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I Regional Oral History Office University of California the Bancroft i Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California DANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR. SCIENCE, ACADEMIC SERVICE, PHILANTHROPY Supplementary interview with Robert Tjian Interviews conducted by Sally Smith Hughes in 1998 and 1999 Copyright © 2011 by The Regents of the University of California ii Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is bound with photographs and illustrative materials and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., dated December 14, 1998. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. Excerpts up to 1000 words from this interview may be quoted for publication without seeking permission as long as the use is non-commercial and properly cited. Requests for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to The Bancroft Library, Head of Public Services, Mail Code 6000, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-6000, and should follow instructions available online at http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/collections/cite.html It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., “Science, Academic Service, Philanthropy” conducted by Sally Smith Hughes in 1998 and 1999, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2011. iii Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. iv The Regional Oral History Office would like to express its thanks to the organizations and individuals whose encouragement and support have made possible this oral history with Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Class of 1931 Endowment Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley National Academy of Sciences William J. Rutter, PhD Yvonne C. Koshland v Table of Contents—Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Interview with Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Interview History Interview 1: December 14, 1998 1 [Begin Tape 1, Side A] Family Background and Education Early Interest in Science Chemist, Shell Chemical Company, 1941-1942 The Manhattan Project, 1942-1946 University of Chicago Oak Ridge Marian Elliot Koshland The Koshlands' Scientific Interaction Graduate Students, University of Chicago, 1946-1949 Frank Westheimer and the Application of Chemistry to Biology Early Research on Enzymes Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University, 1949-1951 Family Time Marian Koshland, Assistant Professor, Immunology, Harvard Anti-Semitism Senior Biochemist, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1951-1965 Interview 2: December 22, 1998 23 [Begin Tape 3, Side A] Marian Koshland’s Career at Brookhaven National Laboratory Brookhaven as an Institution Theories of Induced Fit and Cooperativity in Enzyme-Substrate Interaction Cooperativity Negative Cooperativity Interview 3: January 6, 1999 33 [Begin Tape 4, Side A] More on Family Background Grammar School in Hillsborough, California vi High School Initial Interest in Science Sisters Grandparents The Family Home in Hillsborough Interview 4: January 15, 1999 45 [Begin Tape 5, Side A] More on Induced Fit Theory Questioning Emil Fischer’s Key and Lock Theory The Hand-in-Glove Analogy of Enzyme-Substrate Interaction Positive and Negative Cooperativity Induced Fit as the More General Model Interview 5: January 21, 1999 58 [Begin Tape 7, Side A] Allostery: Howard Schachman and John Gerhart More on Positive and Negative Cooperativity Allostery as a Major Research Focus in Biology Chemotaxis Isolating and Purifying the Chemotaxis Receptor Comparing Adaption in Different Organisms Interview 6: January 27, 1999 71 [Begin Tape 8, Side A] Even More on Chemotaxis Sensory Adaption The Bacterium as a Model Neuron Research on Memory in Higher-Order Organisms Commonalities and Reductionism in Biology A Statistical Basis for Bacterial Variability Student Research Projects Two Sabbaticals at Harvard vii Interview 7: February 16, 1999 85 [Begin Tape 9, Side A] Research on the Mammalian Opiate and Aspartate Receptors Applicability of Bacterial Work to Human Addiction Signal Transduction Research Koshland's Piston Mechanism of Receptor Function Tools for Receptor Studies Possible Clinical Applications Commercialization in Academic Biology The College of Natural Resources/Novartis Agreement Orbital Steering Objections Single/Double Substrate Displacement Reactions Enzymology Mid-20th Century Evolution of Enzyme Function and Biological Clocks Reporter Groups Interview 8: February 23, 1999 102 [Begin Tape 11, Side A] Catalytic Power of Enzymes Koshland's Most Significant Research A Chemist's Introduction to DNA Arthur Kornberg Recombinant DNA Teaching Nucleic Acid Biochemistry The Recombinant DNA Controversy and Biotechnology Scientific Rigor Self-definition Scientific Collaboration Interview 9: March 4, 1999 119 [Begin Tape 13, Side A] University-Industry Rellationships in Biotechnology Academic Consulting for Industry Impact of Industrial Biotechnology on Academia Industrial Application of Recombinant DNA Technology Recruiting Biologists to Industry The Department of Biochemistry at Berkeley Koshland's Arrival in 1965 viii A Schism in the Department A 1966 Citation Classic Teaching Biochemistry Chairman, 1973-1978 Biochemistry Graduate Students Interview 10: March 26, 1999 141 [Begin Tape 15, Side A] Editor-in-Chief, Science Magazine, 1985-1995 Appointment Writing Editorials Koshland's Priorities for Science Hiring Editors with Advanced Science Degrees The Manuscript Review Process Coverage Skewed Towards the Biological Sciences Changes in Format and Logo Introducing the Feature, "Policy Forums" Exerting Authority International Expansion Advertising Publishing Speculative Articles More on Exerting Authority Important Science Articles Immunity to Criticism Koshland’s Contributions to Science Interview 11: April 1, 1999 167 [Begin Tape 17, Side A] Editor-in-Chief, Science Magazine, 1985-1995 (continued) Science Editorials More on the Manuscript Review System Power and Argument Instituting the “Perspectives” Feature The “Research News” Feature Freelance Reporters Expanding Circulation and Advertising More on Comparing Science and Nature News Embargoes ix Interviews 12 and 13: April 6, 1999 and May 7, 1999 These interviews originally appeared in the oral history volume, “The Reorganization of Biology at the University of California, Berkeley, 2003,” and follow interview 15 in this volume. Interview 14: May 20, 1999 182 [Begin Tape 23, Side A] Approach to Scientific Research Philanthropy Father’s Philanthropy Personal Philanthropy Giving to the Weizmann Institute of Science Giving to UC Berkeley Endowing a Science Museum in Memory of Marian E. Koshland Community Service Teaching a Freshman Course Awards and Prizes Member, Council of the National Academy of Sciences Interview 15: May 26, 1999 199 Dan Koshland remembers Marian Elliott Koshland, Ph.D. This interview originally appeared in the oral history volume, “Marian E. Koshland: Retrospectives on a Life in Academic Science, Family and Community Activities,” 2003. Upbringing and Education Family Education War Work Early Professional Career Gender Discrimination Immunologist, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1952-1963 Associate Research Virologist, Virus Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 1965-1969 Professor of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1970-1997 Chairman, 1982-1989 Family Life Evening Routine Sharing Scientific Interests Membership in the National Academy of Sciences, 1981-1997 A Major Contribution to Immunology Evidence for the Clonal Selection Theory x Facing Opposition Demonstrating That Different Antibodies Have Different Amino Acid Sequences A Critical Experiment Two Sabbatical Leaves in Boston Learning DNA Technologies in David Baltimore's Lab Contrasting Scientific Styles A Woman in Science A 70th Birthday Gift More on Family Life Gardener Paid Help Social Networks in Science Team Sports in the Life of a Woman Scientist Science and Motherhood Personal Qualities Childrearing Cooks in the Family Social Life Remembering an Early Incident APPENDIX Robert Tjian, PhD, Interview on Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Koshland Bibliography Obituary: “The Nine Lives of Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. (1920-2007)” Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., memorial service program xi INTERVIEW HISTORY Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., 1920-2007, was a man of many callings—scientist, journal
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