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PINUS L. Pine by Stanley L

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PINUS L. Pine by Stanley L PINAS Pinaceae-Pine family PINUS L. Pine by Stanley L. Krugman 1 and James L. Jenkinson 2 Growth habit, occurrence, and use.-The ge- Zealand; P. canariensis in North Africa and nus Pinus, one of the largest and most important South Africa; P. cari.bea in South Africa and of the coniferous genera, comprises about 95 Australia; P. halepereszs in South America; P. species and numerous varieties and hybrids. muricata in New Zealand and Australia; P. Pines are widely distributed, mostly in the sgluestris, P, strobus, P. contorta, and P. ni'gra Northern Hemisphere from sea level (Pi'nus in Europe; P. merkusii in Borneo and Java 128, contorta var. contorta) to timberline (P. albi- 152, 169, 266). cantl;i,s). They range from Alaska to Nicaragua, The pines are evergreen trees of various from Scandinavia to North Africa. and from heights,-often very tall but occasionally shrubby Siberia to Sumatra. Some species, such as P. (table 3). Some species, such as P.lnmbertionn, syluestris, are widely distributed-from Scot- P. monticola, P. ponderosa, antd. P. strobtr's, grow land to Siberia-while other species have re- to more than 200 feet tall, while others, as P. stricted natural ranges. Pinus canariensis, for cembroides and P. Ttumila, may not exceed 30 example, is found naturally only on the Canary feet at maturity. Islands, and P. torreyana numbers only a few Pines provide some of the most valuable tim- thousand individuals in two California localities ber and are also widely used to protect water- (table 1) (4e). sheds, to provide habitats for wildlife, and to Forty-one species of pines are native to the construct shelterbelts. The bulk of naval stores United States. These species are also the most still comes from pines, and the seeds of some widely planted in the United States. Planting species are a valuable food source. Increasingly, has extended the range of a number of them, pines are planted to improve man's environ- including P. strobus, P. banksinna, P. rad'inta, ment. P. pond,eroso var. scopulorum, P. resi,nosa, and, Sixty-five species and varieties which are now P. oirginiana (71, 266). Many of the native being planted or which have a potential in the eastern pines, especially those from the southern United States are listed in table 1; included are States. do not do well in the western States. The 40 species and varieties native to the United same appears to be true for many western pines States, one to Mexico, one to the Caribbean when they are planted in the eastern States region, 11 to Europe, Africa and the near east, (120,201). and 12 to Asia. Many introduced pines have been planted and Geographic races and hybrids.-The impor- grown successfully in the United States. Four tance of planting seeds or seedlings from the of these-P. sglaestris, P. thunbergi,ana, P. proper source cannot be stressed to strongly. densiflora, and P. nigra-have become natural- Seed origin is extremely important in determin- ized in parts of New England and the Lake ing the ability of a species to grow and succeed States (261r, 270). in a given environment. Many pines with an Many other pine species have been suce.ess- extensive range, as well as some of limited fully planted outside their native range. These natural range, have developed geographic races include P. patuln in South Africa; P. radinta in that are morphologically and physiologically South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and distinct (gz). These differences make each race South America ; P. insularzs in East Africa; P. best suited for growing in certain environments. etliottii var. elliottii, P. taedn, P. pinaster, and, As a general rule, seeds from sources in moist P. palustris in South Africa, New Zealand, and regions are smaller and produce faster growing Australia; P. ponderoso in Australia and New and less deeply rooted seedlings than seeds from sources in drier regions. Southern seed sources . 'Timber Management Research, USDA Forest Serv- commonly differ from northern sources by being rce. faster growing, capable of growing longer in a 'Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn. season, more susceptible to damage by winter 598 PINUS freezes, less susceptible to late spring and early ern origins require a longer stratification period autumn frosts; and having seed dormancy that (3 wee[s or more) than seeds of southern origin can often de overcome with a shorter presowing (less than 3 weeks). Seedlings from northern treatment (122, 218, 260, 266). sources tend to be more frost resistant than For many of the pines, detailed data about those from southern sources. These differences geographic rdces are not available. In some among sources appear to be clinal and reflect cases our understanding of races of pines native the latitudinal disliibution of the species (175). to the United States comes from plantings in Pinu,s balfouriana-Seeds of northern origin other countries. When appropriate, this infor- (Lake Mountain, California) are longer than mation is included in the following species sum- those of southern origin (Mineral King, Cali- maries: fornia) and have persistent seed wings com- Pinus attenuata-From morphological and pared to the detachable wings of southern nursery studies, knobcone pine in California can sources (154.). be separated into two major groups, one north Pinus banksiana-Sources differ in seed size, and the other south of the Monterey-San Luis growth, form, and susceptibility to insect and Obispo County line. Seed weight tends to in- disease damage. Seeds tend to be larger from crease from north to south. and seeds of north- the warmer parts of the range (71) . In Minne- TAsLp l.