“Hill View”, Morawa Macroinvertebrate and Herpetofauna Inventory Survey September-October 2014, April 2015

Spineless Wonders Macroinvertebrate and Herpetofauna Surveys Executive Summary

This macrofaunal and botanical monitoring project was commissioned by Carbon Neutral Charitable Fund on properties owned by Auscarbon in September 2014. The project was funded by the Australian Government in order to demonstrate its commitment to advancing positive conservation and carbon management outcomes across degraded lanscapes for the benefit of local communities, conservation and that part of the private sector seeking carbon offset opportunities.

These outcomes require measurement and monitoring programs in order to assess their effectiveness and other values.

Spineless Wonders was engaged by InSight Ecology (Andrew Huggett) and Jennifer Borger to record and monitor the largest component of resident native fauna on the Hill View property - the macroinvertebrates.

Because of the inherent large size of the macroinvertebrate data pool and the added photographic ID component it was deemed that the Spineless Wonders report be presented as a stand-alone document.

Consultants David and Fleur Knowles T/A Spineless Wonders Terrestrial Invertebrate Surveys and Education web: http://www.spinelesswonders.com.au photo library: http://spinelesswonders.smugmug.com

4 Kilmurray Way Balga Western Australia 6061 phone: 08 9247 5772 email: [email protected] Copyright 2015 text and illustrations David Knowles Copyright 2015 all images David Knowles otherwise as credited No part of this document may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from Spineless Wonders.

Front cover:(top) - numerous native pollinators were attracted to the light trap including many attractive species. Light traps are the single most powerful sampling tool for any biosurveyor charged with exposing resident biodiversity in conservation areas.

Front cover (bottom) - the extensive plantings of local native flora are reaching an age where some species are beginning to blossom and attract an array of native flower-visiting , their predators and parasites. About Spineless Wonders

David and Fleur Knowles are the Spineless Wonders team based in Perth Western Australia. David has always lived and breathed for the environment and its inhabitants. He has had 35+ years of Biosurvey experience in Australia, Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and New Guinea. Alongside surveys David studies, photographs, writes and shares his knowledge of invertebrates and . His photographic library contains the largest private collection of WA macroinvertebrate images. Some of the collection can be seen at http://spinelesswonders.smugmug.com Fleur was raised on a farm in Western Australia. This laid a solid foundation for her love and respect of the natural world. Among other roles Fleur enjoys being an advocate for invertebrates and wildlife in general.

David using a net to sample pollinators visiting mallee blossom in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Western Australian Land Fauna

Fig 1 ­ This revealing pie chart serves as a general guide to the typical ratios of the major faunal groups just about anywhere on vegetated land. Table of Contents

Executive Summary

About Spineless Wonders

Western Australian Land Fauna

1.0 Introduction 5

2.0 Scope 5

3.0 Landform, Climate and Vegetation 5

4.0 Site Codes, Locations & Co-ordinates 8

5.0 Survey Periods 14

6.0 Sampling Methods Release, Identification and Interpretation Aids 14

7.0 Glossary and Abbreviations 16

8.0 -13:0 Results 17

14.0 Conclusions 47

15.0 Recommendations 48

16.0 Acknowledgements 50

17.0 Web Resources 51

18.0 References 52

19.0 Photographic Inventory 56

20.0 Main Table 106

21.0 Common Names 126 1.0 Introduction

Note: (headings 1.0, 3.0-3.2.1 Excerpted from parent report: Systematic Biodiversity Monitoring of Hill View, Morawa, 2014-2015 – Final Report (Avifauna and Flora): Introduction to vegetation and flora survey Jennifer Borger & Tanith McCaw)

Hill View is located in the northern wheatbelt (IBRA sub-region Avon Wheatbelt P1) which has been heavily cleared for agricultural, pastoral and mining activities. Only 1.63% of the AW1 sub-region is under formal conservation reserve, which places the conservation and protection of the remnant vegetation at Hill View at high importance. The revegetation of cleared areas which will link these remnants is also of significant value as it will further protect and enhance the condition of these areas.

2.0 Scope

Spineless Wonders was contracted to Auscarbon to provide an inventory of macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna of its Hill View property north of Morawa Western Australia. It was deemed that the primary focus be directed towards recording and photographing flower-visiting insects and those associated with the revegetation project on Hill View.

2.1 Location Name Hill View property via Morawa Western Australia.

2.2 Regional Aim To undertake a preliminary and multiseasonal inventory of the terrestrial macroinvertebrate/ and amphibian biodiversity on Auscarbon farming leases in the Morawa/Perenjori subregion of the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia.

2.3 Target Species Survey target species were the terrestrial macrofauna (macroinvertebrates/reptiles and amphibians). Microfauna (microinvertebrates and vertebrate ectoparasites) were agreed as being beyond the scope of this survey due to financial limitations. Particular focus areas included pollinators and macroinvertebrates associated with revegetated parts of the property.

3.0 Landform

Hill View is located at the northern end of the Moonagin Range, which forms the northern extension of the Koolanooka Hills and Milhun Range. They are located on the Yilgarn Craton which is composed chiefly of granites and gneiss, with mafic (e.g. dolerite) intrusions. Koolanooka Hills and the northern part of the Moonagin Range have outcropping banded ironstone formation with haematite which is present in some areas at Hill View. The property is located in the upper catchment with drainage chiefly to the west, but also some to the north and south east. Drainage from the site discharges into a broad gently sloping drainage system which then discharges into the regional Yarra Yarra system near Morawa.

5 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 3.1 Climate Ex-cyclones are sometimes recorded during the summer in this region. Daily rainfall peaks of up to 117.4mm (March 2000); 116mm (February 2011) have been recorded over the last 15 years at Canna, 20 km to the north (Bureau of Meteorology, BOM Climate Data 2015). Typical significant falls usually range from 10 to 30mm. at Canna and Morawa Airport (20 km south). Average monthly rainfall and data for the last six years are presented in Table 1. Below average rainfall in 2010 could have contributed to low survival rates in some areas of revegetation at Hill View. 2011 received much higher than average annual rainfall (Canna 506.2mm; Morawa 460.0mm) with significant falls in January and February, followed by higher than average winter rainfall. This resulted in high density groundcover of forbs including orchids at Hill View (J.Borger 2011). Rainfall received during 2014 prior to the surveys was mostly below average (September received higher than average with 41.8mm against the average of 22.9mm). The drier than average June – August resulted in poor germination/recruitment of annuals as well as poor flowering and seed set. This trend was noted at several locations in the area.

Table 1: Monthly rainfall totals received at Canna (Station No. 8157) (BOM 2015) Year/ Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2010 0.0 8.4 27.0 25.6 26.0 34.2 38.2 75.2 11.8 0.0 0.0 51.6 298.0 2011 37.8 116.0 5.4 4.4 86.8 63.6 52.8 52.2 29.6 26.8 15.2 15.6 506.2 2012 50.8 29.8 3.0 13.6 16.4 104.6 23.0 29.4 22.2 1.6 34.4 30.6 359.4 2013 10.2 0.4 22.6 8.2 74.6 3.6 24.4 52.0 29.2 16.8 3.4 2.8 248.2 2014 .4 14.0 6.2 57.0 52.2 22.6 35.0 16.8 41.8 8.8 34.8 2015 11.4 23.6 114.8 22.4 Mean 15.8 19.2 24.1 23.7 46.2 66.0 58.9 42.6 22.9 13.6 11.7 10.5 353.5

Table 2: Monthly rainfall totals received at Morawa Airport (Station No. 8296) (BOM 2015) Year/ Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2010 0.0 6.8 34.8 1.0 26.4 19.8 37.0 62.2 8.8 0.0 1.2 55.6 253.6 2011 39.0 91.2 8.4 14.6 62.6 62.2 63.4 46.2 25.4 22.6 13.6 10.8 460.0 2012 14.0 6.8 2.4 4.4 10.2 97.2 32.0 20.8 16.4 3.6 31.4 56.8 296.0 2013 8.2 0.0 23.8 7.2 79.2 14.8 29.2 44.6 20.0 13.6 2.4 1.0 244.0 2014 7.4 3.0 3.6 69.4 36.8 20.0 29.4 18.8 52.0 12.6 8.8 0.0 261.8 2015 2.6 0.6 73.2 20.6 Mean 21.3 19.1 14.8 16.2 40.2 38.8 43.5 31.7 25.8 9.4 9.3 14.5 285.3

The rainfall pattern prior to the 2015 survey (April 20th – 23rd) showed a very dry spell from November 2014 to January 2015 at Canna, and November to February at Morawa. Rainfall recorded in March was well above average, with about average rainfall in April. The good falls in March resulted in germination of annuals, and marked improvement in vegetation condition.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 6 3.2 Vegetation Remnant vegetation is present on the hills 2014 was a poor year for orchids in the and minor areas on the lower slopes and northern wheatbelt, and it is possible this flats. The vegetation communities of the species would occur at Hill View and suitable hills form part of the plant assemblages of habitat should be surveyed when climatic the Moonagin System Threatened Ecological conditions are better. It has been recorded Community (MTEC). Prior to clearing the flowering in August and September. lower slopes would have supported York gum (Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. supralaevis) Three conservation-significant species and Jam ( acuminata) woodlands. It have been recorded from the surveys – is also likely that significant areas on the Eucalyptus synandra (T) which is present on mid-slopes would have supported Eucalyptus the northern and western boundaries (most synandra low mallee woodlands, the relics within the road reserve or neighbouring of which are present on the road verges and property; Melaleuca barlowii (P3) – one fencelines. Due to the agricultural potential population within the eastern area; and of the soil types on the mid and lower slopes Persoonia pentasticha (P3) which has in the region, much of this country has been been recorded at a number of sites within cleared, and the hill side vegetation has remnants 2 and 4. One priority taxon – also been moderately to severely impacted Baeckea sp. Billeranga Hills (P1) was through passive clearing caused by grazing recorded in an earlier survey in Remnant 4 (feral and domestic), timber removal, weed invasion and edge effects. This has resulted in many species of flora and vegetation communities being severely impacted, with many listed as threatened, and in some cases, resulting in extinction.

