Variación de la concentración de carbono en tres especies mexicanas de pino

Diego ernándezVera , arín ompaarcía , os I erenaamallel , Eduardo AlanísRodríguez 

Corresponding author  Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Río Papaloapan, Valle del Sur, 34120 Durango, México, mpgarcíaued.mx  Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, km  Carretera Linares-Cd. Victoria, Linares, Nuevo León, Mico.

SUMMAR

Assessing carbon content in orest species is considered essential or programs designed to mitigate global arming. A value o   has been assumed as a generic percentage. Hoever, recent research indicates that there are substantial variations in carbon concentration even ithin a tree or tissues. The aim o this stud as to assess the variations o carbon concentration along the longitudinal prole o Pinus durangensis , P. engelmannii and P. leiophylla in northern Mexico, including its components root, bark, stem, branches, tigs, leaves and ruits. Using a selective sampling design, dominant and ell-shaped trees ere selected, hose samples ere processed b chemical analses. Results indicated signicant dierences in the mean concentration o carbon along the longitudinal prole, ith the maimum value alas at the base o the tree. Variations at the species level ere also recorded. Pinus engelmannii had the loest percentage ith . , olloed b P. leiophylla
50.18  and P. durangensis . . n the components o all species, the carbon concentration in the bark as higher than in the rest . . A ide range o variation as observed in the carbon coecients o the components o the species, rom .  in the root o P. engelmannii to .  in the bark o P. leiophylla . t is thereore appropriate to consider these variations hen making more accurate estimates o carbon stocks in orest ecosstems.

Key words  Pinus durangensis , Pinus engelmannii , Pinus leiophylla , components, trees.

RESUMEN

Evaluar el contenido de carbono se considera esencial para programas diseados a mitigar el calentamiento global. Se ha asumido un valor de   como porcentaje genrico. Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes indican que eisten variaciones substanciales en concentraciones de carbono incluso entre árboles  tejidos. El objetivo de este estudio ue evaluar las variaciones de la concentración de carbono a lo largo del perl longitudinal de Pinus durangensis , P. engelmannii ,  P. leiophylla en el norte de Mico, incluendo sus componentes raíz, corteza, tallo, ramas, ramillas, hojas  rutos. Los resultados indican dierencias signicativas en la concentración media de carbono a lo largo del perl longitudinal, con máimos valores siempre en la base del árbol. Tambin se registraron variaciones al nivel de especie. Pinus engelmannii tuvo el más bajo porcentaje con , , seguido por P. leiophylla ,   P. durangensis , . En los componentes de todas las especies, la concentración de carbono en la corteza ue más alta que en el resto , . Un amplio rango de variación se observó en los coecientes de carbono de los componentes de las especies, desde ,  en la raíz de P. engelmannii a ,  en la corteza de P. leiophylla . Es por tanto apropiado considerar estas variaciones cuando se hagan estimaciones más precisas de almacenes de carbono en los ecosistemas orestales.

Palabras clave  Pinus durangensis , Pinus engelmannii , Pinus leiophylla , componentes, árboles.

NTRODUCTON Forests are terrestrial ecosstems that capture and store most carbon Martin and Thomas  and pla an im -

Global averages o carbon dioide CO 2, methane portant role in the carbon ccle Wang et al. 2015. Carbon

CH 4 and nitrous oide N 2O reached their maximum le- capture and storage give to orests additional value since vels in . n  the National Oceanic and Atmosphe - the contribute to the absorption o GHGs Aguirre-Calde - ric Administration NOAA ound an unprecedented in - rón and Jimnez-Prez . For instance, environmental crease
3.01 parts per million in CO 2. Climate change is services oer ver valuable indirect benets Pagiola et mainl attributed to greenhouse gasses GHG. n the pe - al. 2005. riod -, the annual GHG inde increased b  , Several studies have demonstrated the best ields ob - o hich   as CO 2
OMM 201. tained b ecosstem services compared to timber uses