-Pinus: nomenclature, occutrence, and uses; data comTtilers Data compilers Scientific names and synonyms Common names Occurrence IJses' for the species P. albicaulic Engelm. whitebark pine Subalpine in the northern T,W,E - R. J. Steinhoff. Rocky Mountains and Coast Mountains of British Columbia through the Cascade Range to the southern Sierra Nevada. P. arietata Engelm. ... bristlecone pine, Small, scattered subalpine H,E G. H, Schubert. P. balfouriana var. foxtail pine, areas in California, aristata (Engelm.) Engelm. hickory pine. Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. P. armandii Franeh. Armandpine Moderate-highelevations T,E P. O. Rudolf. from central and south- western China to north- ern Burma and south- eastern Tibet; Taiwan and Hainan. P. artcnua'a Lemm. knobcone pine Rocky slopes and ridges w,E S. L. Krugman. P. tuberculatc Gord. from southwestern Oregon and California to northwestern Baja California. P. balfouriana Grev. & Balf. -------- foxtail pine, Subalpine in Klamath H, W Do. Balfour pine. Mountains and southern Sierra Nevada, California. P. bankeiana Lamb. jack pine, Canada, from the Mackenzie T, H, W, D. H. Dawson. P. diaaricata (Ait.) Sudw. scrub nine. River and Alberta to S, E. banksiana Nova Scotia and south pine, black into the Great Lakes pine, gray region and New England pine. States. P. brutia Ten. Calabrian pine Crete, Cyprus, and Lebanon S,E S. L. Krugman. P. halepensis vat. brutia north through Turkey. (Ten.) Elwes & Henry P. canariendt C. Smith Canary Island Dry, exposed slopes of the T,W,E P. O. Rudolf. prne, central and western Canary pine. Canary Islands. P. caribaea Morelet Caribbean pine Bahama Islands, western T,E S. L. Krugman. P. bahamensis Griseb. Cuba, Isle of Pines, and P, hondurensis Loock Central America from British Honduras to Nicaragua. 599 PINAS Tnnln l.-Pi,nus: nomenclature, occu,rrence, and uses; data compilers-Continued compilers Scientific names and Occurrence Uses' Data synonyms Common names for the species P. cembra L.- - --- Swiss stone High elevations in the Alps T,W,E P. O. Rudolf. P, montana Lam. pine, cembran and Carpathian Moun- pine, arolla tains of central Europe. prne. P. cembroidet Zucc.- Mexican pinyon, Semiarid mountain regions w, E___-,,,. S, L. Krugman. nut pine, in Mexico. southeastern plnyon. Arizona. southwestern New Mexico. and south- western Texas. P. clauta (Chapm.) Vasey sand pine, Sandy plains of central and T,H L. Jones. spruce pine. coastal Florida and the southern tip of Alabama. P. con,orta Dougl. var. shore pine, Low elevations on the w,E S. L. Krugman. con,orta lodgepole Pacific Coast from pine, beach southeastern Alaska to pine, coast California. prne. P. contorta vat. latilolia Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountains, from T,H,W,S J. E. Lotan. Engelm. lodgepole pine. Canada to Utah and Colorado, and the Black Hills. P. contorla yat. nrurrayana Sierra Nevada High elevations in the T,H,W S. L. Krugman. (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm. lodgepole pine. Cascade Range-Sierra Nevada chain from southwestern Washing- ton to Baja California. P. couhcri D. Don.. Coulter pine, Coastal mountains from H,E Do. nut pine, central California south big-cone pine. to northern Baja California. P. densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.--------------- Japanese Midelevation in the moun- E S. L. Krugman red pine. tains of Japan and and P. O. Korea north to eastern Rudolf, Manchuria and adjacent u.s.s.R. P. ecfrinnra Mill. shortleaf pine, Coastal plain of south- T,H,W J. M. McGilvray. southern eastern United States to yellow pine. eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. P. edulis Engelm. pinyon, Semiarid regions in Utah, T,H,E G. H. Schubert. P. cembroides var. edulis Colorado Colorado, Arizona, and (Engelm.) Voss pinyon pine, New Mexico. nrr+ nina P. elliottii var. densa Little South Florida Southern and central T,E R. L. Barnes. & Dorman. slash pine. Florida, and Lower Florida Keys. P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii- slash pine, Coastal Plains from South T,H,E Do. P. caribaea Morelet swamp pine, Carolina to eentral pitch pine, Florida and southeastern yellow slash Louisiana. pine. P. engelntannii Carr. Apache pine, Mountains of southeastern T,E G.
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