3.2.1 Flora of Conservation Significance Twenty one threatened and priority listed flora are recorded within 20 km of the project area and fifty within 25 km (NatureMap 2015). Conservation-significant taxa (from the 50 recorded in the local area) which are likely to occur or have been recorded within the project area are presented in Table 3 (see parent text) with habitat type (19 taxa). Taxa which have been recorded in habitat not occurring on Hill View are not included – for example Tecticornia bulbosa (T) which is a samphire and occurs within the saline drainage system. Some may have originally occurred on the property prior to clearing and grazing. Some of the conservation significant flora which is recorded from the banded ironstone formation present at Koolanooka Hills (just over 25 km to the south east) may have also occurred at the site, as there are significant outcrops of these rock types in Remnant 2, as well as lesser outcrops in Remnants 1, 3 and 4. These areas have been modified through grazing and mining activities at Hill View. It is possible that there could be seed reserves still present if they occurred here prior to clearing. Cyanicula fragrans (an orchid) has been recorded just south of the southern end of Remnant 4 on a neighbouring property.

7 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 4.0 Site Codes, Locations & Co-ordinates

4.1 Site Codes Hill View = HV. Light trap = LT1, LT2, LT3, LT5, LT6. NOTE - LT4 was discontinued because of an equipment failure, sample management difficulties, wind exposure, and remoteness. REVEG = Revegetation areas. Opp. = Opportunistic samples taken on the property outside of above sample sites.

4.2 Location Sample sites were chosen on advice from the consultant botanist on the basis of floral biodiversity, special associations and accessibility. The five sites were clustered in the south-eastern corner of HV.

Fig. 2 - Spineless Wonders light trap sites (LT codes). Aerial photo courtesy J. Borger. Note: codes employed in this image are those used by botanist J. Borger (see parent report).

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 8 4.3 Light trap site co-ordinates vegetation descriptions LT5 (Light Trap site 5) Remnant 4 (north end). GPS: - 29° 01’.275˝S, 116° 02’. 948˝E LT1 (Light Trap 1) Elevation: 333m. Remnant 5 Emergent Trees - Allocasuarina acutivalvis subsp. GPS: - 29° 01’.519˝S, 116° 00’. 172˝E acutivalvis, A. huegeliana, Melaleuca hamata Elevation: 342m. and Acacia acuminata low open woodland to low Landform: low lateritic ridge; gentle slope to west woodland over Acacia tetragonophylla. Melaleuca Land surface: yellowish red sandy clay loam with radula sparse shrubland over Ptilotus obovatus, lateritic gravel; few scattered rocks (<1%) – quartz, Mirbelia trichocalyx, Olearia sp., Maireana ironstone; termite mounds Emergent Trees - Eucalyptus leptopoda subsp. tomentosa. Acacia kochii low sparse shrubland arctata, Acacia sibina, Allocasuarina acutivalvis over Lawrencella rosea, Austrostipa tenuifolia, subsp. acutivalvis low open mallee woodland over Cephalipterum drummondii, Borya sphaerocephala Acacia sibina and Eremophila clarkei; tall open to low sparse forbland. sparse shrubland over Eremophila clarkei, Dianella Other species: Dioscorea hastifolia (vine); Acacia revoluta, Acacia sibina, Philotheca brucei subsp. exocarpoides; Senna artemisioides subsp. filifolia; brucei, and Acacia tetragonophylla. Grevillea Acacia andrewsii; Enchylaena lanata. paradoxa sparse shrubland over Eremophila clarkei, Acacia tetragonophylla, tussock grass, LT6 (Light Trap site 6) Waitzia acuminata var. acuminata isolated low GPS: LT6 - 29° 01’.446˝S, 116° 00’. 050˝E shrubs, grasses and forbs. Elevation: 340m. Emergent Trees - Isolated to sparse Eucalyptus LT2 (Light Trap 2) loxophleba subsp. supralaevis over Atriplex GPS: - 29° 01’.372”S, 116° 03´. 170˝E ?bunburyana, Rhagodia drummondii, Alyxia Elevation: 337m. buxifolia, Dodonaea inaequifolia alternating with Emergent Trees - Eucalyptus ewartiana, E. Acacia tetragonophylla, Acacia erinacea and stowardii and Allocasuarina acutivalvis subsp. Exocarpos aphyllus arranged as clumps of shrubs acutivalvis low open mallee woodland over to isolated shrubs. Philotheca brucei subsp. brucei – highly disturbed. Groundcover moderately to heavily disturbed with Other species: Melaleuca barlowii (P3), M. a few weeds, particularly Mesembryanthemum nematophylla, Acacia acuminata, M. radula, and nodiflorum* (iceplant) which forms dense patches. Calycopeplus paucifolius.

LT3 (Light Trap site 3) Adjacent to REM5 GPS: - 29° 01’ 39.28˝S, 116° 03’ 19.76˝E Elevation: 338m. Landform: Low lateritic ridge. Emergent Trees - Melaleuca hamata low open woodland over Melaleuca nematophylla, Eremophila clarkei and Mirbelia longifolia; Allocasuarina acutivalvis, Dodonaea inaequifolia and Acacia acuminata tall open shrubland over Mirbelia longifolia, Eremophila clarkei, Dodonaea inaequifolia; open shrubland over Eremophila clarkei, Mirbelia longifolia, Philotheca brucei subsp. brucei; low sparse shrubland over isolated forbs and grasses.

9 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 4.4 Light trap site photos

Photo 1 - LT1 Light trap site Eucalyptus leptopoda association late Sept 2014.

Photo 2 - LT2 Light trap site Eucalyptus ewartiana (left) E. stowardii (right - looking south) late Sept 2014

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 10 .Photo 3 - LT2 Light trap site Eucalyptus stowardii (looking north) in late Sept 2014.

Photo 4 - LT2 Light trap in operation Eucalyptus ewartiana/E. stowardii association in late Sept 2014.

11 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Photo 5 - LT2 Light trap (top view) harvest to 9.00pm late Sept 2014.

Photo 6 - LT3 Light trap site Melaleuca hamata association (looking south west) late Sept 2014.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 12 Photo 7 - LT5 example of habitat with Allocasuarina dielsiana and Acacia/Melaleuca thicket over stoney loam © A. Sundholm.

Photo 8 - LT6 example of habitat with rocky low ridge with Eucalyptus loxophleba (York Gum), Acacia shrubs and flowering Melealeuca radula (Graceful Honeymyrtle).

13 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 5.0 Survey Periods for September - October & April Samples

5.1.1 September-October Sample 1 Light trap sites 1,2,3,5,6; nights 1 - 3; 29th and 30th of September, 1st October 2014. 5.1.2 April Sample 2 Light trap sites 1,2,3,5,6; nights 1 - 3; 14th - 16th of April 2015.

6.0 Sampling Methods, Release, Identification & Interpretation Aids

6.1 Sampling Methods Seven sampling methods were utilised.

6.1.1 Aerial Light-trapping two small generators powered 100w mercury vapour/ultraviolet tube/grolux tube combination mantle light traps. These were operated from sundown for a minimum of two hours (depending on conditions) for three nights at each of the 3 sites. Note: A new LED light trap was incorporated in the light sampling array and deployed on one night at each of the three sample sites. Hand-netting ‘specimen-focused’ netting – primarily used during daylight hours. Sweep-netting/beating ‘blind’ sweeping of low and high vegetation – primarily used during daylight hours. Head-torching using a head-mounted light to scan the ground, fallen timber or vegetation –nocturnal only. Hand-collecting included bark-peeling and manually collecting specimens from vegetation –primarily done during daylight hours. Passive lure traps blue, red and yellow buckets partially filled with water were mounted in shrubs or trees margining two pitfall trap lines. These traps were removed at the end of the survey period. Sight only some readily-identifiable species, particularly fast-flying insects and some reptiles were identified by sight.

6.2 Release Invertebrates were temporarily held in polycarbonate vials, cooled in a refrigerator then photographed at accommodation located a 5-20 minute drive away. Individuals were released at an appropriate time at the locality where they were collected, either on the same day/night or the following night if collected nocturnally.

6.3 Identification

6.3.1 Invertebrates Identification of invertebrates was undertaken by the author. David referred to: reliable identified insect reference collections; websites; and his personal library and extensive Perth metro dbase. A list of invertebrate references is documented in the first half of the report.

6.3.2 Vertebrates Vertebrates were identified by observation in the wild. Consulting Botanist Jenny Borger also operated a camera trap over 2015. A list of vertebrate references is documented in the first half of the report.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 14 6.4 Interpretation Aids 6.4.1 Names Species sampled have been identified to their I would have predicted a higher biodiversity count taxonomic Family and name and where had the transposition been possible. possible, to a species name. Sample hardware, techniques, and daily/nightly application of sampling cycles - This survey has A non-specialist reader may find it useful to know an employed tried and tested high return techniques English vernacular or ‘common’ name. A vernacular that are compatible with limited funding resources. or common name can offer memory clues to the Light trap site 4 was discontinued due to rental subject’s colour, size or some other characteristic equipment failure and other practical sampling feature. For example Austracantha minax, considerations. commonly called ‘Christmas Spider’, has also herein been given the descriptive tag, ‘Common Spiny Statistical significance - It is well acknowledged Araspider’. Proposed ‘common’ names are not by bio-surveyors that this type of survey needs to recognised for taxonomic purposes and the reader be repeated over much longer time frames e.g. can ignore them if desired. multiple seasons/years. 6.4.2 Photography Future surveys - For ongoing protection of the This report provides a comprehensive colour flora and fauna in this conservation and carbon photographic index of the species surveyed. offset area it would be recommended to set aside Most of the species observed during the survey funds for future surveys to monitor and consolidate were photographed using a Nikon D90 with a the existing data. Budgetry scoping per sample Nikkor 60 mm macro lens. Lighting was supplied needs to be commensurate with the typical size of by a Nikon ring light (effectively a double flash the species pool to be sampled; birds (<50 spp.), mounted on a ring which attaches to the front plants (<150 spp.), macroinvertebrates (>250 spp.) of the macro lens). Individual species were and the effort required to collect, process and temporarily housed in vials in a fridge until their interpret data. activity was sufficiently lowered to enable effective Ideal survey schedule - In the perfect world the photography. A minority of the invertebrate desirable outcome that would demonstrate the specimens were photographed on natural maximum macrofaunal biodiversity sample would substrates or light trap voile. However the majority involve a sampling schedule applied at three week were photographed on a fine-grained ‘blue/green intervals thoughout the calender year. screen’ material. Desk lamps were used to provide additional light for focusing. Resulting images were edited using Adobe Photoshop®. 6.4.6 Control areas 6.4.3 Specimens Retained It is highly desirable that control areas be This survey employed photography as the primary established throughout the region that match identification method. Therefore no indivuals were remnant and revegetation areas on Auscarbon killed or removed from their habitat. properties in order to properly interpret the value of the data sampled from these properties. Habitat coverage - At least two major habitats 6.4.4 Survey Limitations present on the Hill View property were not sampled Timing of sample - Two macrofaunal surveys due to time and budgetry constraints. Remnant 4A targeting macroinvertebrates, reptiles and (valley between main peaks) has the capacity to be amphibians, were funded for this project so data a ‘high landscape habitat’ control due to isolation collection is in its infancy. Although considerable factors. effort was expended towards maximising the timing of the samples periods of inclement weather effected sampling homogeniety. Weather interference - The September/October sample was later than preferrable due to the timing of the invitation to participate in the project and processing of paperwork. The April sample was moderately affected by periods of increasingly windy conditions on day two and three. Flowering peak - Ideally the September/October sample should have occurred two weeks prior to the actual sample. Mid September was the time when the spring flowering peak was experienced.

