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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St THE TAXONOMY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DWARF MISTLETOES PARASITIZING WHITE PINES IN ARIZONA Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Mathiasen, Robert L. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 13:00:38 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289671 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. 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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 78-2075 MATHIASEN, Robert Lee, 1950- THE TAXONOMY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DWARF MISTLETOES PARASITIZING WHITE PINES IN ARIZONA. The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1977 Agriculture, plant pathology Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THE TAXONOMY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DWARF MISTLETOES PARASITIZING WHITE PINES IN ARIZONA by Robert Lee Mathiasen A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Dr. RnWt t.. iWf.nn entitled The Taxonomy anil Fpi Hemi r>1 "oy nf Mi gfppfi Parasitizing White Pines in Arii-.nna be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the degree of Ph. D. )issertation Director As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. /Jom Z? If?? do2 J•) , '77?/ ^ fill Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has'been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate Col­ lege when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permis­ sion must be obtained from the author. SIGNED This dissertation is dedicated to Diane and Frank, the two most influential and understanding people in my life. Their friendship, encouragement, and patience gave me the strength to complete my graduate studies and their contributions to my personal and professional growth have been immeasurable. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ihe author wishes to express his sincerest appreciation to Dr. F. G. Hawksworth, Forest Pathologist, U. S. Forest Service, Ft. Collins, Colorado for his advice and encouragement throughout my graduate studies and to Dr. R. L. Gilbertson, Professor of Plant Pathology, The University of Arizona, for his help and support. Appreciation is also expressed to the U. S. Forest Service and The University of Arizona for financial support of these studies and to the many individuals who have contributed to this work and to ray educa­ tion. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix ABSTRACT x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE DWARF MISTLETOE PARASITIZING BRISTLECONE PINE .... 3 Literature Review 3 Materials and Methods 5 Taxonomic Studies . 5 Morphological Characters .. .... 5 Physiological Characters ..... 6 Chemical Characters 9 Distribution Studies 9 Pathological Impact Studies 10 Results 10 Taxonomic Studies 10 Morphological Characters 10 ffaysiological Characters 13 Chemical Characters . 20 Distribution Studies 20 Pathological Impact Studies 23 Discussion 26 Taxonomic Status of the Bristlecone Pine Dwarf Mistletoe 26 Pathological Impact of A. microcarpum on the San Francisco Peaks 29 Geographic Variation in A. microcarpum ........ 31 3. THE DWARF MISTLETOES PARASITIZING SOUTHWESTERN WHITE PINE. 33 Literature Review 33 Materials and Methods .................. 35 Taxonomic Studies 35 Morphological Characters 35 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Physiological Characters ..... 36 Chemical Characters ...... 37 Distribution Studies 37 Pathological Impact Studies ..... 38 Results 39 Taxonomic Studies 39 Morphological Characters 39 Physiological Characters 44 Chemical Characters 44 Distribution Studies 44 Pathological Impact Studies 49 Discussion -53 The Taxonomic Status of the Dwarf Mistletoes Parasitizing SW W P 53 Distribution and Pathological Impact of A. apachecum and A. blumpri in the Southwestern United States ... 62 APPENDIX A: SPECIMENS EXAMINED 65 APPENDIX B: KEY TO THE SIECIES OF ARCEUTHOBIUM PARASITIZING WHITE PINES IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO 85 LITERATURE CITED . 86 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Comparison of the height, basal diameter, habit, and color of dominant shoots of Arceuthobium microcarpum, Arceuthobium cyanocarpum. and the bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe 11 2. Comparison of the staminate flower, fruit, and seed of Arceuthobium microcarpum. Arceuthobium cyanocarpum. and the bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe 12 3. Comparison of the height and basal diameter of dominant shoots of the northern and southern populations of Arceuthobium microcarpum . 14 4. Natural host range of Arceuthobium microcarpum. Arceuthobium cyanocarpum. and the bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe 16 5. Phenolic constituents of Arceuthobium cyanocarpum. Arceuthobium microcarpum. and the bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe as determined by paper chromatography . 21 6. Comparison of infection and mortality in bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe infested and non-infested mixed conifer stands on the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona .... 24 7. Mortality of bristlecone pine and Engelmann spruce in relation to the incidence of dwarf mistletoe infection on the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona 25 8. Comparison of shoot heights, basal diameters, third internodes, lateral staminate spikes, staminate flower diameters, and fruits of Arceuthobium apachecum and Arceuthobium blumeri 40 9. Geographic variation in shoot height and perianth lobe number of Arceuthobium apachecum and Arceuthobium blumeri 41 10. Phenolic constituents of Arceuthobium apachecum and Arceuthobium blumeri as determined by paper chromatography 46 vii viii LIST OF TABLES—Continued Table Page 11. Infection and mortality rates in Arceuthobium- infested mixed conifer stands in Arizona 54 12. Mortality of southwestern white pines in Arizona • caused by Arceuthobium apachecum and Arceuthobium blumpri in relation to average dwarf mistletoe rating (D. M. R.) 55 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Approximate periods of anthesis and seed dispersal of Arceuthobium cyanocarpum. Arceuthobium microcarpum, and the bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe . 15 2. A dead, heavily mistletoe infected bristlecone pine near Schultz Peak, San Francisco Peaks, Arizona 18 3. The bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe on Abies laaiocarpa var. arizonica 19 4. The bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe on Pinus strobiformis 19 5. Approximate distribution of Pinus aristata, Arceuthobium microcarpum. and the bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe on the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona ... 22 6. Female shoots of Arceuthobium microcarpum
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