Index of Names

Home , Faroese language, Telugu language, Walloon language

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02209-6 — Language Conflict and Language Rights William D. Davies , Stanley Dubinsky Index More Information

Index of Names

Abas, Husen, 108 Daftary, Farimah, 227, 232 Abeykon, John, 322 Dahlman, Carl T., 244 Adams, David Wallace, 213 Daniels, Harvey A., 51, 147 Alexander, Neville, 129 Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono, 108 Alisbjahbana, S. T., 107 Das Gupta, Jyotirindra, 112–113 Anderson, Benedict, 99 Davitt, Michael, 121 Andrássy, György, 167 De Bres, Julia, 375 Anthonisz, Richard Gerald, 325 de Groof, Jetje, 315 Anwar, Kaidhir, 108 de Varennes, Fernand, 331 Austin, Peter K., 171 Debo, Angie, 212 Avalos, Antonio, 252 DeFrancis, John, 139 Aygen, Bartoš, 245 Deraniyagala, Siran Upendra, 322 Aygen, Gülşat, 245 DeVotta, Neil, 329, 331 Aytürk, İlker, 249 Diamond, Jared M., 117 Duignan, Peter J., 242 Bailey, Guy, 306 Bairon, Fija, 291 Eastman, Carol, 171, 367 Barclay, Kate, 291 Edwards, John, 171, 367 Batchelor, John, 206 Erikson, Erik H., 69 Baugh, John, 279, 304 Beheydt, Ludo, 318 Faingold, Eduardo D., 166 Beinart, William, 126 Fasold, Ralph, 102 Bélanger, Claude, 335 Fear, Jacqueline, 212 Belien, Paul, 318 Fellman, Jack, 379–380, 382 Bell, Allan, 359 Fennig, Charles D., 360, 370 Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer, 380–382 Fenyvesi, Anna, 224–225 Bideleux, Robert, 226 Fiala, Jan, 233 Bocian, Mariusz, 233 Fishman, Joshua A., 110, 371, 373, 378 Bowring, Richard, 140 Frankental, Sally, 117 Brenzinger, Matthias, 291, 358, 371 Fraser, Angus, 257 Bright, William, 147 Frese, Stephen J., 178, 180 Bucken-Knapp, Gregg, 200–202 Friedman, Victor, 261, 263, 266 Bull, Tove, 200 Busque, Anne-Marie, 339 Gál, Kinga, 227, 232 Gallaher, Carolyn, 244 Caldwell, Robert, 325, 328 Gandhi, K. L., 112, 114 Charity, Anne Harper, 300 Gates, Paul, 239 Chew Jr., John J., 290 Gelb, I. J., 142 Cole, Douglas, 95 Gilmartin, Mary, 244 Coulmas, Florian, 100–101 Goddard, Ives, 86 Curtis, Glenn E., 81 Golder, Scott, 29

404

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02209-6 — Language Conflict and Language Rights William D. Davies , Stanley Dubinsky Index More Information

Index of Names 405

Goldwasser, Orly, 144 Lord, Nancy, 97–98 Grenersen, Geir, 200 Louw, P. Eric, 123, 128–130 Groff, Cynthia, 112 Lyon, Philip W., 226 Groszkowski, Jakub, 233 Macdonald, David Bruce, 60 Haertig, E. W., 76 MacMaster, John Bach, 178 Hancock, Ian, 257–258, 261, 265 Magga, Ole Henrik, 200, 204 Hanihara, Kazuro, 205 Magocsi, Paul Robert, 222 Harris, Roy, 102, 306 Manning, Patrick, 295 Hassanpour, Amir, 250 Martin, Laura, 86 Hatori, Reiko, 271 Maruyama, Hiroshi, 210 Hattori, Shiso, 206, 291 Matisoff, James A., 358 Heese, Hans F. A. 119 Matras, Yaron, 261–262, 265 Heinrich, Patrick, 291–293, 306–307 May, Stephen, 100, 166, 169, 375, 377 Hill, Jane, 361, 366, 368 McRae, Kenneth Douglas, 317, 319, 321 Hockett, Charles F., 132 McWhorter, John, 368 Hoffman, Michael, 76 Mendizabal, Isabel, 257 Holmberg, Gunnar, 285 Miller, Roy Andrew, 73, 285–286, Hopper, Paul, 362 289 Huysmanns, M. Camille, 317 Minde, Henry, 202 Mittleman, Joshua, 73 Idsardi, William, 279 Mnookin, Robert, 316 Irish, Ann B., 207 Morgan, Marcyliena, 303 Ishikida, Miki Y., 209, 211, 269, 271, 288 Moseley, Christopher, 371 Mufwene, Salikoko S., 171, 368 Jaszi, Oscar, 227 Mühlhäusler, Peter, 362 Jeffries, Ian, 226 Muniz-Arguelles, Luis, 275 Johnstone, Paula Lightening Woman, 215, 392 Joseph, John E., 70, 84–85, 369 Nebez, Jamal, 246 Julku, Kyösti, 196 Nettle, Daniel, 358 New, William, 263, 265 Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M., 119 Nishimura, Hiroko, 292 Kaplan, Lawrence, 87 Niskanen, Markku, 196 Karady, Victor, 227 Kenesei, Istvan, 224–225 O’Dwyer, Conor, 230 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke, 206 O’Neill, Michael, 316–317 Kloss, Heinz, 166 Özkaragöz, İnci, 245 Kontra, Miklós, 169, 230–232 Kopf, Dan, 297 Panico, Christopher, 250 Krauss, Michael, 358, 370–371 Park, Ju-min, 159 Kreyenbroek, Philip, 244 Pawb, Iaith, 378 Krouleck, Alison, 365 Peace, Hannah, 52 Kumaramangalam, S. Mohan, 113 Perez, Cris, 239 Kyuchukov, Hristo, 264 Phillipson, Robert, 167, 171 Pieris, Paulus Edward, 324 Ladefoged, Peter, 368 Planet, Ana I., 252 Laurie, Haruko Uryu, 140 Poplack, Shana, 302 Lee Catherine A., 76 Powell, M. A., 142 Lee, Wal-sun, 271 Pratt, Richard H., 214–215 Leibowitz, Arnold H., 240 Preston, Dennis, 57, 301 Leith, Dick, 102 Pukui, Mary Kawena, 76 Lewis, Saunders, 360, 370, 376 Pullum, Geoffrey K., 86, 93, 97, 305–306 Liberman, Anatoly, 49 Purnell, Thomas, 279, 304–305 Linteau, Paul-André, 338 Loomis, Charles Battell, 8 Quinn, George, 88

406 Index of Names

Rice, Keren, 368 Thomas, Lorrin, 278–279 Robbeets, Martine I., 286, 289 Trudgill, Peter, 309 Robinson, Gregory, 301 Tucker, James T., 240 Romaine, Suzanne, 358 Türköz, Meltem, 76 Ruppel, Kristin T., 214 Turner, R., 257

Sallabank, Julia, 171 Üngör, Uğur Ü., 247 Sampson, Geoffrey, 142 Urciuoli, Bonnie, 279 Sandvik, Gudmund, 201 Sapir, Edward, 18–19, 69–70, 83, 85–86, Vago, Robert M., 224–225 99 Vaux, Bert, 29 Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, 135 Verbeke, Alain, 316 Schwegler, Brian A., 230, 232 Vos, Louis, 317–318 Scott, Brian M., 73 Vygotsky, Lev, 69 Seeley, Christopher, 140 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 99 Walker, Brett L., 208 Shibatani, Masayoshi, 206, 285–287, 289–291 Wardyn, Łukasz, 233 Shiffman, Harold F., 326 Watts, Nicole F., 249 Shoji, Shinichi, 92 Wee, Lionel, 101, 169–170, 362 Shousterman, Cara, 303 Weinreich, Max, 59, 157, 361 Sichone, Owen, 117 Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 85–86, 98 Siddle, Richard, 208, 210 Wilkerson, Isabel, 297 Simons, Gary F., 360, 370 Williams, Colin H., 375 Simpson, Jane, 368 Williams, Joseph M., 27 Sjöberg, Katarina, 210 Wolfram, Walt, 18 Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, 166–167, Woodbury, Anthony, 86, 367 169–171, 249 Worland, Justin, 365 Sperl, Stefan, 244 Wyloge, Evan, 182

Tanaka, Y., 292 Yilmaz, Hakan, 252 Tattrie, Jon, 336 Tay, Leslie, 242 Zaken, Mordechai, 244 Taylor, Talbot, 102 Zvelebil, Kamil Václav, 325

Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places

!Xû, see under Southern African languages: America, 172, 175, 181–182, 211, 241, Khoisan 280, 295–297, 335–336, 366–367 AAE/AAVE, see English language: African American (people), 3, 14–15, 25, 28–29, American Vernacular English 31–32, 52, 55–59, 71–73, 92–93, 102, Acadia, see under Canada 122, 126, 163–164, 174–175, 177–178, Acadian (people), 333, 335 180–183, 191–192, 211–214, 217–218, Adelaide, see under Australia 233–234, 236–237, 239, 258, 264, 270, Afghanistan, 244 272–273, 275–276, 278, 280, 284, 290, Afrikaans, see under Southern African 293–294, 297, 299–306, 308, 329, languages 335, 363 African (people), 29, 103, 116–117, 125–129, American English, see under English language 193, 278–279, 294–295, 297, American Indian (people), 4, 126, 180, 211, 302–303, 342 213–214, 217, 264 African American (Vernacular) English, see American Indian languages under English language Algic, 212 African Sahel, 342 Algonquian, 86, 212, 333 African American (people), 4, 41, 56, Cherokee, 151–152, 159, 212 193, 278–279, 284, 294, 297, Cheyenne, 212 299–306 Chinook, 89–90 Afrikaner (people), 119–120, 124–125, Choctaw, 171, 206, 212, 366 128, 191 Cree, 151 Ainu (language/people), 4, 34–35, 80, 163, Cupeno, 368 168, 172, 195, 200, 205–211, 214, 217, Dena’ina, 97 248, 250, 264, 267, 272, 291, 358–359, Hopi, 212, 368 364, 376 Huron, 333 Alabama, see under United States Iroquoian, 212 Alamblak (Papua New Guinea) (language/ Mikmaq, 27 people), 96 Mohawk, 212 Alaska, see under United States Montagnais, 86 Albania, 101, 264 Muscatine, 178 Albanian (language/people), 247 Muskogean, 212 Algeria, 104, 159, 254 Na-Dené, 212 Algic, see under American Indian languages Navaho, 72, 212 Algonquian, see under American Indian Seminole, 212 languages Southern Paiute, 19 Alta California, see under United States: Uto-Aztecan, 212 California Yupik, 86–87 Altaic (languages), 245, 285 Yurok, 372, 374 Amazigh, see Berber American Sign Language (ASL), 7

407

408 Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places

American South, see under United States Barcelona, see under Spain Anatolia, 54, 257, 344 Basque (Euskara) (language/people), 195, 211, Ancient Egyptian (language), 379 219–220, 263 Anglophone (people), 180, 335–338, 340–342 Basutoland, see Lesotho Anglo-Saxon (language/people), 27 Bedouin (people), 61 Angola, 116, 122, 295 Beijing, see under China Antwerp, see under Belgium Belgian (language/people), 310, 315–319 Anurādhapura, see under Sri Lanka Belgium, 4, 193, 256, 310, 312, 316–318, Appalachian (people), 29, 55, 180 320–321, 342, 402 Appalachian Mountains, see under United Antwerp, 318 States Brussels, 317–319, 321, 342 Arab (people), 158–159, 254, 294 Flanders, 310, 314, 317–321 Arabia, 294 Wallonia, 311, 317, 319–322 Arabic (language), 14, 27, 31, 61, 72, 74, 89, Bengal, 112 104, 112, 128, 147–148, 157–159, 166, Bengali (language/people), 114 177, 181, 244, 246, 249–250, 254, 281, Benin, 295 310, 344–345, 361 Berber (Tamazigh/Amazigh) (language/ Arabic languages people), 104, 159, 221, 254 Classical Arabic, 379 Moroccan Berber, 159 Egyptian Arabic, 14, 361 Tiﬁnagh writing system, 159, 255 Modern Arabic, 61 Biblical Hebrew, see under Hebrew language Modern Standard Arabic, 61, 89, 361 Black English, see English language: African Moroccan Arabic, 361 American Vernacular English Aramaic (language), 146, 148 Boer, see Afrikaner Arizona, see under United States Bohemia, see under Czech Republic Arkansas, see under United States Bokmål, see under Norwegian language Armenia, 247, 261 Bophuthatswana, see under South Africa Armenian (language/people), 100, 247, 261 Bosnia, 60, 264, 342, 369 Aryan (languages/peoples), 111–112, 325, 328 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 60, 264, 342 Ashdod, see under Israel Bosnian (language/people), 60, 148, 361, 369 ASL, see American Sign Language Boston, see under United States: Massachusetts Assyrian (language/people), 148, 247 Botswana, 116, 122–123 Atlanta, see under United States: Georgia Brazil, 295, 320 Australia, 120, 165, 191, 195, 219, 364 Brazilian (people), 272 Adelaide, 372 Breton (language/people), 219, 333, 366, Australian (people), 363, 368, 372–374 370, 375 Australian Aboriginal languages Britain, 113, 115, 178, 180 Kaurna, 372–373 British Commonwealth, 126 Australian Aborigines (people), 219 British Empire, 100, 116, 119–120, 297 Australian English, see under English language British Isles, 27, 37 Austria–Hungary, 316 British North America, 175, 180, 295, 302, Austrian (people), 223, 226, 314 336, 340 Austrian Empire, 223, 226 England, 35, 57, 102, 167–168, 256, 314, Austro-Hungarian Empire, 224, 227 325, 333 Great Britain, 168, 219, 227, 335, 338, 375 Baduy, see under Indonesian languages London, 38, 101, 317, 376 Bahasa Indonesia, see under Indonesian Straits of Gibraltar, 142 languages United Kingdom, 103, 119, 344 Baja California, see under Mexico Wales, 375–379 Bali, see under Indonesia British (people), 25, 27–28, 37, 55, 59, 100, Balinese, see under Indonesian languages 102, 105, 112, 115–116, 118–120, Balkan (languages/people), 258–261, 266, 280, 124–126, 128–129, 175, 180, 191, 316, 361, 369 218–219, 258, 290, 295, 297, 302–303, Bantu (languages/people), 46, 117, 119, 121, 308, 324, 329, 332–333, 335–336, 340, 123, 125–129, 191, 294 343–344, 358, 363

Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places 409

British Commonwealth, see under Britain Cape Colony, see South Africa: Cape British Empire, see under Britain Province British English, see under English language Cape of Good Hope, see South Africa: Cape British Isles, see under Britain Province British North America, see under Britain Cape Town, see under South Africa Brittany, see under France Carolinas, see under United States Brussels, see under Belgium Carpathian Basin, 222–223 Bulgaria, 80, 103, 264, 343 Carpathian Mountains, 223 Bulgarian (language/people), 60, 80, 103, 133, Castile, see under Spain 150, 156, 224, 264, 290 Castilian (language/people), 59, 220, 361 Bumita Arapesh (Papua New Guinea) Catalan (language/people), 59, 61, 219–220 (language/people), 371 Caucasoid (peoples), 196 Burgundian (people), 312, 319 Celtic (languages/peoples), 219, 375 Burgundy, 312 Ceylon, see Sri Lanka Burmese (language/people), 255 Charlesfort, see under United States: South Byzantine (people), 150, 257–258, 379 Carolina Byzantine Empire, 257–258 Charleston, see under United States: South Byzantine Greek (language/people), 257, 379 Carolina Cherokee, see under American Indian CAE, see English language: Chicano American languages English Chesapeake Bay, see under United States California, see under United States Cheyenne, see under American Indian Cambodia, 158, 358 languages Cambodian (language/people), 153 Chicago, see under United States: Illinois Cameroon, 117, 295 Chicano (people), 304 Canaanite (people), 144–147, 156 Chile, 165, 182 Canada, 4, 47, 86, 120, 168, 175, 180, 192–193, China, 61, 75, 77, 80–81, 103, 157–158, 221, 217, 282–283, 310, 332–333, 335–336, 240, 255, 267, 272, 282, 288, 291–292, 338–342, 368, 374 308, 320, 324, 343–344 Acadia, 333 Beijing, 290 Dominion of Canada, 336–337 Canton, 343 Gaspé Penninsula, 333 Han dynasty, 139 Lower Canada, 336 Hong Kong, 343 Manitoba, 192 Kowloon, 343 Montreal, 33, 335 Manchuria, 267, 292 New Brunswick, 174, 193, 332, 336, 338 Ming Empire, 267 New France (Nouvelle France), Qin dynasty, 139 333–334, 342 Qing Empire, 267 Newfoundland, 174, 332–333 Shanghai, 290 Northwest Territories, 332 Chinese (languages/people), 27, 31, 34, 45, 47, Nova Scotia, 174, 302, 333, 335–336 61, 71, 80–82, 103, 133–134, 136–137, Ontario, 192, 332, 336, 338 139–143, 154, 157–158, 181, 240, 250, Port Royal, 333 254–256, 267, 272, 278, 282, 284–285, Prince Edward Island, 174 288, 290, 308, 310, 343–344, 358, Québec, 32, 174, 192–193, 332–333, 361, 366 335–342 Chinese languages St. Lawrence River, 333, 335–336 Cantonese, 78, 308, 310, 343–344 St. Lawrence Valley, 333, 335 Hakka, 308 Upper Canada, 336 Hokkien, 308 Vancouver, 256, 282 Mandarin Chinese, 283, 308, 343–344, 361 Canadian (people), 33, 174, 182, 191, 193, 282, Standard Mandarin Chinese, 344 332, 335–336, 339–342, 363 Teochew, 308 Canadian English, see under English language Chinook, see under American Indian languages Canton, see under China Choctaw, see under American Indian languages Cantonese, see under Chinese languages Circassian (language/people), 100, 247