15 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 7.0 Glossary and Abbreviations

7.1 Glossary Alate The winged sexual form of insect species as seen in ants and termites.

Anthropocentrism An inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values.

Eurocentric Focusing on European culture or history to the exclusion of a wider view of the world; implicitly regarding European culture as preeminent.

Interdigitation An interlocking of parts by finger-like processes. Ordinal Used in Life Sciences and Allied Applications/Biology relating to, or characteristic of, a category in biological classification. Parasitoid Usually attributed to an insect and especially a wasp or fly that completes its larval development within the body of another insect eventually killing it and is free-living as an adult. Taxon pl. taxa A taxonomic unit or group ranging from Kingdom through to species.

Teneral Constituting a state of the adult of an insect immediately after molting during which it is soft and immature in coloring. Trophic Ecology of, or involving the feeding habits or food relationship of different organisms in a food chain. Vagility The ability of an organism to disperse across a landscape. Vertebrocentric An inclination to evaluate terrestrial faunal reality exclusively in terms of vertebrate (less than 3% of macrofauna) values.

7.2 Abbreviations Apr. April (imm.) immature (juv.) juvenile Gen. sp. TBC Genus and/or species To Be Confirmed IUCN. International Union for the Conservation of Nature - Conservation status Nov. November nr. near to; reference to most similar Genus or species obs. observed not collected ms. unpublished - manuscript name Oct. October Opp. Opportunistic samples taken on the property outside of above sample sites pers. com. personal communication REVEG. Revegetation area Sept. September subsp. subspecies var. variation - a persitent genetic variation within a species

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 16 8.0 Results (Ordinal Tables and Summaries)

8.1 Statistics — Interpretation

8.1.1 Statistics — source Note: a proportion of the following statistics are generated from David Knowles’ Greater Perth Metro. Preliminary Database. This resource is continually being updated and is the largest known store of biological inventory data relevant to the high-growth development zone encompassed by the Greater Perth Metropolitan Region. The specimen data from this survey extends the geographical scope of the database into adjacent north-eastern areas of the IBRA Bioregion of Avon Wheatbelt (AVW). The data stored in this database is subject to continual review in order to update taxonomic names, correct identification errors and to add new data gathered from public and private reference collections.

The macro-invertebrate data are presented as a converted master table with sub-tables referring to each of the Classes of macro-invertebrates recorded: ARACHNIDA, CHILOPODA and INSECTA. The vertebrate Class REPTILIA is presented in separate tables.

8.2 Data classification below Order level 8.2.1 Family Normally established to this level and those unable to be identified are indicated in main table by ‘Family TBC’ (to be confirmed).

8.2.2 Genus ‘Gen TBC?’ means time and resources combined to make positive ID difficult = No ID. Genera diagnosed to subgeneric level and those where high probability of positive ID is indicated by ‘nr. (near to)’ are counted as a ‘level’ of Generic diagnosis in the tallies.

8.2.3 Species ‘sp TBC’ means time and resources combined to make positive ID difficult = No ID. Species where there is high probability of positive ID is indicated by ‘nr. (near to)’ and counted in the tallies as a ‘level’ of specific diagnosis.

8.2.4 Common Names Species names were supplied where possible. If the Family, Genus, or species had a locally accepted common name, this was included dependent on the author’s considered assessment of the ‘real’ value of the particular name. In the case of poorly known Families, Genera, or species (the great majority), as mentioned above, I have taken the liberty (on request from previous clients) of attaching a logically systematic ‘home- grown’ name that describes some feature or behaviour of many (or said species) of its members e.g. wasps of the Family Braconidae — Red-headed Bracwasp. The Familial prefix immediately identifies the Family of wasp (Brac-onidae) with the compound introduction identifying the most prominent feature. The species monikers are based on a quadrinomial system.

8.3 Ecological Roles Ecologists often use the convention of ‘guilds’ to delineate major ecological functions/services exhibited by large groups of organisms e.g. predators (includes parasites and parasitoids), herbivores (includes leaf pruners, pollinators and sapsuckers) and recycler/scavengers.

8.3.1 Adult eco(logical) role Refers to the ecological guild membership of the sexually mature adult of a given species e.g. butterfly. are metamorphic insects. As adults they would belong to the pollination guild and the leaf pruning guild as a larva (caterpillar). This is in contrast to species with nymphal immature stages where, in most cases, the ecological role of all stages is the same e.g. all stages of a spider species would belong to the predator guild. I have also used this category to indicate obvious vagrant species, as well as introduced species.

17 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 8.3.2 Nymph/larva eco(logical) role Refers to the guild membership of juvenile stages of macro-invertebrate species sampled in the area. Note: the larval or nymphal stages of social insects {ants, bees, wasps and (arguably) termites} are not active members of a particular guild in this definition as their food is supplied by a parent or worker caste. Also metamorphic insects may appear in the tallies of two guilds/subguilds as the larva may be an endoparasite whilst the adult is a pollinator e.g. Beeflies (Bombyliidae).

8.4 Macroinvertebrate Table Rules

• Rules are applied at a resolution appropriate for a preliminary level inventory survey of this type. • Shared species are listed in the sample in which they are first recorded. If they are recorded in more than one of the samples it may be assumed that they are either long-lived or multigenerational. • Shared taxa between sites are counted as present in each site tally and are indicated as ‘Shared’. • ‘obs. only’ refers to species that are either common or widespread – they may be aquatic and use HV as a conduit and possible resting/shelter stop-off point as they migrate to new waterbodies, others may also be part-time residents (e.g. dragonflies) and forage on the property, and still others may be powerful enough flyers to have been recorded as they transit HV though have no reason to settle because of unsuitable habitat. • As recurrent funding is a common issue in this type of survey the figures presented should not be regrded as statistically significant.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 18 9.0 Vegetation Inventory

The following flora list is intended to inform the reader that all resident native herbivorous invertebrates and vertebrates will interact with at least one or more of the plants listed. They may forage on or consume the floral parts, foliage, seeds, dead leaves, roots and decaying material etc. An inventory of both plants and associated will eventually inform plant/ relationships in later studies.

9.1 Plants of Hill View property (table abbreviations) Adapted from Hill View Flora list Jenny Borger to April 2015.

* Represents introduced or naturalised. P Pollinator. B Bird pollinated. I Insect pollinated. W Wind pollinated. H Honeybee pollinated. U Pollination vector/s Unknown. Y Yes, flowering during sample period. ? Data unavailable or ID uncertain. P3 Species that maybe threatened or near threatened but are data deficient. Flowering period – Blue Flowering time overlaps Sept.-Oct. sample. Olive Flowering time overlaps April sample. Red Flowering time overlaps both samples. Black Flowering time outside both samples or unknown.

9.2 Modified original flora species list

Family Species Flowering time Flowering Poll. Aizoaceae Mesembryanthemum crystallinum * Sept-Dec Y I, H Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum * Sept-Nov Y I, H Amaranthaceae Ptilotus gaudichaudii subsp. eremita Apr-Oct Y I Ptilotus holosericeus Sept-Nov Y I Ptilotus obovatus Apr- Dec Y, Fruit I Ptilotus polystachyus Apr-Jan Y I Ptilotus sp. (tentative) ? I Asteraceae Arctotheca calendula* Aug-Nov I, H Calotis sp.? ? I Cephalipterum drummondii Jul-Oct Y I Hyalosperma glutinosum subsp. venustum Jul-Nov Y I Lawrencella rosea Jul-Oct Y I Olearia sp. (tentative) ? I Olearia muelleri Aug-Jan I Podolepis canescens Aug-Dec Y I Podolepis lessonii Aug-Jan Y I Rhodanthe manglesii Aug-Oct Y I Rhodanthe sp. ? I Ursinia anthemoides* Jul-Dec Y I