381 BOSQUE 38
2 381-38, 2017 Carbon variation in Pinus species

Martin-Ortega , lvarez and Rubio . n some thern Meico González-Elizondo et al. , thereore cases, environmental services  e.g. carbon sequestration the constitute an ideal group o species to contribute to have an average value . times higher than that o ood the knoledge o the variations o carbon. lvarez and Rubio . Thereore, knoing the varia - Although recent studies have reduced the uncertaint tion o carbon in the dierent compartments o the tree o carbon calculation around the orld Thomas and Mar - ill help to improve the estimates o the commercial value tin , Durkaa et al. 2013, there is a current concern to o the orest or the carbon bonds, and to contribute to the determine the o o carbon, hich allos having precise knoledge o carbon os. noing the concentration indicators or uture tradable projects o carbon. The most o carbon in dierent compartments o the tree provides requent studies aim at determining the concentrations o precise and useul inormation in generating strategies and carbon in dierent tree components, nding variations actions to counteract climate change, orest productivit that do not coincide ith that o   Pompa and e - and anthropogenic impact Aguirre-Calderón and Jim - rena . For instance, in Meican orest man studies nez-Prez , Wang et al. 2015. use a constant value or carbon concentration oten   The procedures or estimating carbon content are based to model carbon u in dierent ecosstems, providing on biomass estimation, assuming a 50  carbon concen- a limited understanding o the role o trees as a carbon tration or practical purposes Lamlom and Savidge . sink. noing ithin-tree carbon concentration variation This operational methodolog leads to inaccurate results, in representative pine species could reduce biases o such due to variation o the carbon concentration beteen arbo - estimates. n addition, or this species, to our knoledge, real components Pompa and erena  and ithin tree no such eort has been made to date. components
Bert and Danon 200, Martin et al. 2015. B hpothesizing that concentrations o carbon dier The stem is the aerial component ith the highest biomass rom   conventionall assumed, the aim o this stud and consequentl stores signicant amounts o carbon, is to assess the variations in carbon concentration along the thus knoing longitudinal carbon variation is a priorit stem o three species o Pinaceae, including other structu - issue. This specic problem has rarel been studied given res such as root, bark, branches, tigs, leaves and ruits. the diculties involved Castao-Santamaría and Bravo , although dissimilarities o carbon at dierent tree METHODS heights are ell knon Bert and Danjon , Herrero et al. . n Meico, no stud has presented vertical va - Study area. The present stud as carried out in the coo - riations o carbon despite the high abundance o Pinaceae perative Sierra del Naar , m a.s.l., hich orms part González-Elizondo et al. . The species Pinus duran- o the municipalities o Durango and Pueblo Nuevo loca - gensis Martínez, P. engelmannii Carri re and P. leiophylla ted in the southest o the state o Durango northest o Schiede ex Schltdl. et Cham., have huge ecological and Meico, ithin the Occidental Sierra Madre gure . economic interest and the are idel distributed in Nor - From the stud area, a population o three commercial

igure . Location o the stud area. Localización del área de estudio.

382 BOSQUE 38
2 381-38, 2017 Carbon variation in Pinus species pine species as selected Pinus durangensis, P. engel- ANOVA to test i there ere signicant dierences along mannii and P. leiophylla. the stem prole o tree species. We determined to ac - The climate o the area is temperate. The dominant ve - tors species three levels and heights ve levels ., getation tpes are Pine and Pine  Oak orests. These mied ., ., . and . m, ith  interactions   . orests include P. durangensis , P. leiophylla , P. strobifor- When signicance as ound, e used a totall randomi - mis and P. pseudostrobus , hich are oten associated ith zed ANOVA design or stem heights. When statistical di -
uercus and Arbutus species González-Elizondo et al. erences ere detected, e compared the means ith a . The orest has an irregular structure, an average site Tuke test  P 0.05. qualit, ith real stocks per eighted hectare o . m 3 ha -1 , densit o  trees ha -1 , and a current annual incre- RESULTS ment o . m 3 per ear CCMSS . There as more carbon in the to loest heights o ata. We used a selective sampling design rom the etrac - the stems
P 0.002, table 1. Pinus engelmannii ith tion orest stands. A total o ell-shaped  trees o each .  had the loest carbon concentration, hile species ere selected. Trees ere o dominant heights and P. leiophylla and P. durangensis
50.18  and 50.3 , res- had no signs o damage, had diameters   cm and ere pectivel had higher concentrations  P 0.005, table 2. older than  ears. From each tree, samples o  g o lea - There ere dierences among the components across ves, branches, tigs diameter   cm, bark, root and ruit species
P  .. Across species, carbon concentra - ere collected ithout an pattern o sampling. Radial co - tion as higher or bark .  than or other com - res o each tree ere collected using a Pressler increment ponents, and as similar or the groups ormed b root- borer, at dierent heights core  at . m, core  at . m, stem-branch-leaves and stem-branch-leaves-tigs-ruits core 3 at 5.18 m, core 4 at 7.2 m and core 5 at 8.28 m,
table 3. olloing the length o commerciall san timber. The The range o variation o carbon concentration among samples ere taken to the laborator olloing the proce - the components o the species as . percentage points, dures o arlik and Chojnack , and immediatel rom .  in the P. engelmannii root to 53.49  placed in paper bags to minimize the loss o volatile carbon in the bark o P. leiophylla
P  .. The Tuke test Lamlom and Savidge , Martin and Thomas . Samples ere dried at room temperature until reaching a constant eight. Folloing the procedure o Lamlon and Savidge , the samples ere ground using a pulveri - Table . Carbon concentration o dierent heights along the stem. zing mill Fritsch pulverisette , hich produces ractions smaller than  g. Total carbon concentration TCC as Concentraciones de carbono de las dierentes alturas en el per - l longitudinal. obtained using the Solids TOC Analzer A rom O  Analtical, USA, hich analzes solid samples o  mg Tree cores at dierent Tuke Mean SE b complete combustion at a temperature o  C. The heights
m grouping resulting gases ere measured through a non-dispersive 1 - 0.30 49.08 0.40 A inrared detector that counts the carbon molecules erena et al. 2012. 2 - 2.74 49.14 0.3 A 3 - 5.18 48.14 0.34 B Statistical analyses. Ater the verication o the statistical 4 - 7.2 47.40 0.42 B assumptions o normalit, homoscedasticit and indepen - dence, the data ere subjected to an analsis o variance 5 - 8.28 47.8 0.32 B ANOVA using the statistical program SAS Statistical Means ith dierent letters are statisticall dierent Tuke P 0.05. Analsis Sstem  to determine i there ere signi - cant dierences  P  . in the carbon concentration among the averages o the dierent heights o the stems, species and their components. We tested to actors Table . Carbon concentration o species . treatments species, hich ere divided into three le - Concentración de carbono de las especies
. vels  P. engelmannii , P. leiophylla and P. durangensis  and Species Mean SE components, here seven levels ere determined root, stem, branch, leaves, tig, ruit and bark. Thus, a    Pinus engelmannii 49.31 0.22a actorial eperimental design ith  interactions beteen Pinus leiophylla 50.18 0.27b treatments as analzed. Whenever signicance as ob - Pinus durangensis 50.3 0.18b served beteen actor levels component groups and spe - cies groups, a totall randomized ANOVA  P  . as Means ith dierent letters are statisticall dierent Tuke P 0.05. perormed or the components. Similarl, e perormed an EE  standard error o the sample.