410 Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places

Ciskei, see under South Africa East Timor, 253–254 Classical Arabic, see under Arabic languages Ebonics, see English language: African Classical Latin, see under Latin American Vernacular English Cleveland, see under United States: Ohio Egypt, 257 Colombo, see under Sri Lanka Sinai Peninsula, 144 Colorado, see under United States Gulf of Suez, 144 Confederacy, see under United States Serabit el-Khadem, 144 Congo, 123, 295 Egyptian (people), 14, 61, 133, 142–144, Connecticut, see under United States 146–147, 156, 361 Constantinople, see Turkey: Istanbul Egyptian Arabic, see under Arabic languages Corsican (language/people), 59 England, see under Britain Cree, see under American Indian languages English (language/people), 3–4, 8, 10–14, Croatia, 60, 156, 264, 342, 369 16–18, 24–25, 27–28, 31–39, 41, Croatian (language/people), 60, 157, 361, 369 43–47, 49–53, 57, 59–60, 63–64, 71, Cuba, 272–273, 276–277 73–74, 86–92, 94–95, 98, 102–104, Cuban (people), 273, 277, 280 106–107, 113–115, 119, 121–127, 129, Cupeno, see under American Indian languages 131, 133, 142, 151, 161–163, 168, 172, Cyprus, 261 175, 177, 180–183, 191–193, 214–215, Cyrillic (writing system), 60, 133, 149–150, 217–219, 234, 239–242, 244, 250, 253, 156, 159 256, 262–263, 275–276, 278–281, Czech (language/people), 74, 156, 227, 230, 283–284, 290–291, 294, 300, 302–306, 253, 263–264, 280, 316, 342 308, 310, 314, 327, 329–333, 335–344, Czech Republic, 156, 230, 253, 264 358–359, 363, 369, 375–377, 402–403 Bohemia, 227, 316 English language Prague, 227 African American Vernacular English Czechoslovakia, 227, 230, 252, 342 (AAVE), 29, 58, 284, 294, 300–306 American English, 11, 18, 29, 56–57, 59, 92, Danish (language/people), 13, 123, 163, 309 258, 290, 294, 304–306, 363 Danube River, 196, 221 Australian English, 363 Delaware, see under United States British English, 55, 59, 102, 258, 303, 363 Delaware River, see under United States Canadian English, 363 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, see Chicano American English (CAE), 304–305 under Korea Early Middle English, 49 Dena’ina, see under American Indian Early Modern English, 51, 53, 56 languages East Midlands English, 102 Denmark, 27, 77, 163, 197 London English, 101 Devanagari (writing system), 113–114, 152 Mainstream American English (MAE), Dominican Republic, 276, 302 17–18, 55, 294, 300–301, 304–305 Dominion of Canada, see under Canada Middle English, 2, 38, 45, 50, 53, 90 Dravidian (languages/peoples), 111, 114, 322, Modern English, 2, 37–38, 50–51, 53–54, 325–329 90, 93 Dust Bowl, see under United States New Zealand English, 363 Dutch (language/people), 105–108, 116, Old English, 2, 37–38, 45, 53–54, 90 118–119, 123–125, 175, 180, 191, 218, Scots-Irish English, 302 254, 310, 312–319, 321, 324, 343, 362 Singaporean English (Singlish), 258, Dutch language 284, 308 Modern Dutch, 310 South African English, 363 Southern American English (SAE), 17–18, Early Middle English, see under English 55, 57–58, 258, 294, 300 language Spanglish, 193, 279 Early Modern English, see under English Standard American English, 18, 307 language Standard British English, 57 East Midlands, see under English language Tejano English, 58 East Palo Alto, see under United States: West African English, 302 California Yorkshire English, 258

Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places 411

English-speaking (people), 175, 183, 191–193, Gaelic (languages/peoples), 73 234, 253, 256, 276, 278–280, 302, 338, Galicia, 316 340–342 Galician (language/people), 59, 220 Ephraimite (people), 14–15 Gambia, 343 Eskimo, see Inuit Gaspé Penninsula, see under Canada Estonia, 101 Gaul, 219 Estonian (language/people), 198, 224 Gaza Strip, see under Palestine Etruscan (language/people), 150, 156–157, 359 Gazankulu, see under South Africa Euskara, see Basque Georgia, see under United States German (language/people), 71, 73, 84, 100, Faroese (language/people), 123 123–125, 128, 157, 163, 175, 177–181, Farsi, see Persian 201, 226–227, 250, 261, 281–282, Fijian (language/people), 89–90, 218 290–291, 310, 312, 316, 319, 344, 362, Filipino (language/people), 15, 104, 272 369, 382 Finland, 101, 196, 202 German language Finnish (language/people), 27, 195–196, Low German, 49 198, 224 German South-West Africa, see Namibia Finnmark, 197, 203 Germanic (languages/peoples), 27, 73, Finno-Ugric (languages), 197, 224 121–123, 197, 221, 310 First Nations (people), 168, 217, 332–333, Germanic languages 368 North Germanic, 123, 198 Flanders, see under Belgium West Germanic, 123, 362 Flemish (language/people), 4, 310, 312, 314, Germany, 27, 77–78, 101–103, 172, 256, 261, 316–322, 342 281–282, 312, 362 Florida, see under United States Ghana, 295, 302 Fort Caroline, see under United States: Florida Gileadite (people), 14–15 France, 32, 59, 100–103, 115, 168, 177–178, Gitano, see Romani 180, 195, 219–220, 227, 256, 259, 261, Great Britain, see Britain 263, 284, 307–308, 314, 332–333, Great Moravia, 222–223 335, 370 Greece, 101, 156, 261 Brittany, 366 Greek (language/people), 27, 76, 84, 100, 128, French Republic, 220, 307 133, 142–143, 146, 148–150, 156, 159, Kingdom of France, 307 181, 244, 247, 257–258 Paris, 335 Greenland, 86, 365 Francophone (people), 32–33, 335–338, Guang Dong, see China: Hong Kong 340–342 Gujarati (language/people), 128 Frankish (people), 221, 310 Gypsy, see Romani French (language/people), 4, 8, 11–12, 14, 27, 31–33, 46–47, 54, 59, 61, 90, 93, 100, Haiti, 294 103–104, 115, 118, 133, 158–159, 168, Haitian (people), 278 172, 174–175, 177, 180, 192–193, Hakka, see under Chinese languages 219–220, 245, 250, 283, 285, 289, 307, Han dynasty, see under China 310–311, 314–322, 324, 327, 332–333, Hapsburg Empire, 100, 223–224 335–343, 358, 361, 363, 375 Hausa (language/people), 148 French African (people), 342 Hawaiian (language/people), 76, 218, 374 French Canadian (people), 335–336 Hebrew (language), 4, 14–15, 27, 31, 71–72, French Empire, 314, 316 74, 128, 133, 146–149, 157, 281, 310, French language 344, 370, 372, 374–375, 379–380, 382 Old French, 27, 32 Hebrew language Parisian French, 101, 307 Biblical Hebrew, 379–381 Quebec French, 338 Hilton Head, see under United States: South French Republic, see under France Carolina French-speaking (people), 32, 118, 192, 311, Hindi (language), 27, 105, 111–115, 128, 152, 316–319, 335, 340–341 157, 206, 244, 258, 329 Frisian (language/people), 123 Hindustani (language), 113–114