19 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Species Flowering time Flowering Poll. Waitzia acuminata var. acuminata Jul-Jan Y I Boraginaceae * Sept-Apr Y H Boryaceae Borya sphaerocephala Aug-Oct Y I Brassicaceae Brassica tournefortii* Apr-Nov Y I, H Lepidium sp. ?oxytrichum ?Jul-Oct Fruit I Raphanus raphanistrum* Apr-Nov Y I, H Campanulaceae Lobelia winfridae Aug-Nov Y I Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina acutivalvis subsp. Fruit W acutivalvis Allocasuarina campestris Fruit W Allocasuarina huegeliana Fruit W Chenopodiaceae Atriplex bunburyana Fruit U Atriplex codonocarpa Aug Fruit U Chenopodium gaudichaudianum Apr Y U Dysphania pumilio U Enchylaena lanata ? Fruit U Enchylaena tomentosa May-Sept Fruit U Maireana brevifolia ? Fruit U Maireana carnosa Jun-Sept Fruit U Maireana georgei Apr-Oct Y, Fruit U Maireana (seedling) ? U Maireana tomentosa ? Fruit U Rhagodia drummondii Oct-Nov Y, Fruit U Rhagodia preissii Apr-Oct Y, Fruit U Rhagodia sp. Watheroo Oct Y, Fruit U Salsola australis Mar-May, Jul- U Sept Sclerolaena diacantha July Fruit U Sclerolaena eurotioides ? Fruit U Sclerolaena fusiformis ? Fruit U Colchicaceae Wurmbea densiflora Apr-Sept Y I Convolvulaceae Cuscuta epithymum* Apr-Dec Fruit I, H Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus* Apr-Aug F H Cucumis myriocarpus * Jan-May H Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea hastifolia Apr-Jul Y, Fruit I Ericaceae Astroloma serratifolium Jan-Dec Y, Fruit I Euphorbiaceae Calycopeplus paucifolius Sept-Dec Fruit I Euphorbia drummondii Apr-Sept F I Euphorbia tannensis subsp. eremophila Jan/Apr-Sept Fruit I Ricinocarpos velutinus Feb-Apr, Jul- Y I Oct Fabaceae Acacia anthochaera Aug-Dec I Acacia acuminata Jul-Oct Fruit I Acacia andrewsii Jun-Aug I Acacia assimilis (planted) Jan-Dec I Acacia colletioides Jul-Sept I Acacia coolgardiensis (planted) Jul-Oct I Acacia erinacea Jun-Nov Y, Fruit I

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 20 Family Species Flowering time Flowering Poll. Acacia exocarpoides Jun-Aug Y, Fruit I Acacia kochii Aug I Acacia microbotrya (planted) 13 Mar-Jul I Acacia neurophylla subsp. erugata 14 May-Nov I (planted) Acacia ramulosa var. ramulosa 15 Jan-Dec I Acacia sibina Aug-Oct I Acacia sp. (planted) ? I Acacia sp. (planted soft terete) ? I Acacia sp (planted blue green flat) ? I Acacia stereophylla Jun-Dec I Acacia tetragonophylla May-Oct Fruit (very I sparse) Acacia ulicina Jul-Sept Y, Fruit I Acacia umbraculiformis ? Fruit (very I sparse) Acacia victoriae (planted) Jun-Oct Y I Mirbelia longifolia Sept-Oct I Mirbelia trichocalyx Jul-Oct I Senna artemisioides subsp. x Jul-Sept I artemisioides Senna artemisioides subsp. filifolia Apr-Nov I Senna glutinosa subsp. chatelainiana Apr-Sept Fruit I Senna pleurocarpa Jul-Apr Y, Fruit I Senna sp. Austin Jun-Oct I Medicago polymorpha * Jan-Feb, May- Fruit I, H Nov Goodeniaceae Scaevola tomentosa May-Oct Fruit I Scaevola spinescens Jan-Dec Fruit I Erodium cygnorum Jul-Sep Y I Erodium sp. ? I Haloragaceae Haloragis trigonocarpa Aug-Nov Y, Fruit I Hemerocallidaceae Dianella revoluta Aug-Dec, Jan, I Apr Lamiaceae Hemigenia divaricata Apr/Aug-Oct F I Hemigenia sp. Yuna Sep-Nov Fruit I Microcorys sp. Mt Gibson Oct-Dec, Mar- Y I Apr Malvaceae Sida calyxhymenia Apr-Oct Y I Sida sp. (broad leaf) ? I Myrtaceae Baeckea sp. Billeranga Hills Sept I Baeckea crispiflora var. tenuior Jul-Dec I Calothamnus aridus May-Oct Fruit I, B Eucalyptus ewartiana Aug-Feb Bud, Fruit I Eucalyptus kochii subsp. borealis Dec-Feb Fruit I Eucalyptus leptopoda subsp. arctata Dec-Mar Fruit I Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. supralaevis July-Oct Fruit I Eucalyptus salmonophloia Aug-Dec Fruit I Eucalyptus sp. planted ? I

21 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Species Flowering time Flowering Poll. Eucalyptus stowardii Jun-Nov Fruit I Melaleuca barlowii P3 Apr Y, Fruit I Melaleuca barlowii x nematophylla ? Y, Fruit I Melaleuca eleuterostachya Jul-Jan Fruit I Melaleuca hamata Sept Fruit I Melaleuca leiocarpa Aug-Oct Fruit I Melaleuca nematophylla Aug-Nov Y, Fruit I Melaleuca radula Jul-Nov Y, Fruit I Thryptomene costata Apr-Nov F I Plumbaginaceae Limonium sinuatum* Jan-May, Sept- Y, Fruit I, H Dec Poaceae Amphipogon caricinus Seed W Aristida contorta W Austrostipa elegantissima Seed W Austrostipa tenuifolia Seed W Austrostipa sp. W Avena barbata* Seed W Hordeum leporinum* Seed W Lamarckia aurea* Y, Seed W Monachather paradoxus Seed W Pentameris airoides * Seed W Tragus australianus Seed W Polygonaceae Emex australis* Jul-Oct Fruit I, H Portulacaceae Calandrinia primuliflora Oct-Nov Y I Proteaceae Grevillea paradoxa Jan-Mar, Jun- B Dec Grevillea sarissa Mar, Aug-Dec B Hakea recurva subsp. recurva Apr-Sep I Persoonia pentasticha P3 Apr-Nov F I Pteridaceae Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi W Rutaceae Philotheca brucei subsp. brucei Jun-Aug I Philotheca deserti subsp. deserti Apr-Oct I Santalaceae Exocarpos aphyllus Apr-May, Sep- F, Fruit I Jan Santalum acuminatum Jan-Apr, Jul- Fruit I Dec Santalum spicatum Feb-Jun I Sapindaceae Dodonaea inaequifolia Apr-May, Aug I Sept Scrophulariaceae Eremophila clarkei Mar-Oct I Eremophila decipiens subsp. decipiens May-Oct I, B (tentative) Eremophila eriocalyx Aug-Oct Fruit I Eremophila latrobei subsp. latrobei Apr-Oct Y I, B Solanaceae Duboisia hopwoodii Jun-Nov Y I Solanum lasiophyllum May-Oct Y I Solanum orbiculatum Jun-Oct Fruit I Thymelaeaceae Pimelea microcephala Apr-Dec I Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllum ?eremaeum ?Jul-Nov I

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 22 9.3 Flora Table Summary

9.3.1 Spring flowering Of a flowering plant species pool of 119, 108spp. had a potential flowering time that overlapped with the spring macroinvertebrate sample.

9.3.2 Autumn flowering Of a flowering plant species pool of 119, 43spp. had a potential flowering time that overlapped with the autumn macroinvertebrate sample. Comments: Only two+ species had known flowering times that were unique to this sample month, including the P3 rated Melaleuca barlowii, though further data may extend the temporal range.

9.3.3 Shared flowering Of a flowering plant species pool of 119, 37spp. had a potential flowering time that overlapped with the spring and autumn macroinvertebrate samples.

9.3.4 Unknown Pollination syndrome Comments: Almost all 17 member species of this category belong in the flowering plant Family Chenopodiaceae. The investigations into the pollination syndromes of this Family are still in their early stages.

9.3.5 Pollination ratios Insects (114), birds (5), wind (15), unknown (18), Reduced ratios I(28) - B(1), - W(4), - U(5). Comments: These ratios are fairly typical for habitats and communities where there are complex associations of flowering plants.

9.3.6 Honeybees pollinating native flowering species Almost all of a flowering plant species pool of 119 have a high probability of being honeybee-pollinated in this category. Comments: Approximately 50% of the plant species in this category are naturalised native species, either planted for purposes other than revegetation, or are reintroductions of species previously present in the landscape. Honeybee resistant native insect species would be expected to compete for nectar and pollen resources when these replanted species are mature enough to produce blossom.

9.3.7 Honeybees pollinating flowering weed species Of a flowering plant species pool of 119 12spp. have a strong likelihood of being solely pollinated by honeybees. Comments: Occasionally a small number of native species (mainly flies) may visit weed species.

9.3.8 Honeybees competing with native species Of a native flowering plant species pool of 119spp. honeybees have the capacity to rob part of the nectar and/or pollen pool from all native pollinators evolved to harvest these resources. Comments: Ideally a centralised ‘honeybee exploitation of native floral resources’ database needs to be established as a basis for exploring the real impact of this major feral species.

9.3.9 Native insect pollination Of a native flowering plant species pool of 119spp. native insects had the potential to pollinate 85+ species (91%). Comments: Despite the fact that there are no controls, or multiple monthly surveys this figure is typical of the general trend.

9.3.10 Bird pollination Of a native flowering plant species pool of 119 birds had the potential to pollinate 10+ species (~11%). Only four of 119 spp. (4%) require to be pollinated by native birds. Comments: This figure includes flowering species that are also visited by insects. It is also probable that these bird-only pollinated species can be exploited by honeybees.

23 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 10.0 Fauna table summaries – by Subgroup

8.1 Macroinvertebrate and Herpetofaunal General Sampling Trends Four Phylums, five Classes, 15 Orders, 96 Families, 227 Genera and 258 species of macroinvertebrates and vertebrates were sampled from HV over two sampling events, each of three days and three nights. Twenty four of 257 (~9%) species were shared between samples.

Date Classes Orders Families Genera Species Shared Sept-Oct 4 15 97 225 249 24 April 3 12 98 228 250 24 Totals 5 15 96 227 258 24

Comments: As expected the samples showed little overlap at most ordinal levels with only 9% of species shared between samples. Overall the samples were similar in size at most levels. Most of the shared species were associated with pasture weeds. Given that both surveys occurred within three weeks of the last major rainfall event it appears that some of these species are bivoltine that is to say they have both spring and autumn generations. This breeding strategy was also apparent in some remnant species.

