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A GUIDE to the GEOLOGY of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: the Geology and Life Zones of a Madrean Sky Island

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A GUIDE to the GEOLOGY of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: the Geology and Life Zones of a Madrean Sky Island A GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGY OF THE SANTA CATALINA MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA: THE GEOLOGY AND LIFE ZONES OF A MADREAN SKY ISLAND ARIZONA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 22 JOHN V. BEZY Inside front cover. Sabino Canyon, 30 December 2010. (Megan McCormick, flickr.com (CC BY 2.0). A Guide to the Geology of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: The Geology and Life Zones of a Madrean Sky Island John V. Bezy Arizona Geological Survey Down-to-Earth 22 Copyright©2016, Arizona Geological Survey All rights reserved Book design: M. Conway & S. Mar Photos: Dr. Larry Fellows, Dr. Anthony Lux and Dr. John Bezy unless otherwise noted Printed in the United States of America Permission is granted for individuals to make single copies for their personal use in research, study or teaching, and to use short quotes, figures, or tables, from this publication for publication in scientific books and journals, provided that the source of the information is appropriately cited. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new or collective works, or for resale. The reproduction of multiple copies and the use of articles or extracts for comer- cial purposes require specific permission from the Arizona Geological Survey. Published by the Arizona Geological Survey 416 W. Congress, #100, Tucson, AZ 85701 www.azgs.az.gov Cover photo: Pinnacles at Catalina State Park, Courtesy of Dr. Anthony Lux ISBN 978-0-9854798-2-4 Citation: Bezy, J.V., 2016, A Guide to the Geology of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: The Geology and Life Zones of a Madrean Sky Island. Arizona Geological Survey Down-to-Earth # 22, 83 p. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 INTRODUCTION ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 PART 1� Geologic History: The Formation of the Santa Catalina Mountains ������������������������������������������������������� 7 PART 2� The Southern Santa Catalina Mountains ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Roads and Places: Pima Canyon, Sabino Canyon, the Catalina Highway �������������������������������������� 18 Tinajas, Gnammas, Tafoni, Rock Varnish and Case-hardened Surfaces� ���������������������������������������� 26 PART 3� The Western and Northern Catalina Mountains ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31 Roads and Places: Catalina State Park, Charouleau Gap Road, Biosphere 2, Oracle State Park, and Cody Loop Drive in Oracle, Arizona ������������������������������������������������������������������� 31 The Wilderness Suite Granite Landscape: Pinnacles and Cliffs ������������������������������������������������������ 35 The Catalina Granite Landscape: Exhumed pediments and domed inselbergs ���������������������������� 40 Pediments �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 Domed inselbergs ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 41 Bajada and stream piracy ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 49 The Apache Group-Bolsa Quartzite Landscape: Parallel ridges and valleys ����������������������������������� 50 The Oracle Granite Landscape: Boulder inselbergs ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 PART 4: The Eastern Santa Catalina Mountains ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 57 Roads and Places: the Mt� Lemmon Road, Peppersauce Canyon ����������������������������������������������������� 57 The Mogul and Geesaman Faults Zone ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 Mining �������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 PART 5: The Crest of the Santa Catalina Mountains ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 66 Roads and Places: the Catalina Highway and the Mt� Lemmon Road �������������������������������������������� 66 Mining ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 68 PART 6: Life Zones of the Santa Catalina Mountains ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 Roads and Places: the Catalina Highway, the Mt� Lemmon Road, Sabino Canyon, Catalina State Park ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 Vegetation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 SUGGESTED Readings ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 81 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses sincere gratitude to Drs. M. Lee Allison, Michael Conway and Jon E. Spencer (Arizona Geological Survey), Dr. Arthur Trevena (Trevena Geo-Consulting LCC), and Dr. Steve Smith (School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona) for technical reviews, and to Ms. Joyce Tanihara for a general review of this publication. Appreciation is also extended to Dr. John Dohrenwend for graciously granting permission to use his satellite image of the Santa Catalina Mountains. Dr. Larry Fellows and Dr. Anthony Lux contributed many of the excellent photographs that grace the pages this volume. Stephanie Mar and Michael Conway receive special thanks for providing a superb design. Ian Jarosak, Park Ranger, Catalina State Park kindly provided the petroglyph photograph in Figure 25b. This publication would not have been possible without the professional support of Dr. M. Lee Allison, Director, Arizona Geological Survey and State Geologist. We dedicate this volume to the many geologists, biologists, botanists, and ecologists whose combined efforts have given us a greater understanding of our beautiful Santa Catalina Mountains 2 INTRODUCTION Natural landscapes have distinctive personalities. Each is the product of the interplay of geology, climate, vegetation, time, and often, human activities. The landscapes that form the Santa Catalina Mountains of southeastern Arizona give that range a unique personality like no other in the American Southwest. Rising as a great mountain island to over 9000 feet in elevation at their summit, Mount Lemmon, the Santa Catalina Mountains are the greatest expanse of high country within the Sonoran Desert (Map A). An unusual dome-like profile (Figure 1) sets it apart from the numerous, steep, sharp-crested mountain ranges in the region. This distinctive profile is a legacy of the range’s remarkable geologic history and the structure of its bedrock. Formed miles deep within Earth’s crust before being exhumed, this ancient structure has guided surface weathering and erosion for millions of years. The result is a mosaic of mountain landscapes of singular beauty and complexity. An extraordinary assemblage of large and small landforms, uncommon in most other Southwestern ranges, makes up the landscapes of the Santa Catalina Mountains. These landforms are the products of a host of geologic processes. Erosion by flash flooding is the most important, cutting deep canyons that provide access to the heart of the range (Figure 2). Massive landslides, debris flows and rock falls also actively sculpt mountain slopes and feed loose rock material to streams for transport to the adjacent basins. Chemical and mechanical weathering, although less dynamic, are important processes that place their stamp on every part of the range. These processes have not been uniformly active throughout the geologic life of the range. Erosion by running water, for example, has sculpted the Santa Catalina Mountains since its bedrock was first exposed to the atmosphere and continues to be the dominant process shaping the modern landscape. Mud slides, deep chemical weathering, and freeze-thaw shattering of the bedrock wear down mountain slopes today but were far more active during wetter climatic cycles of the geologic past. Faulting gave rise to the original uplift of the range and shaped today’s basin and range topography of southern Arizona, yet has not been active over the past 5 million years. Acting alone and in concert, these processes have sculpted a magnificent landscape montage from the bedrock of the Santa Catalina Mountains. The biological diversity of the range is as complex as the geology. The Santa Catalina Mountains rise as a great mountain island from the vast, sea-like expanse of the surrounding Sonoran Desert. Temperature decreases and precipitation increases as one ascends from 2,500 to 9157 feet in elevation. This elevation increase, slope aspect, topography, rock type, cold air drainage, climatic fluctuations during and since the last Ice Age, and a host of other factors are responsible
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