383 BOSQUE 38
2 381-38, 2017 Carbon variation in Pinus species

P  . shoed si groups o means. The roots and dinal cut o the stem and the maimum value as alas stems o the three species together ith branches o ound at the base o the tree. A possible eplanation or the - P. leiophylla and P. engelmannii , leaves o P. engelmannii se values ound is attributed to the geometric eect and age and P. durangensis had loer values rom . to . ; at the base. This is eplained b the act that, at an older in contrast, bark o the species had the highest carbon con - age, rings ith a higher percentage o lateood are ormed centration o all components o the species, ith values and this increases the densit o the ood Bert and Danjon ranging rom . to .  table . . t is also ell knon that, comparativel, late ood has more carbon than that ound in earl ood Pallard DSCUSSON . n contrast, the amount o earl ood increases as the height o the tree gros. Consequentl, the chemical This is the rst stud that shos dierences in the con - composition o the base graduall dierentiates along the centration o carbon along heights o the stems and tissues vertical prole. This implies that, i the concentration o in Meican pine species. This stud has evidenced that even carbon along the stem varies, sampling should be carried in the same stem there are variations that should be consi - out b eighting this aspect. Recent studies have shon dered to improve the estimates o the assimilation capacit that variations in biomass and hence carbon, depend on the o carbon in the orest. As ith Bert and Danjon , the height o the stem Jones and OHara . Although this results shoed dierences in the concentration o carbon analsis goes beond the objectives o the present stud, a that ere ound in each sample obtained rom the longitu - representative stem height should be considered. Until no, considering . m as a source o inormation could produ - ce biased values, despite the advantage o non-destructive methods
e.g ., tree core extraction using Pressler borer. Table . Carbon concentration per component o all species . Our results shoed signicant dierences in mean Concentración de carbono por componente de todas las espe- carbon concentration among species, ith to groups o cies
. dierentiated means on the one hand, P. engelmannii that is a species o ide ecological distribution, varing rom Component Mean SE , to , m a.s.l. González-Elizondo et al. 2012, Root 48.72 0.31a thereore their lo concentrations o carbon could be at - Stem 49.23 0.3ab tributed to the minimum nutrition requirements. The other group consists o P. leiophylla and P. durangensis , ith Branch 49.32 0.41ab higher values. According to Sáenz-Esqueda et al.
2010 Leaves 49.59 0.15ab these species are rich in volatiles and carbohdrates that Tig 50.24 0.15b contribute to increase the concentrations o carbon. Signicant dierences o carbon concentration among Fruit 50.47 0.29b components ere evident see table . The high concen - Bark 52.48 0.17c tration value o carbon in the bark agrees ith hang et Means ith dierent letters are statisticall dierent Tuke P 0.05. al. , ho ound that bark contains high concentra - SE  standard error o the sample. tions o carbon. Similarl, in the stud b Bert and Danjon

Table . Average concentration o carbon per component per species. Concentración promedio de carbono por componente por especies.