10.1 Class Insecta (Insects)

10.1.1 General sampling trends Nine Orders, 63 Families and 125 Genera were represented by 127 species in the Sept-Oct sample. Ten Orders, 53 Families and 124 Genera were represented by 134 species in the April sample. Ten Orders, represented by 83 Families containing 208 Genera and 240 species were recorded in the combined samples. Twenty two of 240 (~9%) species were shared between samples.

Date Orders Families Genera Species Shared Sept-Oct 9 63 125 127 22 April 10 53 124 134 22 Totals 10 82 208 240 22

Comments: One new Order was added in April. There was a slight decrease in Family diversity in April, though with almost identical Generic and species diversity counts. However the clincher was that (~80%) of the April insect species sample were new records for HV very strongly demonstrating seasonal insect variation.

10.2 Ecological Roles focus - Class Insecta (flower visiting Insects) Clearly this is the most diverse and numerous group of fauna represented at HV. They may be metaphorically described as the macrofaunal ‘nuts and bolts’ of the system, especially the flowering plant supporters - pollinators.

Comments: This system is complicated due to the high number of metamorphic insects, especially and Coleoptera, the larval roles sometimes belonging to quite different guilds when compared to the adults.

10.2 1 General trends by quantity (‘S’ = Shared) Sample month Orders Families Genera species Sept-Oct 4 (S 1) 29 (S 11) 68 (S 15) 70 (S 14) April 1 (S 1) 21 (S 11) 55 (S 15) 78 (S 14) Total 4 (S 1) 29 (S 11) 101 (S 15) 134 (S 14)

Comments: Four Orders, 29 Families and 68 Genera were represented by 70 species in the Sept-Oct sample. One Order, 21 Families and 63 Genera were represented by 78 species in the April sample. Four Orders, represented by 26 Families containing 112 Genera and 134 species were recorded in the combined samples. One Order, 11 Families, 15 Genera and 14 species

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 24 were shared between samples. One hundred and thirty four of 238 insect species (~56%) belonged in this guild. Using the sampling methods employed by SW only one flower-visiting Order (Lepidoptera) was recorded in the April sample. This is prpbably a sampling artifact as time constraints made opportunistic sampling of flowering plants outside of sites too challenging. Note - Non-feeding adult Lepidoptera Families (11), Genera (15) and species () are excluded from the above tallies.

10.2.2 General trends by Order (‘S’ = Shared) Four Orders, 28 Families and 67 Genera were represented by 83 species in the Sept-Oct sample. One Order, 11 Families and 42 Genera were represented by 78 species in the April sample. Four Orders, represented by 28 Families containing 111 Genera and 132 species were recorded in the combined samples Orders Families Genera species Sept-Oct April Sept-Oct April Sept-Oct April Beetles 2 0 2 0 2 0 Flies 3 0 4 0 4 0 Bees/Wasps 3 0 5 0 6 0 Butterflies & 21 (S 11) 11 (S 56 (S 14) 42 (S 14) 71 (S 15) 78 (S 15) 11) Totals 4 29 11 67 42 83 78 Combined Totals 4 29 111 132

Comments: Lepidoptera are the major pollinating Order in all samples, with moths playing the greater nocturnal aspect of the role. Indeed they are the largest macrofaunal group in HV, as they are in most complex habitat mozaics where flowering plants dominate. The April moth sample, although less diverse at the Generic level exceeded the Sept-Oct sample at the specific level. Only 15 of 132 (11%) species were shared between samples. It is also interesting to note that as most moths are nocturnal this implies that at least they are not in direct competition with diurnal honeybees and also that their host flowers are able to exude a nocturnal nectar flow. There still lies the conundrum of the ‘autumn moth flush’ as this coincides with the least amount of available nectar which begs the question of what are the moths feeding on?. Perhaps the sugary secretions of Psyllid bugs maybe part of the answer in combination with similar secretions exuded by extra floral nectaries seen in some Acacia species. This riddle needs to be solved. Note - not all flower-visiting insects are fully effective pollinators though these are included in the tallies.

25 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 11.0 Major pollinating Order Lepidoptera by site Tabular Data begins overleaf

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 11.0 Major pollinating Order Lepidoptera by site

11.1 Lepidoptera Light trap site 1 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role 4-ring 4-bar Anthela tetraphrica non-feeding adult/ April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Greybrown Anmoth leaf pruner 3-bar Whitehead Limnaecia sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT3 Cosmoth Cosmopterigidae Speckleback Macrobathra philopsamma pollinator/seed borer Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 Piedflank Saddled Cosmoth Cosmopterigidae Strong Recurve Pied Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Cosmoth Cosmoth LT6 Variable Sharpbeak Achyra affinitalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Streakscale LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Satin Brownstripe Hednota bivittella pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Longwing Cramoth Crambidae Dullflash Deepfringe Hednota crypsichroa pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Brushsnout Cramoth LT6 Crambidae Bristlenose Hednota longipalpella pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Goldflash Fringed LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Arcstreak Rayed Hednota panteucha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Longwing Cramoth Crambidae Ubiquitous Swirlbar Hellula hydralis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth Crambidae Pallid Vaguebar Metasia ochrochoa TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Delta Cramoth Crambidae Browntip Curvetail Sceliodes cordalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth Chalky Brownvein Aloa gangara pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Tiger Ermoth Erebidae Brokenstick Crested Alophosoma sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Deadwood Ermoth

26 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Erebidae Apricot-tint Pied Anestia ombrophanes pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Ermoth LT6 Erebidae Brownetch 2-blotch Cheliosea cosmeta pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Muffneck Ermoth LT6 Erebidae False Bark Diatenes aglossoides pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae 2-wave False Ericeia subsignata pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae Greystain Pied Thallarcha rhaptophora pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 Yellowcollar Ermoth Finestreak Ardozyga sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 Peppergrey Gelmoth Gelechiidae Pied Blurblotch Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Greystreak Gelmoth Geometridae Hairy Lobewing insigillata pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Grey Geomoth Geometridae Rippled Grey Fence Crypsiphona occultaria pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Geomoth Geometridae Edgeflange nr. Paramelora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT5 LT6 Crossetch Delta Geomoth Geometridae Belted Grey Bark Phrissogonus laticostata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT5 Geomoth Geometridae Piedbar Scalloped Syneora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Broadwing Geomoth Pallid Wavywing Pernattia chlorophragma non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT5 Tailtuft Lasmoth pruner Lasiocampidae Ashy Flangewing Symphyta sp. TBC non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct LT1 2-dot Lasmoth pruner Common 4-spot Nacaduba biocellata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Purpleblue Lycawing LT6 Bronzed Pied- Acontia nr. elaeoa TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 edgepatch Nocmoth

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 27 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Noctuidae Lowcrest Mottled Ectopatria contrasta pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Streakedge Nocmoth Noctuidae Brown ‘XO’ Eremochroa thermidora pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Longwing Nocmoth Noctuidae Scribbleknotch Pale- Proteuxoa heliosema pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 edge Nocmoth Noctuidae Pallid Darkcollar Proteuxoa metaneura pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 Angleflash Nocmoth Variable Multituft Nola sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT5 Delta Nolmoth Lesser Wanderer Danaus chrysippus pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Meadow Argus Junonia villida pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Australian Orange- Vanessa kershawi pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 painted Nymwing LT6 Fracture-pied Barea sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Shortwing Oecomoth Oecophoridae Coarsescale Garrha nr. absumptella TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 Orchrefleck Roundwing Oecomoth Oecophoridae Goldtint Greyfleck Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Longwing Oecomoth Oecophoridae Tufted Saddleback Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Biege Oecomoth Oecophoridae 4-patch Brownedge Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Wedge Oecomoth Oecophoridae Fewstreak nr. Artiastis sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT3 LT6 Chalkzone Wigged Oecomoth

28 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Oecophoridae Pallid Brownstreak nr. Philobota sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT3 Crest-tail Oecomoth Oecophoridae Snowedge Philobota sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Brownetch Eyelash Oecomoth Oenosandridae Ruffed Snowpatch Oenosandra boisduvalii pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT3 LT5 Blackfleck Oenomoth Greyetch Chalkedge Assara sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Aug/Sept/April LT1 LT2 Pyralmoth Pyralidae Broad Piedbelt Lasiosticha sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 LT6 Greyetch Pyralmoth Pyralidae Ash-etched nr. Meyrickiella sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 Curvehorn Pyralmoth Pyralidae Greystreak Spectrotrota fimbrialis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 Brushwing Wedge Pyralmoth Whitevein Spothip Hyles livornicoides pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Pinkhind Sphinmoth LT6 Rustytail Pied-band Monopis meloriella pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Tinmoth Xyloryctidae 2-line Greystrek Catoryctis sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 Fishtail Xylomoth Xyloryctidae Ashy Streaktip Lichenaula sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 Anglehorn Xylomoth

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 29 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role

11.2 Lepidoptera Light trap site 2 Anthelidae 4-ring 4-bar Anthela tetraphrica non-feeding adult/ April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Greybrown Anmoth leaf pruner Cosmopterigidae Fractured Pied Macrobathra nr. myriophthalma pollinator/seed borer Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT6 Longhorn Cosmoth TBC Cosmopterigidae Speckleback Macrobathra philopsamma pollinator/seed borer Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 Piedflank Saddled Cosmoth Cosmopterigidae Pied 2-bar Sidespot Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT2 LT5 Cosmoth Cosmopterigidae Pied Barhorn Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/ seed April LT2 Whitehead Cosmoth borer Cosmopterigidae Strong Recurve Pied Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Cosmoth Cosmoth LT6 Snowtransom Endoxyla coscinopa non-feeding/borer Sept/Oct LT2 Greystreak Cossmoth Crambidae Variable Sharpbeak Achyra affinitalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Streakscale LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Darkmark Beige Achyra massalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT5 Sharpbeak Cramoth Crambidae Streaked Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT2 Whitesmudge Snout Cramoth Crambidae Dullflash Deepfringe Hednota crypsichroa pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Brushsnout Cramoth LT6 Crambidae Bristlenose Hednota longipalpella pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Goldflash Fringed LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Arcstreak Rayed Hednota panteucha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Longwing Cramoth