412 Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places

Hispanic (people), 4, 56, 182, 221, 234, 242, Indonesian (language/people), 81, 115–116 252, 272, 277–278, 304–305 Indonesian languages Hittite (people), 359, 379 Baduy, 73 Hokkaido, see under Japan Balinese, 72, 83 Hokkien, see under Chinese languages Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), 74, 81, Holland, see Netherlands 88–89, 106–109, 115, 165, 249–250, Hong Kong, 282, 310, 343–344 253–254, 285, 361 Hong Kong Island, 343 Javanese, 72, 81, 105, 108–109 New Territories, 344 Old Javanese, 153 Honshu, see under Japan Madurese, 92, 250 Hopi, see under American Indian languages Minangkabau, 74 Hottentots, see Southern African languages: Riau Malay, 106 Khoisan Sundanese, 153 Hudson River, see under United States: New Inuit (Eskimo) (languages/peoples), 72, York 86–87, 97 Huguenot (people), 119, 174 Inuit languages Hungarian (Magyar) (language/people), 4, 80, Inupiaq, 87 162–163, 192, 198, 221–227, 229–231, Nunavut, 217, 332 233–234, 250, 252–253, 257–258, 261, Iowa, see under United States 280, 316, 327 Iran, 99, 157, 243–244, 247, 257 Hungary, 100, 192, 222–223, 226–229, 232, Iraq, 99, 243, 245, 247 253, 264, 280, 316 Ireland, 103 Kingdom of Hungary, 192, 223–224, Dublin, 171 226–227 Irish (language/people), 73, 103, 171, 181, 219, Upper Hungary, 223 280, 357, 375 Hurons, see under American Indian languages Iroquoian, see under American Indian Hutu (language/people), 369 languages Iroquois (language/people), 333 Iberian Peninsula, 54, 59 isiNdebele, see Southern African languages: Iceland, 74, 79, 103 Ndebele Reykjavik, 79 isiXhosa, see Southern African languages: Icelandic (language/people), 75, 77, 79, 83, Xhosa 123, 290 isiZulu, see Southern African languages: Zulu Illinois, see under United States Israel, 74, 165, 256, 281, 310, 344, 374 India, 3, 28, 105, 106, 110–117, 120, 152, 255, Ashdod, 281 257, 320, 322–323, 325, 329, 363 Kingdom of Israel, 380 Mughal Empire, 112 West Bank, 344 Punjab, 105, 257 Israelite (people), 14, 147 Tamil Nadu, 113, 115, 322–323, 325 Istanbul, see under Turkey Indian (people), 71, 80, 110, 112–116, 126, Italian (language/people), 35, 38, 46, 54, 59, 165, 254, 325–326, 330, 335 63, 71, 90, 103, 177, 245, 250, 278, Indic (languages), 105 289–290, 316, 332, 361 Indo-Aryan (languages/peoples), 110–111, Italy, 78, 100, 103, 157, 165, 256 257–258, 322, 325, 328 Lombardy, 316 Indochina, 158 Venice, 316 Indo-European (languages/peoples), 121, 195, 198, 211, 219, 244, 246, 325 Jacksonville, see under United States: Florida Indonesia, 3, 72–75, 80–81, 92, 105–106, 108, Jaffna, see under Sri Lanka 115–116, 153, 159, 253, 361 Jakarta, see under Indonesia Bali, 72 Jamaica, 363 Jakarta, 108 Japan, 4, 34, 58, 72, 75–80, 116, 157, 163, 165, Java, 72–73 168, 172, 192, 195, 200, 205, 220, 248, Madura, 250 250, 256, 264, 266–267, 269–273, 275, Sumatra, 106 277, 280, 284, 286–288, 290–293, 358, Timor, 221, 253–254 400, 402

Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places 413

Hokkaido, 172, 205–210, 217, 267, 269, Kentucky, see under United States 287–288 Kenya, 104, 294 Honshu, 205, 208, 286 Khoekhoegowap, see under Southern African Japan Archipelago, 291 languages: Khoisan Japan Sea, 266, 269 Khoi, see under Southern African languages: Japanese Empire, 268–269 Khoisan Kagoshima, 287 Khoikhoi, see under Southern African Kanagawa, 269 languages: Khoisan Kansai, 58, 192, 269 Khoisan, see under Southern African Kantoo, 58 languages Kuril Islands, 205 Khwedam, see under Southern African Kyoto, 58, 192, 269 languages: Khoisan Kyūshū, 286–288 Kingdom of Castile, see under Spain Nara, 58 Kingdom of Kandy, see under Sri Lanka Osaka, 269 Kingdom of Kotte, see under Sri Lanka Ryūkyū (Okinawan) Islands, 267, 284, Kinyarwanda (language/people), 104, 369 287–289, 291, 293 Kiribati (language/people), 365 Tokyo, 58, 192, 269, 286, 291, 293 Kolamba, see Sri Lanka: Colombo Yokohama, 293 Korea, 153, 157, 266–267, 269–272, 288, Japanese (language/people), 15, 18, 27–28, 292, 320 31–32, 37–38, 43, 45–46, 58, 76, North (Democratic People’s Republic of) 78–79, 81, 92–94, 108–109, 116, 133, Korea, 270 140–142, 150, 158, 168, 172, 177, Republic of Korea, 270 181–182, 192, 205–211, 217–218, 250, South (Republic of) Korea, 270 266–272, 284–294, 306–307, 327, Korean (language/people), 4, 27, 81, 153–154, 344, 361 156, 158–159, 192, 245, 256, 266–267, Japanese language 269–273, 277–278, 280, 285, 289 Old Japanese, 286, 289, 307 Korean language Standard Japanese, 58, 284, 286, 290, Middle Korean, 286, 289 292–293 Kosovo, see under Serbia Tokyo Japanese, 286, 291 Kotte, see under Sri Lanka Java, see under Indonesia Kowloon, see under China Javanese, see under Indonesian Kurdish (language/people), 4, 80, 99, 148, languages 162–163, 221, 243–253, 261, 374 Jewish languages Kurdish language Judeo-Arabic, 157 Kurmanji, 245 Judeo-Berber, 157 Northern Kurdish, 245 Judeo-Persian, 157 Kurdistan, 244, 247–248 Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), 157, 261 Kuril Islands, see under Japan Yiddish (Judeo-German), 27, 59, 132, 157, KwaNdebele, see under South Africa 177, 261, 380 KwaZulu, see under South Africa Jordan Kyoto, see under Japan Kingdom of Jordan, 344 Kyrgyzstan, 158 Kyūshū, see under Japan Kagoshima, see under Japan Kalmar Union, see under Scandinavia Ladino, see under Jewish languages Kanagawa, see under Japan Landsmål, see under Norwegian language Kandyan Kingdom, see Sri Lanka (Ceylon): Lao (language/people), 95–96, 153 Kandy, Kingdom of Laos, 95, 158 KaNgwane, see under South Africa Laplander/Lapp, see Sámi Kannada (language/people), 111, 325 Las Vegas, see under United States: Nevada Kansai, see under Japan Latin (language), 27, 53–55, 59–61, 100, 102, Kantoo, see under Japan 133, 136, 149–150, 156, 158–159, 226, Kashmiri (language/people), 148 285, 359, 361, 375, 379 Kazakhstan, 158 Classical Latin, 150

414 Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places

Latin (language) (cont.) Mesopotamia, 134 Vulgar Latin, 54, 59, 307 Mexican (people), 58, 175, 177, 181, 192–193, Latin America, 103, 295–296 212, 234, 236–239, 241, 253, 277, Latin American (people), 103 279–280, 304 Lebanon, 142, 145 Mexican American (people), 58, 279 Lebowa, see under South Africa Mexico, 103, 172, 177, 181, 192–193, 212, Lemba, see under Southern African languages 234–236, 253, 277, 280 Lesotho (formerly Basutoland), 116, 121 Baja California, 234 Levantine (people), 142 Mexican Empire, 234 Libya, 159, 254 Michigan, see under United States Lombardy, see under Italy Middle Korean, see under Korean language London, see under Britain Mikmaq, see under American Indian languages London English, see under English language Minangkabau, see under Indonesian languages Louisiana, see under United States Ming Empire, see under China Louisiana Territory, see under United States Minnesota, see under United States Lower Franconian (language), 310–311 Mississippi, see under United States Luxemburg, 312, 314–315 Mississippi River, see under United States Modern Standard Arabic, see under Arabic Macedonia, 60, 263–264, 266, 342 languages Republic of Macedonia, 266 Mohawk, see under American Indian Madura, see under Indonesia languages Madurese, see under Indonesian languages Moldova, 260 MAE, see English language: Mainstream Mongolian (language/people), 245, 255, American English 260, 285 Maghreb, 221, 254 Mongolic (languages/peoples), 285 Magyar, see Hungarian Montagnais, see under American Indian Maine, see under United States languages Mainstream American English, see under Montenegrin (language/people), 60, 361 English language Montenegro, 60, 264, 342, 369 Malay (language/people), 27, 105, 106–108, Montreal, see under Canada 116, 285, 308, 361 Moravia, 221–222 Malay language Principality of Moravia, 221 Standard Malay, 361 Moravian (language/people), 280 Malayalam (language/people), 111, 325 Moroccan (people), 61, 159, 361 Malayo-Polynesian (languages/peoples), Moroccan Arabic, see under Arabic 285 languages Malaysia, 77, 361 Moroccan Berber, see under Berber Malay Peninsula, 106, 308 Morocco, 77, 159, 254 Malaysian (language/people), 78 Mozambique, 118, 123 Mali, 159, 254, 343 Mughal Empire, see under India Mali Empire, 343 Muscatine, see under American Indian Timbuktu, 343 languages Manchuria, see under China Muskogean, see under American Indian Mandarin Chinese, see under Chinese languages languages Manitoba, see under Canada Na-Dené, see under American Indian Manush, see Romani languages Manx (language/people), 219 Nama, see under Southern African languages Māori (language/people), 162, 172, 195, 200, Namibia, 116, 122, 124 218, 358, 374, 376 German Southwest Africa, 124 Marathi (language/people), 111 Nara, see under Japan Massachusetts, see under United States Natal, see under South Africa Massachusetts Bay, see under United States: Native American (people), 27, 80, 89, 151, 163, Massachusetts 171, 195, 200, 239, 248, 332, 358–359, Mauritania, 254, 294 364, 366, 368, 372, 374

Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places 415

Navaho, see under American Indian Kingdom of Norway, 197 languages Tromsø, 203–204 Nebraska, see under United States Norwegian (language/people), 18, 123, 163, Nederfrankisch, see Lower Franconian 195, 197–204, 309, 357 Nepal, 255 Norwegian language Netherlands, 27, 103, 166, 172, 175, 261, Bokmål/Riksmål, 284, 309, 358 311–312, 314–317, 324, 362 Landsmål, 284, 309 Kingdom of the Netherlands, 315–316, Nynorsk (New Norse), 309, 358 318 Old Norse, 309 Southern Netherlands, 314–315 Nouvelle-France, see Canada: New France Spanish Netherlands, 313–314 Nova Scotia, see under Canada United Provinces, 313–314 Nueces River, see under United States: Texas Nevada, see under United States Nuevo Mexico, see United States: New Mexico New Brunswick, see under Canada Nunavut, see under Inuit languages New England, see under United States Nuyorican (language), 279 New France, see under Canada Nynorsk, see under Norwegian language New Guinea, 253, 364, 371 New Jersey, see under United States Oakland, see under United States: California New Mexico, see under United States Occitan (language/people), 59, 61, 219, New Netherland, see under United States 284, 307 New Orleans, see under United States: Oceanic Polynesian (languages/peoples), 218 Louisiana Ohio, see under United States New Sweden, see under United States Ohio River Valley, see under United States New Territories, see under Hong Kong Okinawan, see Ryūkyūan New York, see under United States Oklahoma, see under United States New York City, see under United States: New Old Church Slavonic, see under Slavonic York languages New Zealand, 77–78, 120, 162–163, 172, 191, Old Javanese, see under Indonesian languages: 195, 200, 218, 358, 363 Javanese New Zealand English, see under English Old Norse, see under Norwegian language language Ontario, see under Canada Newari (language/people), 255 Orange Free State, see under South Africa Newfoundland, see under Canada Osaka, see under Japan Nguni, see under Southern African languages Ottoman Empire, see under Turkey Niger, 104, 123, 159, 254 Ottoman Turkish, see under Turkish language Niger-Congo, 123 Ottoman Turks (people), 260 Nigeria, 72, 117, 302, 363 Nitra, 221–222 Pakistan, 113, 257, 325, 363 Principality of Nitra, 221 Palestine, 344, 380, 382 Norse (people), 197, 309 Gaza Strip, 344 North (Democratic People’s Republic of) Palo Alto, see under United States: California Korea, see under Korea Panjabi, see Punjabi North America, 29, 33, 121, 151, 172, Papua New Guinea, 96, 364–365, 370 174–176, 180, 191, 211–212, 253, Paris, see under France 294–295, 297, 333, 363 Parisian French, see under French language North Carolina, see under United States Parris Island, see under United States: South North Sea, 309 Carolina North Sámi, see under Sámi language Pashto (language/people), 244, 246 Northern Cape Province, see under South Pedi, see Southern African languages: Africa Northern Sotho Northern Sotho, see under Southern African Pennsylvania, see under United States languages Pensacola, see under United States: Florida Northwest Territories, see under Canada People’s Republic of China, see under China Norway, 4, 77, 163, 172, 195–197, 199, 201–204, Persia, 142, 244, 257 212, 220, 248, 284, 309 Persian Empire, 100, 148

416 Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places

Persian (Farsi) (language/people), 100, 112, Roman Empire, 53–54, 61, 100, 116, 150, 219, 148, 157, 159, 244, 246, 258 307, 311 Persian (Farsi) language Romance (languages), 38, 54–55, 59, 61, 90, Tehrani Persian, 101 219, 245, 285, 289, 311 Perso-Arabic (language), 112–113, 159 Romani (language/people), 4, 256–266, Philadelphia, see under United States: 280, 359 Pennsylvania Romania, 260, 263–264 Philippine (languages/people), 285 Romanian (language/people), 54, 59, 61, Philippines, 104, 272–273, 363 260–261 Phoenician (language/people), 142, 144–147, Romanichal, see Romani 149, 156–157, 254 Rome, 100 Plains, see under United States Russia, 150, 196, 267, 281, 292, 365 Polish (language/people), 74, 181, 224, 316 Russian Empire, 267 Polonnaruwa, see under Sri Lanka Sakha Republic (Yakutia), 365 Polynesian (languages/peoples), 218, 285 Sakhalin Island, 205, 269 Port Arthur, see under South Africa Soviet Union (USSR), 81, 158, 227, 230, Port Elizabeth, see under South Africa 280–282, 369 Port Royal, see under Canada Ural Mountains, 222 Portugal, 77, 115, 172, 295 Russian (language/people), 14, 60, 69, 74, 133, Portuguese (language/people), 38, 54, 59–61, 156, 159, 177, 181, 206, 224, 250, 256, 115, 117, 128, 172, 219, 254, 262, 285, 267, 269–270, 272, 281, 290, 345, 369 295, 324, 343, 361 Rust Belt, see under United States Prague, see under Czech Republic Rwanda, 104 Prince Edward Island, see under Canada Rwandan (people), 369 Proto-Sinaitic (writing system), 144–146, Ryūkyū Islands, see under Japan 149 Ryūkyūan (Okinawan) (language/people), 4, Provencal/Langue d’Oc (language), 307 192, 205, 275, 284–294, 306–307 Province of Quebec, see under Canada Prussia, 314 SAE, see English language: Southern Puerto Rican (people), 4, 177, 193, 256, American English 272–273, 275–281 Saint Augustine, see under United States: Puerto Rican-American (people), 273 Florida Puerto Rico, see under United States Sakha Republic, see under Russia Punjab, see under India Sakhalin Island, see under Russia Punjabi (language/people), 105, 111, 148 Sámi (language/people), 4, 163, 172, 195–205, Puular (language/people), 343 214, 218, 224, 248, 250, 357, 359, 364, 374, 376 Qatar, 294 Sámi language Qin dynasty, see under China North Sámi, 197 Qing Empire, see under China South Sámi, 197 Québec, see under Canada Southern Sámi, 201 Quebec French, see under French language San, see under Southern African languages: Quebecer (people), 332, 339 Khoisan: San QwaQwa, see under South Africa San Francisco, see under United States: California Raigama, see under Sri Lanka San Miguel de Gualdape, see under United Republic of Texas, see under United States: States: Georgia Texas Sanskrit (language), 111–112, 114, 128, Reykjavik, see under Iceland 152–153, 325, 328–329, 359 Riau, see under Indonesian languages Santa Clara, see under United States: Richmond, see under United States: Virginia California Riksmål, see under Norwegian language Santa Elena / Fort San Marcos, see under Rio Grande River, see under United States: United States: Florida Texas Santa Rosa, see under United States: California Roma, see Romani Sápmi, see Sámi

Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places 417

Saudi Arabia, 74 Slovak Republic, 230–231 Saxon (language/people), 27 Slovenia, 60, 342 Scandinavia, 195, 256 Somalia, 294 Kalmar Union, 197 Sotho, see under Southern African languages Scandinavian (people), 18, 73, 195, 309 Sotho-Tswana, see under Southern African Scandinavian Peninsula, 195 languages Scots Gaelic (language), 375 South (Republic of) Korea, see under Korea Scots-Irish, see under English language South Africa, 3, 47, 116–131, 165–166, Scottish (people), 73 191, 363 Seminole, see under American Indian Bophuthatswana, 126 languages Cape Province, 117–119, 121, 124 Semitic (languages/peoples), 31, 147–148, 254 Cape Town, 118 Senegal, 104, 295, 310, 342–343 Ciskei, 126 Senegalese (language/people), 343 Gazankulu, 126 Sepedi, see under Southern African languages KaNgwane, 126 Serabit el-Khadem, see under Egypt: Sinai KwaNdebele, 126 Peninsula KwaZulu, 126 Serbia, 60, 264, 342, 369 Lebowa, 126 Kosovo, 60 Natal, 119, 121 Serbian (language/people), 60, 156, 361, 369 Northern Cape Province, 122 Serbo-Croatian (language), 60, 361 Orange Free State, 119, 121 Sesotho, see under Southern African languages Port Arthur, 267 Setswana, see under Southern African Port Elizabeth, 119 languages QwaQwa, 126 Shangaan-Tsonga, see under Southern African Transkei, 126 languages Transvaal, 119, 121 Shanghai, see under China South African (people), 47, 116, 122–123, 125, Sierra Leone, 295 127, 129, 165, 363 Sinai Peninsula, see under Egypt South African English, see under English Sindhi (language/people), 111 language Singapore, 284, 308, 363, 366 South Carolina, see under United States Singaporean (people), 258, 284, 308 South Sámi, see under Sámi language Singaporean English, see under English South Sotho, see under Southern African language languages Singlish, see English language: Singaporean Southern African languages English Afrikaans, 119, 121–123, 125–127, 129, 131 Sinhala (language), 162, 325–331 Khoisan, 116–119, 122, 129, 191 Sinhalese (language/people), 4, 310, 322–324, Khoekhoegowap, 122 329–332 Khoi, 116, 128 Sinitic (languages), 344 Khoikhoi, 116 Sino-Tibetan (languages), 255 Khwedam, 122 Sinti, see Romani Nama, 122, 128 Swati, see under Southern African languages San, 116, 128 Sitawaka, see under Sri Lanka Lemba, 121 Slavic (languages/peoples), 60, 73, 156, Ndebele, 120–123, 126–127, 129 221, 224 Nguni, 121–123, 126, 129, 131 Slavonic languages Northern Sotho (Pedi), 121–123, 127 Old Church Slavonic, 150, 379 Sepedi, 127, 129 Slavs (peoples), 150, 221, 316 Sesotho, 122–123, 127, 129 Slovak, 192, 221, 223–224, 227, 234, 253 Setswana, 127, 129 Slovak/Slovakian (language/people), 162–163, Shangaan-Tsonga, 121–122 224–227, 229–233, 342 Sotho, 121–123, 126, 129, 131 Slovakia, 4, 80, 156, 163, 192, 221–222, 224, Sotho-Tswana, 121–123, 126 229–234, 250–253, 264 South Sotho, 129 Republic of Slovakia, 230 Swati, see Swazi