Pinus engelmannii Pinus leiophylla Pinus durangensis Component Mean SE Component Mean SE Component Mean SE Root 47.39 0.5a Branch 48.34 1.14ab Root 49.19 0.33abcd Leaves 48.71 0.13abc Stem 49.0 0.51abc Leaves 49.44 0.19abcd Stem 49.08 0.75abc Root 49.57 0.35abcd Stem 49.54 0.7abcd Branch 49.15 0.25abc Fruit 49.91 0.17bcd Branch 50.48 0.29bcde Tig 49.83 0.23bcd Tig 50.05 0.18bcd Fruit 50.72 0.52bcde Fruit 50.57 0.08bcde Leaves 50.1 0.11bcde Tig 50.82 0.29cde Bark .  .de Bark .  . Bark .  .e

Means ith dierent letters are statisticall dierent Tuke P 0.05. SE  standard error o the sample.

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, bark as the part o the tree ith the highest con - centration and basic densit along stems o sessile oak centration o carbon. n contrast, roots and stems had lo

uercus petraea Matt. Liebl. and Prenean oak 
uer- values o carbon across species, hich has been attributed cus pyrenaica Willd. in the Cantabrian Range NM Spain. to the chemical composition o cellulose and lignin, the Annals of Forest Science 9
 3-72. primar components o ood Fonseca et al. 2012. CCMSS Consejo Civil Meicano para la Silvicultura Sosteni - ble, M. . Resumen Pblico de Certicación de So - Usuall the most conventional method to determine ciedad Civil Sierra del Naar. Mico DF, Mico.  p. the amount o stored carbon is b multipling the total Consultado  ene. . Disponible en http.rain - dr eight o trees b a coecient o . Durkaa et al. orest-alliance.orgbusinessorestrdocumentsnaar.pd . n the case o the average concentration o carbon Durkaa B, A Durkaa, E Makineci, M lkdr. . Estima - in the components o the three species, the variation as tion o above-ground biomass and sequestered carbon o beteen   and  . This result is consistent ith Taurus Cedar  Cedrus libani L. in Antala, Turke. iForest those ound b other authors Thomas and Martin , 
5 278-284. Durkaa et al. , Pompa and erena  and ould Fonseca W, FE Alice, JM Re-Benaas. . Carbon accumula - be helpul to improve carbon estimations in Meican o - tion in aboveground and beloground biomass and soil o rests
Carrillo et al . 201. dierent age native orest plantations in the humid tropical lolands o Costa Rica. ew Forest 43
2 197-211. González-Elizondo MS, M González-Elizondo, JA Tena-Flores, CONCLUSONS L Ruacho-González, L López-Enríquez. . Vegetación de la Sierra Madre Occidental, México Una síntesis. Acta Carbon concentration or three Meican pines diered Botánica Mexicana 100 351-403. among species, stem height and tissues. Results or this Herrero C, MB Turrión, V Pando, F Bravo. . Carbon in stud sho that the generalized   o carbon concen - heartood, sapood and bark along the stem prole in tration assumption ma produce consistentl misleading three Mediterranean Pinus species. Annals of Forest Scien- estimates. Thereore, variations in compartments should ce 8
107-107. at least be considered hen attempting to dene the most Jones DA, L OHara. . Carbon densit in managed coast appropriate carbon raction used to estimate carbon stocks redood stands implications or orest carbon estimation. in Meican pine species. These multi-species data contri - Forestry 85
1 99-110. bute to improve precision on estimates o carbon balance arlik FJ, CD Chojnack. . Biomass and carbon data rom blue oaks in a Caliornia oak savanna. Biomass and in terrestrial ecosstems, to ield superior insights into the Bioenergy 2 228-232. carbon inventories. Additional comparative analses o Lamlom SH, RA Savidge. . A reassessment o carbon con - inter- and intraspecic variations are needed to reduce un - tent in ood variation ithin and beteen  North Ame - certaint o carbon variation in orest ecosstem. rican species. Biomass and Bioenergy 25
4 381-388. Lamlom SH, RA Savidge. . Carbon content variation in bo - ACNOWLEDGEMENTS les o mature sugar maple and giant sequoia. Tree Physio- logy 2
4 459-48. We recognize nancial support rom CONACT CB- Martin AR, SC Thomas. . A reassessment o carbon content  in Meico. Also, e thank the editor or an in tropical trees. PLoS One 
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Recibido 21.03.17 Aceptado ..

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