30 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Crambidae Satin Forkstripe Hednota relatalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT5 Longnose Cramoth Crambidae Blackarm Apricot Metallarcha sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct REVEG LT2 LT3 Bluesash Cramoth Erebidae Chalky Brownvein Aloa gangara pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Tiger Ermoth Erebidae Apricot-tint Pied Anestia ombrophanes pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Ermoth LT6 Erebidae Brownetch 2-blotch Cheliosea cosmeta pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Muffneck Ermoth LT6 Erebidae False Bark Diatenes aglossoides pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae 2-wave False Ericeia subsignata pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae Darkedge Thallarcha eremicola pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT2 Piedscribble Ermoth Gelechiidae Finestreak Ardozyga sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 Peppergrey Gelmoth Gelechiidae Shaggypalp Ephysteris subdiminutella pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT2 Greyetch Brownstreak Gelmoth Gelechiidae Ochrefleck Saddled Stegasta variana pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Piedflank Gelmoth Geometridae Woody Neckmark Amphicrossa hemadelpha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT3 Roundwing Geomoth Geometridae Lined Greyspeckle Casbia sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Brownfissure Geomoth Geometridae Woody Piedcrest Chlenias sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Longwing Geomoth

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 31 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Geometridae Strongstreak Ciampa arietaria pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Keelcrest Longwing Geomoth Geometridae Grey Cross-scar Paramelora zophodesma pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT5 LT6 Delta Geomoth Geometridae Belted Grey Bark Phrissogonus laticostata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT5 Geomoth Geometridae Dashbar Beige Scopula lydia TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT6 Delta Geomoth Geometridae Piedbar Scalloped Syneora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Broadwing Geomoth Hypertrophidae Darkcape Epithetica sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Crossfissured Ashy Hypmoth Lasiocampidae Pallid Wavywing Pernattia chlorophragma non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT5 Tailtuft Lasmoth pruner Lasiocampidae Whiteflash Porela nr. galactodes non-feeding/leaf April LT2 LT3 Checkedge Grey pruner Lasmoth Lycaenidae Common 4-spot Nacaduba biocellata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Purpleblue Lycawing LT6 Noctuidae Bogong Spineleg Agrotis infusa pollinator/root Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT5 Nocmoth pruner Noctuidae Shimmer Athetis tenuis pollinator/root Sept/Oct LT2 LT3 Vaguepleat Brown pruner Nocmoth Noctuidae Highrest Silvermark Chrysodeixis argentifera pollinator/root Sept/Oct LT2 LT6 Nocmoth pruner Noctuidae Brownspeckle Hypoperigea tonsa pollinator/root Sept/Oct LT2 Creviceknot pruner Nocmoth Noctuidae Peppercrest Leucania cruegeri pollinator/root April LT2 Whiteknotch Balsa pruner Nocmoth

32 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Noctuidae Ochreknotch Pale- Proteuxoa florescens pollinator/root April LT1 LT2 end Nocmoth pruner Noctuidae Scribbleknotch Pale- Proteuxoa heliosema pollinator/root April LT1 LT2 LT3 edge Nocmoth pruner Noctuidae Pallid Darkcollar Proteuxoa metaneura pollinator/root April LT1 LT2 Angleflash Nocmoth pruner Nolidae Variable Multituft Nola sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT5 Delta Nolmoth Common Variable Ochrogaster lunifer non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct LT2 LT5 LT6 Bag Notomoth pruner Nymphalidae Lesser Wanderer Danaus chrysippus pollinator/leaf pruner Aug/Sept/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Meadow Argus Junonia villida pollinator/leaf pruner Aug/Sept/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Australian Orange- Vanessa kershawi vagrant pollinator/ Aug/Sept/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 painted Nymwing leaf pruner LT6 Oecophoridae Finegrain Grey Agriophara cinerosa TBC pollinator/dead Aug/Sept/April LT2 LT3 Robust Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oecophoridae Finegrain Grey Agriophara sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT2 Robust Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oecophoridae Coarsescale Garrha nr. absumptella TBC pollinator/dead April LT1 LT2 Orchrefleck gumleaf consumer Roundwing Oecomoth Oecophoridae Goldtint Greyfleck Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Longwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oecophoridae Greyetch Robust Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT2 Brownfoot gumleaf consumer Oecomoth Oecophoridae Ashy Beigestreak Heterozyga sp. TBC pollinator/ dead Sept/Oct LT2 Tuftwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oecophoridae Snowedge Philobota sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Brownetch Eyelash gumleaf consumer Oecomoth

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 33 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Oecophoridae Pallid Rowdot Prodelaca biseriata pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT2 Wedge Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Pyralidae Greyetch Chalkedge Assara sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Aug/Sept/April LT1 LT2 Pyralmoth Sphingidae Whitevein Spothip Hyles livornicoides pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Pinkhind Sphinmoth LT6 Tineidae Rustytail Pied-band Monopis meloriella pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Tinmoth Xyloryctidae 2-line Greystrek Catoryctis sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 Fishtail Xylomoth Xyloryctidae Ashy Streaktip Lichenaula sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 Anglehorn Xylomoth

11.3 Lepidoptera Light trap site 3 Cosmopterigidae 3-bar Whitehead Limnaecia sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT3 Cosmoth Cosmopterigidae Strong Recurve Pied Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Cosmoth Cosmoth LT6 Crambidae Variable Sharpbeak Achyra affinitalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Streakscale LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Tiltnose Darkstreak Hednota ancyclosticha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 Pallid Cramoth Crambidae Dullflash Deepfringe Hednota crypsichroa pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Brushsnout Cramoth LT6 Crambidae Bristlenose Hednota longipalpella pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Goldflash Fringed LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Brownstripe Hednota nr. odontoides TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 Anglebar Wedge Cramoth Crambidae Ubiquitous Swirlbar Hellula hydralis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth

34 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Crambidae Blackarm Apricot Metallarcha sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct REVEG LT2 LT3 Bluesash Cramoth Crambidae Checkedge Brown nr. Metasia sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT3 Delta Crambidae Checkedge Phanomorpha dapsilis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 Greyetch Delta Cramoth Erebidae Apricot-tint Pied Anestia ombrophanes pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Ermoth LT6 Erebidae Brownetch 2-blotch Cheliosea cosmeta pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Muffneck Ermoth LT6 Erebidae False Bark Diatenes aglossoides pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae 2-wave False Ericeia subsignata pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae Greystain Pied Thallarcha rhaptophora pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 Yellowcollar Ermoth Gelechiidae Darkarc Brownfleck Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 Shortwing Gelmoth Gelechiidae Darkdash Coarse- Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 LT5 etch Gelmoth Geometridae Woody Neckmark Amphicrossa hemadelpha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT3 Roundwing Geomoth Geometridae Piedbar Scalloped Syneora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Broadwing Geomoth Lasiocampidae Whiteflash Porela nr. galactodes non-feeding/leaf April LT2 LT3 Checkedge Grey pruner Lasmoth Lycaenidae Common 4-spot Nacaduba biocellata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Purpleblue Lycawing LT6 Noctuidae Shimmer Athetis tenuis pollinator/root Sept/Oct LT2 LT3 Vaguepleat Brown pruner Nocmoth

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 35 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Noctuidae Scribbleknotch Pale- Proteuxoa heliosema pollinator/root April LT1 LT2 LT3 edge Nocmoth pruner Nymphalidae Lesser Wanderer Danaus chrysippus pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Meadow Argus Junonia villida pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Australian Orange- Vanessa kershawi vagrant pollinator/ Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 painted Nymwing leaf pruner LT6 Oecophoridae Finegrain Grey Agriophara cinerosa TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT3 Robust Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oecophoridae Fewstreak nr. Artiastis sp. TBC pollinator/ dead April LT1 LT3 LT6 Chalkzone Wigged gumleaf consumer Oecomoth Oecophoridae Pallid Brownstreak nr. Philobota sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT1 LT3 Crest-tail Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oenosandridae Ruffed Snowpatch Oenosandra boisduvalii non-feeding adult/ April LT1 LT3 LT5 Blackfleck leaf pruner Oenomoth Pyralidae Cockycrest Mimaglossa nauplialis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT3 LT6 Blotchedge Wedge Pyralmoth Sphingidae Whitevein Spothip Hyles livornicoides pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Pinkhind Sphinmoth LT6 Tineidae Saddled Greyetch Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT3 Tuftcrest Tinmoth Ashy Creamedge Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT3 Wedge Tortmoth

36 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role 11.4 Lepidoptera Light trap site 5 Anthelidae 4-ring 4-bar Anthela tetraphrica non-feeding adult/ April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Greybrown Anmoth leaf pruner Cosmopterigidae Shavingstuft Leptozestis sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer Sept/Oct LT5 Darkslash Bark Cosmoth Cosmopterigidae Pied 2-bar Sidespot Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT2 LT5 Cosmoth Cosmopterigidae Strong Recurve Pied Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Cosmoth Cosmoth LT6 Cossidae Arcneck Ripplewing Endoxyla lituratus non-feeding/borer April LT5 Grey Cossmoth Crambidae Variable Sharpbeak Achyra affinitalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Streakscale LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Darkmark Beige Achyra massalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT5 Sharpbeak Cramoth Crambidae Dullflash Deepfringe Hednota crypsichroa pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Brushsnout Cramoth LT6 Crambidae Bristlenose Hednota longipalpella pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Goldflash Fringed LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Arcstreak Rayed Hednota panteucha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Longwing Cramoth Crambidae Satin Forkstripe Hednota relatalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT5 Longnose Cramoth Crambidae Ubiquitous Swirlbar Hellula hydralis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth Crambidae Browntip Curvetail Sceliodes cordalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth Erebidae Chalky Brownvein Aloa gangara pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Tiger Ermoth Erebidae Apricot-tint Pied Anestia ombrophanes pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Ermoth LT6