418 Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places

Southern African languages (cont.) Sumerian (language/people), 134, 136–139, Swazi (Swati), 121–123, 126–127, 129 142–143 Tshivenda, 127 Sundanese, see under Indonesian languages Tsonga, 122–123, 127 Swahili (language), 46 Tswana, 121–123, 127, 129 Swazi, see under Southern African languages Venda, 121–123, 126 Swaziland, 121 Xhosa, 120–123, 126–127, 129, 131 Sweden, 77–78, 80, 165, 172, 196–197, Xitsonga, 127 202, 309 Zulu, 47, 119–123, 126–127, 129 Swedish (language/people), 13, 78, 80, 123, Southern American English, see under English 175, 180, 195, 262, 309 language Switzerland, 312, 343 Southern Paiute, see under American Indian Syria, 99, 142, 145, 243, 247 languages Syriac (writing system/language), 147–148 Southern Rhodesia, see Zimbabwe Syrian (people), 148 Southern Sámi, see under Sámi language Soviet Union, see Russia Tahiti, 218 Spain, 35, 59, 77, 102, 115, 167, 180, 195, Tahitian (language/people), 218 219–220, 234, 236, 256, 259, Taiwan, 267, 287, 292 261, 263–264, 272–273, 275, 312, Tajikistan, 158 314 Tamazigh, see Berber Barcelona, 167 Tamil (language/people), 4, 27, 111, 113, 128, Kingdom of Castile, 59 162, 206, 308, 310, 322–323, Spanglish, see under English language 325–331, 342 Spanish (language/people), 4, 12, 35, 38–39, Tamil Nadu, see under India 41, 46, 54, 59–61, 90–91, 115–116, Tanzania, 294 133, 172, 174–175, 177, 180–182, Tattare, see Romani 192–193, 219–220, 234, 236–237, Tehrani Persian, see under Persian (Farsi) 239–240, 245, 253, 262–263, 272–273, language 275–280, 285, 289–290, 312–314, 333, Tejano English, see under English language 335, 361, 363 Telugu (language/people), 111, 128, 325 Spanish Netherlands, see under Netherlands Tennessee, see under United States Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 4, 162, 193, 310, 322–325, Teochew, see under Chinese languages 329–332, 342 Tetum (language/people), 221, 253–254 Anurādhapura, 322 Texas, see under United States Colombo, 324–325, 329 Thai (language/people), 152 Jaffna, 323 Thirteen Colonies, see under United States Kandy, Kingdom of (Kandyan Kingdom), Tibetan (language/people), 153, 221, 255 324–325 Tiﬁnagh, see under Berber Kotte, Kingdom of, 324 Timbuktu, see under Mali Polonnaruwa, 323 Timor, see under Indonesia Raigama, 324 Timor Leste, 221, 253–254 Sitawaka, 324 Timorese (people), 253–254 Sri Lankan (people), 162, 324, 330–332, Tokyo, see under Japan 342 Tokyo Japanese, see under Japanese language St. Augustine, see under United States: Florida Transkei, see under South Africa St. Johns River, see under United States: Transvaal, see under South Africa Georgia Traveller, see Romani St. Lawrence River, see under Canada Tromsø, see under Norway St. Marys River, see under United States: Tshivenda, see under Southern African Maine languages Straits of Gibraltar, see under Britain Tsonga, see under Southern African languages Sudan, 104, 166 Tswana, see under Southern African languages Suez, see under Egypt: Sinai Peninsula Tucson, see under United States: Arizona Sumatra, see under Indonesia Tunisia, 254 Sumeria, 137 Turkestan, 157

Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places 419

Turkey, 4, 54, 75–76, 80–81, 99–100, 159, Delaware, 175, 297 162–163, 221, 243–244, 246–247, Delaware River, 175 249–250, 252–253, 282 Dust Bowl, 277 Istanbul (Constantinople), 158 Florida, 29, 172, 174–175, 180, 212, 215, Ottoman Empire, 80, 100, 158, 223, 244, 332 246–247, 253, 344 Fort Caroline, 175 Republic of Turkey, 157–158 Jacksonville, 174 Turkic (languages/peoples), 157–158, 211, Pensacola, 174 245, 253, 260, 285 Santa Elena/Fort San Marcos, 174 Turkish (language/people), 76, 80, 99, 158, St. Augustine, 174, 215 162–163, 245–253, 256, 258, 261, Georgia, 58, 172, 174–175, 297 280–282, 285, 327, 344 Atlanta, 29 Turkish language San Miguel de Gualdape, 174 Ottoman Turkish, 344 St. Johns River, 174 Turkmenistan, 158 Guam, 272–273 Tuscany, 150 Illinois, 57, 178 Tutsi (people), 369 Chicago, 178, 193, 299 Iowa, 163, 178, 181, 183 Ukraine, 196, 281 Kentucky, 297 Ukrainian (language/people), 27, 60 Louisiana, 58, 172, 177, 236, 296, 335 United Kingdom, see under Britain New Orleans, 177, 180, 236, 296, 335 United States (US), 3–4, 18, 29, 56–57, 72, 80, Louisiana Territory, 177 85, 102–103, 126, 159, 161, 165, 172, Maine, 175, 333 175, 177–178, 180–183, 193, 195, 200, St. Marys River, 175 211–213, 215, 217, 221, 227, 234, Maryland, 58, 297 236–237, 239–242, 248, 253, 256, 264, Massachusetts, 180, 213 267, 270, 272–281, 284, 288, 293–294, Boston, 57 297–300, 302, 307, 309, 320, 332–333, Massachusetts Bay, 180 369, 374 Michigan, 29, 57, 178 Alabama, 57, 172 Minnesota, 57 Alaska, 86, 97, 277 Mississippi, 97, 172, 180 American South, 29, 71, 299–300 Mississippi River, 97, 180 Appalachian Mountains, 180, 212 Nebraska, 178 Arizona, 181, 212 Nevada, 181 Tucson, 40 Las Vegas, 40 Arkansas, 172, 236 New England, 29 California, 181, 192, 234, 237, 239–243, New Jersey, 55, 57–58, 175, 297 253, 277, 279, 294, 305, 364, 372 New Mexico, 181, 193, 236 Alta California, 234, 236 New Netherland (Nieuw-Nederland), 175 East Palo Alto, 304–305 New Sweden (Nya Sverige), 175 Northern California, 372 New York, 55, 57–58, 86, 175, 177–178, Oakland, 294, 304–305 193, 212, 277–279, 297, 299 Palo Alto, 304–305 Hudson River, 175 San Francisco, 239, 270, 294, New York City, 278 304–305 North Carolina, 172, 297 San Francisco Bay, 294, 304 Ohio, 56, 333 Santa Clara, 239 Cleveland, 86 Santa Rosa, 239 Ohio River Valley, 333 Woodside, 304–305 Oklahoma, 183, 212 Carolinas, 58 Pennsylvania, 175, 180, 215 Chesapeake Bay, 180 Philadelphia, 175, 213, 299 Colorado, 57 Plains, 212, 217, 277 Confederacy, 58, 178, 297 Puerto Rico, 272–276, 402 Connecticut, 175 Rust Belt, 277