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 37 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Erebidae Brownetch 2-blotch Cheliosea cosmeta pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Muffneck Ermoth LT6 Erebidae False Bark Diatenes aglossoides pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae 2-wave False Ericeia subsignata pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae Greystain Pied Thallarcha rhaptophora pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 Yellowcollar Ermoth Family TBC Grey Pinpalp Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Flaretail moth Gelechiidae Darkdash Coarse- Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 LT5 etch Gelmoth Geometridae Darkfissure Grey Cleora nr. injectaria pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Broadwing Geomoth Geometridae Pallid Edgebar Chrysolarentia nr. mecynata TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Pairdot Geomoth Geometridae T-dash Toothmargin Dichromodes euprepes pollinator/leaf pruner April LT5 Delta Geomoth Geometridae Pallid Narrowing Gymnoscelis sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Longbody Geomoth Geometridae Prongtip Curveband Lipogya exprimataria TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Grey Geomoth Geometridae Angleleaf Delta Monoctenia sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT5 Broadneck Geomoth Geometridae Edgeflange nr. Paramelora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT5 LT6 Crossetch Delta Geomoth Geometridae Grey Cross-scar Paramelora zophodesma pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT5 LT6 Delta Geomoth Geometridae Belted Grey Bark Phrissogonus laticostata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT5 Geomoth Geometridae Piedbar Scalloped Syneora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Broadwing Geomoth

38 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Lasiocampidae Orangecollar Brown- Pararguda ecnoma non-feeding/leaf April LT5 pied Lasmoth pruner Lasiocampidae Pallid Wavywing Pernattia chlorophragma non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT5 Tailtuft Lasmoth pruner Lasiocampidae Whiteflash Porela nr. galactodes non-feeding/leaf April LT2 LT3 Checkedge Grey pruner Lasmoth Lasiocampidae Blackruff Paledot Symphyta sp. TBC non-feeding/leaf April LT5 Strongvein Lasmoth pruner Lycaenidae Common 4-spot Nacaduba biocellata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Purpleblue Lycawing LT6 Noctuidae Bogong Spineleg Agrotis infusa pollinator/root Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT5 Nocmoth pruner Noctuidae Pinktint Anglebar Eublemma inconspicua pollinator/root Sept/Oct LT5 Beige Nocmoth pruner Nolidae Variable Multituft Nola sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT5 Delta Nolmoth Notodontidae Checkedge Antimima corystes TBC non-feeding/leaf April LT5 Streaktip Deadwood pruner Notomoth Notodontidae Rayed Greybrown Gen. TBC sp. TBC non-feeding/leaf April LT5 Tuft-tip Notomoth pruner Notodontidae Common Variable Ochrogaster lunifer non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct LT2 LT5 LT6 Bag Notomoth pruner Nymphalidae Lesser Wanderer Danaus chrysippus pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Meadow Argus Junonia villida pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Australian Orange- Vanessa kershawi vagrant pollinator/ Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 painted Nymwing leaf pruner LT6 Oecophoridae Palehead Chrysonoma sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT5 Whitesaddle Pied gumleaf consumer Oecomoth

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 39 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Oecophoridae Brown Tailcrest Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT5 Beige Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oenosandridae Ruffed Snowpatch Oenosandra boisduvalii non-feeding adult/ April LT1 LT3 LT5 Blackfleck leaf pruner Oenomoth Sootedge Brown Sphenarches anisodactylus pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Pteromoth Pterophoridae 2-branch Blackbrush Stangeia xerodes pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Pteromoth Pyralidae Ashy Longwing Ephestiopsis nr. oenobarella TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Vaguebelt Pyralmoth Pyralidae Broad Piedbelt Lasiosticha sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 LT6 Greyetch Pyralmoth Sphingidae Whitevein Spothip Hyles livornicoides pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Pinkhind Sphinmoth LT6 Xyloryctidae 2-line Greystrek Catoryctis sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 Fishtail Xylomoth

11.5 Lepidoptera Light trap site 6 Anthelidae 4-ring 4-bar Anthela tetraphrica non-feeding adult/ April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Greybrown Anmoth leaf pruner Cosmopterigidae Fractured Pied Macrobathra nr. myriophthalma pollinator/seed borer Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT6 Longhorn Cosmoth TBC Cosmopterigidae Strong Recurve Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Pied Cosmoth LT6 Crambidae Variable Sharpbeak Achyra affinitalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Streakscale LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Dullflash Deepfringe Hednota crypsichroa pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Brushsnout Cramoth LT6 Crambidae Bristlenose Hednota longipalpella pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Goldflash Fringed LT6 Cramoth

40 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Crambidae Arcstreak Rayed Hednota panteucha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Longwing Cramoth Crambidae Ubiquitous Swirlbar Hellula hydralis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth Crambidae Pied Ringedge Delta Nacoleia mesochlora pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT6 Cramoth Crambidae Browntip Curvetail Sceliodes cordalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth Erebidae Chalky Brownvein Aloa gangara pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Tiger Ermoth Erebidae Apricot-tint Pied Anestia ombrophanes pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Ermoth LT6 Erebidae Brownetch 2-blotch Cheliosea cosmeta pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Muffneck Ermoth LT6 Erebidae False Bark Diatenes aglossoides pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Erebidae 2-wave False Ericeia subsignata pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 Gelechiidae Ashfleck Coal Ardozyga cryptosperma TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Pinpalp Gelmoth Gelechiidae Convergepalp Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT6 Finestreak Brown Gelmoth Geometridae Blackcurve Ochre- Dichromodes sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT6 edge Delta Geomoth Geometridae Edgeflange Paramelora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT5 LT6 Crossetch Delta Geomoth Geometridae Grey Cross-scar Paramelora zophodesma pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT5 LT6 Delta Geomoth Geometridae Dashbar Beige Scopula lydia TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT6 Delta Geomoth Lycaenidae Common 4-spot Nacaduba biocellata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Purpleblue Lycawing LT6

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 41 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Noctuidae Lowcrest Crevice- Agrotis munda pollinator/root Sept/Oct LT6 knot Nocmoth pruner Noctuidae Highrest Silvermark Chrysodeixis argentifera pollinator/root Sept/Oct LT2 LT6 Nocmoth pruner Noctuidae Native Budworm Helicoverpa punctigera pollinator/root Sept/Oct LT6 Nocmoth pruner Nolidae Rippled Beige Austrocarea iocephala pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Wedge Nolmoth Notodontidae Common Variable Ochrogaster lunifer non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct LT2 LT5 LT6 Bag Notomoth pruner Nymphalidae Lesser Wanderer Danaus chrysippus pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Meadow Argus Junonia villida pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 Nymphalidae Australian Orange- Vanessa kershawi vagrant pollinator/ Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 painted Nymwing leaf pruner LT6 Oecophoridae Epauletted Fissured Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT6 Grey Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oecophoridae Goldtint Greyfleck Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Longwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer Oecophoridae Fewstreak nr. Artiastis sp. TBC pollinator/ dead April LT1 LT3 LT6 Chalkzone Wigged gumleaf consumer Oecomoth Oecophoridae Satin Brownetch Eulechria sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT6 Shortwing gumleaf consumer Oecomoth Oecophoridae Snowedge Philobota sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Brownetch Eyelash gumleaf consumer Oecomoth Pyralidae 2-dot Beadpalp Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Greyetch Pyralmoth Pyralidae Broad Piedbelt Lasiosticha sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 LT6 Greyetch Pyralmoth

42 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Family Common name Genus species Adult/larval/ Sample month/s Site code/s nymphal eco-role Pyralidae Cockycrest Mimaglossa nauplialis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT3 LT6 Blotchedge Wedge Pyralmoth Sphingidae Whitevein Spothip Hyles livornicoides pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Pinkhind Sphinmoth LT6 Tineidae Rustytail Pied-band Monopis meloriella pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Tinmoth Tortricidae Crested Wingtuft Gen. TBC sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Greywedge Tortmoth Tortricidae Ashback Browntint Strepsicrates macropetana pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Tent Tortmoth

11.3 Lepidoptera - all light trap sites summary

Red = peaks, Blue = troughs Site code Families Families Families Genera Genera Genera species Sept/ species species Total Sept/Oct April shared Sept/Oct April shared Oct April shared species LT1 17 14 12 21 40 9 21 44 9 56 LT2 16 13 10 27 34 11 45 43 9 60 LT3 8 11 5 13 27 8 13 30 8 35 LT5 15 16 7 25 33 9 25 33 9 54 LT6 14 10 6 22 24 7 21 27 7 42 Combined Total 25 Families 107 Genera 136 species Comments : LT1 and LT2 shared the most biodiversity peaks at all ordinal levels for the Order Lepidoptera in spite of having the highest edge effect exposures. These sites were both characterised by each having two keystone Eucalyptus species present within their light cones LT1 (E. loxophleba and E. leptopoda); LT2 (E. ewartiana and E. stowardii) LT5 had the highest Family level peak in the April sample. This was possibly due to the level of shelter offered by its aspect and position within a thicket, relative to prevailing wind direction. LT3 experienced the most biodiversity troughs though this is misleading when measured against low light cone penetration vs surrounding floral biodiversity. Biodiversity was among the highest for all light trap sites as well as having low wind exposure. The issue for LT3 was the density of the immediate floral catchment resulting in a low light cone penetration.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 43 12.0 Revegetation and Opportunistic Observations

Photo 9 - Acacia victoriae (Bramble Wattle) old cohort REVEG west of farmhouse late Sept 2014.

Photo 10 - Flowering Duboisia hopwoodii (Pituri) late Sept 2014 opportunistically recorded at eastern boundary.