420 Index of Languages, Nationalities, Ethnicities, and Places

United States (US) (cont.) Vlax, see Wallach South Carolina, 57, 172, 174, 297 Vulgar Latin, see under Latin Charlesfort, 175 Charleston, 57 Wales, see under Britain Hilton Head, 174 Wallach (language), 261 Parris Island, 174 Wallachian (people), 261 Tennessee, 172, 297 Wallonia, see under Belgium Texas, 29, 58, 172, 181, 212, 236 Wallonian, see Walloon Nueces River, 236 Walloon (language/people), 4, 310–311, Republic of Texas, 236–237 316–317, 319, 321–322, 342 Rio Grande River, 236 Washington, see under United States Thirteen Colonies, 175 Welsh (language/people), 4, 27, 168, 219, 262, Utah, 181 370, 373–379 Virginia, 58, 215, 297 West African English, see under English Richmond, 283 language Washington, 57 West Bank, see under Israel Wisconsin, 178 Western Sahara, 254 Upper Canada, see under Canada Wisconsin, see under United States Ural Mountains, see under Russia Wolof (language/people), 104, 310, 342–343 Uralic (languages/peoples), 197–198, Woodside, see under United States: 211 California Urdu (language), 111–114, 128, 148 Utah, see under United States Xhosa, see under Southern African languages Uto-Aztecan, see under American Indian Xinjiang Uyghur, see under Uyghur language languages Xitsonga, see under Southern African languages Uyghur (language/people), 75, 80–82 Uyghur language Yayoi (people), 205, 266, 288, 290 Xinjiang Uyghur, 157 Yemen Uzbek (language/people), 159 South Yemen, 74 Uzbekistan, 158, 294 Yiddish, see under Jewish languages Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, Yokohama, see under Japan 159 Yorkshire English, see under English language Yoruba (language/people), 72 Vancouver, see under Canada Yugoslavia, 60, 342, 361, 369 Venda, see under Southern African Yupik, see under American Indian languages languages Yurok, see under American Indian languages Venetian Italian (language), 59, 361 Venice, see under Italy Zambia, 116 Vietnam, 157–158, 280, 343 Zimbabwe, 116–117, 120, 122 Vietnamese (language/people), 158, 280 Southern Rhodesia, 120 Virginia, see under United States Zulu, see under Southern African languages

Index of General Concepts and Events

abjad, see under writing system Brahmi writing system, see under writing aboriginal people, 116 system abugida, see under writing system British North America Act (Canada, 1867), accounting token, 134 336, 340 acoustic, 9–10, 12–13, 62, 65 acrophonic principle, see under writing system California Constitution, see Constitution of the African American English origins State of California Anglicist Hypothesis, 302–303 California Land Act (US, 1851), 239 Creolist Hypothesis, 302–303 Carlisle School (Pennsylvania), 215 Substratist Hypothesis, 302–303 Cherokee syllabary, see under writing system Ainu Association of Hokkaido (Japan), 209 clay tokens, see under writing system Ainu Culture Promotion Act (Japan), 210 click consonants (southern Africa), 129 alphabet, see under writing system click language (southern Africa), 129 alveolar, 10, 12–14, 16–17, 62, 122, 155, 327 clipping, 25, 28, 63 American Civil War (US, 1860–1865), 58, 178, codiﬁcation, 101–102 212, 297, 369 collective rights, 162, 168–169 American Convention on Human Rights, 164 colonial government, 104, 108, 115, 234, 236 American Declaration of the Rights and Duties colonial language, 104–105 of Man, 163 colonialism, 1, 32, 103, 116, 174, 199, 217, American Declaration on the Rights of 219, 253, 324 Indigenous Peoples, 165 colonies, 3, 103–104, 115, 121, 175, 180, 191, Anglicist Hypothesis, see under African 273, 332–333, 336, 357 American English origins colonists, 104, 108, 115–117, 180, 200, 208, apartheid, 116, 125–129 218, 333, 335, 343, 358 Arabic writing system, see under writing Commissioner of Indian Affairs (US), 213–214 system competition for linguistic dominance, 3–4, 191, assimilation, 16, 62, 80, 200, 207, 213–215, 193, 310, 314, 342 217, 278, 317, 335–336, 359 compounding, 24–25, 63 Congress of Vienna (1815), 119, 315, 319 Babel Proclamation (Iowa, 1918), 178 consonantal writing system, see under writing Beeldenstorm [Statue Storm] (Belgium, system 1566), 312 Constitution of 1879 (California), 240 bilabial, 9, 16–17, 62, 155 Constitution of the State of California, 237, Bilingual Education Act (US, 1968), 241–242 241 bilingualism, 317, 319, 332, 337–339, 341 content morphemes, 21, 23, 63 biodiversity, 357, 364 Convention (No. 107) Concerning Indigenous Black Death (1347–1351), 258, 309 and Tribal Peoples in Independent blending, 25, 28, 63 Countries, 164–165 borrowing, 24, 26–28, 31–33, 63, 257, 303 Council of Europe, 165, 231–232 bound morpheme, 21–22, 63 Creole, 302 boustrophedan writing, see under writing Creolist Hypothesis, see under African system American English origins

421

422 Index of General Concepts and Events

creolized, 303, 308 genitive case, 36, 63 cultural identity, 1, 3, 71, 83, 91, 115, 168, 301, genocide, 219, 247, 280, 358, 363, 369 308, 366 geopolitical linguistic minority, 3–4, cuneiform, see under writing system 191–193, 221 Cyrillic alphabet, see under writing system gerrymandering, 230 Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale Dawes Act (US, 1887), 213–215, 217 (GIDS), 371, 373, 378 Decade of Roma Inclusion (Europe, grammatical agreement, 38, 44, 63 2005–2015), 264–265 grammatical case, 34–38, 44, 63 Devanagari writing system, see under writing grammatical change, 50 system grammatical differences, 44, 56 diacritic, 148, 150, 328 grammatical gender, 38–39, 63–64, 78, 198, 225 dialect continuum, 197, 362–363 grammatical morphemes, 21 dialect minority, 191–192, 284 grammatical role, 34, 38, 64–65 dialects, 2, 38, 48, 55–61, 70, 101, 105, 110, graphemes, 144–145 112, 123, 129, 170, 192, 198, 244, 258, Great Migration (African American), 299–300 261, 265–266, 284, 286–287, 289–290, Great Vowel Shift, 49 292–293, 300, 302, 304, 306–309, 357, Greek alphabet, see under writing system 360–361 dictionaries, 101–102, 109, 360 habitual, 300 direction-of-motion verbs, 91 heteronomy, 258 hieroglyphic, see under writing system Eighty Years’ War (Europe, 1568–1648), 312 hiragana, see under writing system elaboration, 101, 266, 371 Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Act endangered language, 291, 365–368, 370–371, (Japan, 1899), 208, 217 373–374 homophones, 55, 138–139 English First / English Only / Ofﬁcial English homophonic principle, 139 (US), 161, 177, 180, 182–183, 369 homophonous, 23, 137–139 enumeration, 361 Hudson Bay Trading Company (Canada), 333 Estado Libre Asociado, see Free Associated hunter-gatherers, 117, 205, 219 State (Puerto Rico) ethnic nationalism, 159, 247 identity formation, 69 ethnic variety, 56 ideographic, see under writing system ethnolinguistic conﬂict, 180, 191, 194–195 idioms, 40–41, 64 Ethnologue, 171, 197, 360–361, 370–371, 373 immigrant groups, 3, 256, 359 European Charter for Regional or Minority imperialism, 27, 266, 275 Languages, 165, 265 imperialist, 119 European Union (EU), 232–233 independence, 103–104, 115, 177, 193, 310 Algeria, 104 family names, 71, 74–76, 250 Basque, 220 family-naming traditions, 73 Belgium, 310, 321 farming cultures, 117 Cuba, 273 First Nations (Canada), 168, 217, 332–333, 368 Hong Kong, 344 Flemish Movement, 318 Hungary, 223 former aborigines (Japan), 208 India, 112–113 Foundation for Endangered Languages, 365 Indonesia, 74, 105, 108, 361 Free Associated State (Puerto Rico), 273 Israel, 344 free morpheme, 21, 23, 63 Mexico, 234 French and Indian War / Seven Years’ War Netherlands, 313, 316 (North America, 1754–1763), 180, 335 Puerto Rico, 273, 276 French Revolution (1789–1799), 307, 314–315 Québec, 339 Slovakia, 192 genericization, 25–26, 63 South Africa, 120, 126 genetic research, 257 Sri Lanka, 322, 325, 329

Index of General Concepts and Events 423

Texas, 236 lexical, 21, 26, 28–29, 31–32, 46, 48–52, 55, Tibet, 255 87, 89, 97, 101, 130, 133, 147, 198–199, Timor Leste, 254 290, 302, 328 US, 177 lexical change, 49–50 Indian Act (US, 1876), 217 lexical differences, 28, 55, 290 Indian Boarding School (US), 217 lexical semantics, 133 Indian Reorganization Act (US, 1934), lexicon, 2, 27, 47, 49, 52, 102, 133, 147, 246, 214–215 257, 262, 266, 300, 328 Indian Rights Association (US), 213 linguistic determinism, 84 indigenous language, 104–105, 112, 114, 151, linguistic diversity, 183, 211, 357, 359, 159, 165, 169, 172, 204, 263, 376 364–365 indigenous minorities, 3–4, 191, 204, 211, linguistic dominance, 193, 342 264 linguistic ecology, 363 indigenous minority language, 191 linguistic human rights, 167–168 indigenous people, 130, 162, 166, 191, 195, linguistic relativity, 84–85 199–200, 202, 204, 210, 217, 219–220, Linguistic Relativity Principle, 85 255, 263, 365, 368 Linguistic Society of America (LSA), individual rights, 168 366–367 inscriptions, 142, 144–145, 233, 322 linguistic taxonomy, 360 intergenerational transmission, 371, 374, literacy, 109, 132, 154, 157–158, 240–241, 378 265, 317, 329, 377 International Covenant on Civil and Political literary, 111–112, 307, 325 Rights (UN, 1979), 164, 210 liturgical language, 359 International Labour Organization (ILO), 164, logographic, see under writing system 166, 202, 204 macrolanguage, 61, 361 Japanese Ministry of Education, 142, 271 Magyarization (Hungary), 226–227 Japanese syllabary, 150 manner-of-motion verb, 90–91 Jones Act (Puerto Rico, 1917), 273 matronymic (naming), 74–75 meaning shifts, 49 katakana, see under writing system Meriam Report (American Indians, US, Korean War (1950–1953), 270, 278 1928), 215 migrant linguistic minority, 3, 191–193, 281 language academy, 101–102, 249 minority language, 100, 105, 166, 168, 171, language attrition, 377 195, 226, 230, 232–233, 250–251, 256, language community, 168–169, 263, 314, 319, 266, 307, 358, 369, 374 328, 363, 371 mission schools, 125–126 language endangerment, 357–358, 360, 363, missionary, 76, 150, 197, 199, 212, 214, 365–367, 369, 374, 377–378 329, 372 language endangerment scale, see Graded missions, 234 Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) moribund, 370–371 language extinction, 357, 359, 363, 368 morpheme, 21–23, 46, 62–64, 135, 153, 225 language family, 105, 118, 211–212, 219, mother tongue, 164, 167, 171, 201, 212, 215, 245, 285 229, 231, 246, 249–250, 265, 332, 371 language group, 61, 123, 169, 263, 286, 363 mutual intelligibility, 59–61, 123, 129, 197, language isolate, 211 286, 290, 326, 344, 360–362, 369 language nest, 218, 374 language preservation, 357, 367 naming laws, 80 language revitalization, 4, 370–377, 379 naming rights, 77 language revival, 4, 370 national identity, 3, 100, 105, 162, 169, 247, language shift, 367, 378 316, 361 language variety, 53, 303, 357, 363, 369 national language, 3, 32, 60, 78, 95, 99, Latin alphabet, see under writing system: 101–105, 108–109, 112, 115–116, 123, Latin/Roman alphabet 129, 164–165, 200, 218, 220, 249, 255, League of Nations, 201, 344 263, 293, 316, 331, 343, 379–381

424 Index of General Concepts and Events

National Science Foundation (NSF), 366 rebus principle, 137, 139–140, 143 nationalism, 1, 60, 101, 156, 195, 200, 220, regional dialect, 56, 58, 146, 220, 284 231, 244, 247, 251, 316, 379–380 regional language, 59, 112–113, 129 nation-states, 100, 226 regional variation, 18, 55–56, 58–59, 309, 361 native language, 115, 163, 171, 208–209, Regulations for the Education of Former 214–215, 217–218, 226, 250, 280, Aboriginal Children (Japan, 1901), 305, 358 208, 217 nomadic, 197, 244, 257, 265 Roman alphabet, see under writing system Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 268–269, 292 object, 34–38, 42–46, 62, 64–65, 88–89, 95, 107, 207, 224–225, 245 Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis, 85–86 Official English, see English First / English semantic element/radical, 139–140, 143, 147 Only / Official English (US) sentence embedding, 45, 65 official language, 3, 60, 99, 102–105, 108, serial verb construction (SVC), 94–96 112–116, 123–124, 127–129, 131, 159, Seven Years’ War, see French and Indian War / 163–166, 169, 171, 182–183, 204, 226, Seven Years’ War (North America, 230, 241, 249–250, 254–255, 275, 1754–1763) 307–309, 318–319, 330–332, 337–339, Sinhala Only Act (Sri Lanka, 1956), 330–331 341, 343–344, 357, 369, 371, 374, 376 Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), 267, 288, 292 Official Languages Act (Canada, 2012), 131, slave trade, 118, 294–295, 297, 303 339, 341 slavery, 294 Opium War, First (China, 1839–1842), 343 Social Darwinism, 214 Ordinance to Regulate Dialects (Japan, social identity, 69–71, 83, 99 1907), 292 sound change, 49 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Spanish–American War (1898), 273 Europe, 232–233 standard dialect, 60, 286, 290 Organization of American States (OAS), standard grammar, 109 163–166 standardization, 58, 102, 108–109, orthographic system, see under writing system 129–130, 266 orthography, 3, 19, 79, 82, 133, 142, 156, 159, state language, 99, 102–105, 109, 113, 115, 293, 379 162–163, 169–170, 230–231, 247, 363 ownership, 355 stylus, 134, 136 Substratist Hypothesis, see under African Parti Québécois (Canada), 338–339 American English origins pastoralists, 117 suffix, 20–25, 37–38, 43, 45, 62, 64–65, 73, 76, patronymic, 73–76 79, 225, 327 Phoenician alphabet, see under writing system surname, 74–77, 82 phoneme, 14, 62, 64 syllabic orthography, see under writing system phonetic element, 18, 140, 143, 147 syllabograph, 138 phonetics, 2, 10, 12–13, 65 phonic writing system, see under writing Teachers of English to Speakers of Other system Languages (TESOL), 183 phonological change, 50 Thirty Years’ War (Europe, 1619–1648), phonology, 2, 12–13, 18, 31, 46–47, 50–51, 53, 312, 369 55, 57, 64–65, 102, 130, 133, 137–138, tolerance-oriented language rights, 166 154, 250, 255, 257, 300, 326, 328, 366 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), pictographic, see under writing system 236–239 pidgin, 303 Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 247–248 prefix, 15, 20–21, 23–24, 65 Treaty of Paris (1763), 335 ProEnglish, see English First / English Only / Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 247–248 Official English (US) Treaty of Trianon (1920), 227 promotion-oriented language rights, 166, 168 Treaty of Utrecht (1713), 333, 335 pronominal systems, 91–92 pronouns, 27, 36, 42, 45–46, 89–93, United Nations (UN), 1, 77, 109, 161, 163–166, 198–199 168–170, 291

Index of General Concepts and Events 425

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Arabic writing system, 157 Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 291, boustrophedan writing, 149 293, 358, 371, 373, 377 Brahmi writing system, 152 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Cherokee syllabary, 151–152, 159 148–149, 161, 169 clay tokens, 134, 136 Universal Declaration of Language Rights, consonantal writing, 147 169, 171, 263, 363 cuneiform writing, 136–138, 142, 145 U.S. English, see English First / English Only / Cyrillic alphabet, 60, 150, 156 Official English (US) Devanagari writing system, 152 Greek alphabet, 149–150, 159 verb agreement, 106, 225 hangul (Korea), 153–156, 158–159 verbal conjugation, 31, 38, 65 hieroglyphic writing system, 133, vernacular languages, 112, 126, 157 142–143, 147 hiragana (Japan) alphabet, 140 Whorfian, see Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis ideographic writing system, 133, 137, word order, 34–38, 41–42, 44–46, 65, 107, 143, 147 206–207, 245 katakana (Japan) alphabet, 140, 142 World War I (1914–1918), 75, 113, 124, 158, Latin/Roman alphabet, 133, 150, 156, 163, 177–178, 181, 192, 209, 224, 227, 158, 249 229, 244, 246, 253, 344, 382 logographic writing system, 133, 135, World War II (1939–1945), 15, 28, 108, 125, 137–138, 140, 153–154 177, 181, 200–201, 205, 209, 227, 269, Phoenician alphabet, 144–146, 149, 157 277, 281–282, 286, 288, 293, 320 phonic writing system, 140 writing system, 3, 7, 133–134, 136, 142, 147, pictographic writing system, 135–139, 149, 152–153, 156–159, 328 144, 146 abjad writing system, 144, 147–148, 153 syllabary, 133, 141–142, 149, 151, 153, abugida writing system, 151–153, 328 158 acrophonic principle, 138–140, 143–144 Yanalif (Uzbek) alphabet, 159 alphabetic writing system, 79, 113, 133–134, 142, 144–151, 154, 156–157, 159, 380 zero copula, 300–301