44 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Photo 11 - Ricinocarpus velutinus from late cohort planting in south-eastern sector of property blossomed well in late spring 2014 attracting many flower-visiting and sap-sucking insects. 12.1. General trends - Insect and spider biodiversity S = shared Eight Orders, 34 Families and 43 Genera were represented by 43 species in the Sept-Oct sample. Four Orders, seven Families and eight Genera were represented by eight species in the April sample. Eight Orders, represented by 37 Families containing 48 Genera and 49 species were recorded in the combined samples. Four species were shared. REVEG Orders Families Genera Species Sept-Oct 8 (S= 3) 34 (S= 4) 43 (S= 4) 43 (S= 4) April 4 (S= 3) 7 (S= 4) 8 (S= 4) 8 (S= 4) Totals 8 37 48 49

Comments: The spring sample biodiversity at the species level is over five times greater than that of the autumn sample. This is not unexpected. The much higher spring sample can be strongly correlated with the flowering herbs, weeds, shrubs and saplings present in revegetation areas and adjacent remnants. Most of the opportunistically observed species were encountered in pasture areas abutting remnants and/or revegetation areas whilst the author was in transit between study sites. The general features of these species were that they were common, widespread and mobile (vagile). 12.2 General trends - Insect and spider biodiversity by ecological role and species numbers Seventeen species of predators, six parasites/parasitoids, 11 leaf pruners, six sap suckers, six scavengers, 15 pollinators and one non-feeding adult species were represented in the Sept-Oct sample. Four predators/parasitoids, no parasites, four leaf pruners, no sap suckers, two scavengers, three pollinators and one non-feeding adult species were represented in the April sample. Seventeen species of predators, six parasites/parasitoids, 14 leaf pruners, six sap suckers, six scavengers, 18 pollinators and one non-feeding adult species were recorded in the combined samples. Twelve of 134 flower-visiting insect species (9%) were only encountered on flowering REVEG plants.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 45 REVEG Predators Parasites Leaf pruners Sap Scavengers Pollinators Non-feeding suckers adults Sept-Oct 17 6 11 6 6 15 1 April 4 0 4 0 2 3 1 Totals 17 6 14 6 6 18 1

Comments: Whilst this data represents only two samples most counts appear re-assuring. Because of the ages of the two established plantings one would not expect a large number of scavenger/detritivores as the leaf litter deposits are minimal. The autumn figures are significantly lower as one might expect due to minmal flowering. The high predator/parasite count (23 spp.) versus potential sampled prey/host (39 spp.) implies that there are more prey/host species to be potentially found opportunistically and in revegetation areas. 13.0 PHYLUM Chordata

Comments: No amphibians were recorded in either sample. The probable reason was the period (approx. three weeks) after the two major rainfall events when both spring and autumn samples commenced. As most frogs in this bioregion are evolved to be quick responders to arid zone major rainfall events calling, breeding and growth patterns are accelerated. 13.1 Class Reptilia

13.1.1 Order ( and Snakes) Two Families, represented by two Genera and two species of lizards were recorded in the Sept-Oct sample. One Family, represented by one Genus and one species of was recorded in the April sample.

Comments: The two largest terrestrial vertebrate predators occurring in this region are the monitors Varanus giganteus (Perenty) and V. p. panoptes (Yellow-spotted Monitor). They were both observed on the property, the Perenty recorded by camera trap set by Jenny Borger in Remnant 3. 13.2 Suborder Lacertilia (Lizards)

13.2.1 Scincidae ( Lizards, or Scinclizards) One Genus and one species was recorded in the Sept-Oct sample. No were observed in the April sample.

Comments: The majority of skinks in this region are terrestrial and therefore prone to trapping using a combination of pitfall and funnel traps. This type of trapping program was deemed to be out of scope for these surveys. The author encountered a skink that strongly resembled the threatened Gilled Slender Blue-tongue ( branchialis - IUCN LISTED) that escaped into a home burrow close to LT3. Given the potential for skink injury during burrow excavation and resulting home burrow destruction it was deemed too much of a high risk to effect an ID using this method. No camera traps were available for use in the spring survey. The second threatened lizard species Stokes’ Skink (Egernia stokesii badia) was predicted to have a high probability of being recorded on the property based on the type of rock outcroppings present high in the landscape. Camera traps may be the most effective way to confirm their presence.

13.2.2 Varandiae (Monitor Lizards, Goannas, or Varalizards) One Genus and one species was recorded in the Sept-Oct sample. Another member of the same Genus was captured on a camera trap set by Jenny Borger in February in remnant 3 and checked during the April sample.

Comments: The presence of two high order predators on the property suggests that the food chain is sufficiently robust to maintain adults. This food chain maintenance may ironically come through illegal kangaroo shooting evidenced to the author by multiple carcasses lying in paddocks.

46 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 14.0 Conclusions

The following key conclusions may be drawn from the the two surveys.

14.1 Control Data There is a need for control data from valley floor to rocky peaks. 14.2 Honeybees Honeybee infestation levels appear to be manageble. 14.3 Revegetation The two older age cohorts in the revegetation program are attracting native fauna, including pollinators, predators and parasitoids. 14.4 Revegetation Flowering The oldest cohort in the revegetation program is of sufficient age to start producing bud and flowers. I would expect some Eucalypts to put out their first flowers next season based on observed bud development. This will increase the attractiveness to native invertebrates. 14.5 Remnant Macroinvertebrate Biodiversity General remnant macroinvertebrate samples appear moderately high in light of the absence of control data. 14.6 Top Order Predators The presence of two top order reptilian predators in the form of the Perenty (Varanus giganteus) and the Yellow-spotted Monitor (Varanus p. panoptes) suggest a sufficiently stable food chain to support them. 14.7 Preferred Sampling Model Spineless Wonders normally employs a sampling model designed to embrace a larger temporal coverage of the macrofaunal biodiversity cascade that occurs at a sample locality throughout the seasons. This model involves a three (rather than two) survey regime applied at periods likely to provide the most species rich result per dollar invested. 14.8 New Biodiversity Records A significant proportion of the macroinvertebrate fauna sampled in these two surveys involve a combination of new records for the region at the familial, generic and specific levels. The sample is also likely to contain either known, though undescribed species, and new species. Unfortunately funding levels and scoping are insufficient to confirm new discoveries. 14.9 The Edge Effect The edge effect was apparent in descending order LT2, LT1, LT5, LT6, LT3. 14.10 The LT3 Anomaly LT3 biodiversity results, whilst being the lowest in the five sample site array, were more a function of the density of nearby vegetation resulting in a smaller light catchment. The quality of the nearby vegetation was the highest and edge effect lowest.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 47 15.0 Recommendations

Aim: To provide recommendations designed to stabilise and improve conservation and revegetation outcomes for the survey area.

15.1 Control sites Based on the advice of the consulting botanist control sites should be established throughout the local landscape so that sample data from HV and other Auscarbon managed properties can be compared with control benchmarks. 15.2 Honeybees 15.2.1 Competition The introduced Honeybee competes for limited nectar, pollen and hollow resources. I believe some displacement took place not long after early European settlement of the region. The current pollination profile includes the more robust ‘honeybee-resistant’ pollinators and those species not directly or immediately affected by them. Feral honeybee control measures are failing because they are not integrated with other jurisdictions, plus the lack of functional monitoring protocols. Continual reinvasion by new queens in swarms from unsupervised and possibly unregistered ‘backyarder’ hives totally devalue the investment into control by conservation groups. Almost all flowering weeds are exclusively pollinated by honeybees. This oversight is never factored into weed control programs thus rendering them virtually ineffective through a misunderstanding of how fertile seed is created. 15.2.2 Best practice honeybee control would include; • The establishment of a functional six kilometre hive-free buffer zone around land managed for conservation purposes – as it is from uncontrolled sources that swarms continually reinvade control areas adding to maintenance costs. • Inspections at swarming time to ensure no feral hives have established new hives within areas managed for conservation. • Professional and non-professional apiarists need to be educated on the impact of placing hives at the boundary of conservation areas. • If a targeted apiarist education program were successful then the control costs of flowering weeds pollinated by honeybees would decrease. This would result in a meaningful duel offset in the conservation and weed control areas. They are effectively breaking the law by allowing their ‘flock’ to graze inside conservation areas with impunity. 15.2.3 Honeybee removal Some care needs to be taken with honeybee removal. If it can be demonstrated that they have displaced the original native pollinators and reinvasion of displaced species is unlikely then the pollination services supplied by the bees should not be denied. Pollinator denial would affect the long-term survival of some (honeybee-favoured) plant species. Remove honeybees and there will be few native species available to resume natural pollination patterns. 15.2.4 Evidentiary photography With the advent of digital photography comes a cheap way to record evidence of honeybee exploitation of the native nectar and pollen pools. At the same time evidence for pollination and downstream seed set of weeds can be recorded.

48 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 15.3 REVEG Pest Control In order to keep on top of potentially expensive costs associated with controlling pest species in revegetation areas (e.g. ‘sandalwood ringbark weevil’) I would advise that on-ground staff be encouraged to at least visually record (camera/phone) any species encountered during the planting and monitoring process. Even better, staff could be supplied vials in which they could deposit specimens with plant species, date, plot, and collector’s name and store in freezer. These collections could be then submitted to Spineless Wonders for interpretation. Over time a more comprehensive analysis could be generated that would inform cost- saving damage amelioration strategies in the future across all Auscarbon properties. 15.4 Future planting stategies 15.4.1 Facilation of native pollinators into large planting blocks Early maturing ‘high pollinator attraction’ flowering species could be planted in a radial pattern (spokes) which allow pollinator penetration into the centre of the plots. 15.4.2 Protection of planted species vulnerable to exploitation by ‘pest’ species To date the most costly control measures involve the spraying of Sandalwood plantings against attack by a local weevil species (pers. comm. Geoff Macarthur). This species is yet to be identified. Spraying costs (~$30,000 pers. comm. Geoff Macarthur) could be reduced by planting Sandalwood in the centre of large plots by creating a barrier to female weevils seeking host plants on which to lay their eggs. The females are attracted by the odour of these plants from downwind. With the prevailing winds in mind, having a buffer containing plants producing a ‘non target volatiles mask’ would make it less likely that female weevils can smell their way into the Sandalwood planting. Further, the linear Sandalwood plantings should have their linear axes well separated and aligned in the direction of the prevailing winds. 15.5 Sample Model The Spineless Wonders best case pragmatic sampling model is based on the temporal cascade of macroinvertebrate life histories and cycles rather than using inappropriate vertebrate models. We would reccommend that future samples from Auscarbon properties are based on a three season sample rather than two. Too many species are missed in the latter model. In the perfect world the real breadth of the macrofaunal biodiversity could only be captured by samples taken in every third week of an annual cycle. 15.6 Local awareness raising strategy In the interests of public relations with landholders bordering Hill View we reccomend that hard copies of this report be distributed as a complimentary personel reference point to local wildlife.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 49 16.0 Acknowledgements

The following list of people/organisations provided generous and congenial assistance with the compilation and identification tasks required for the preparation of this report and/or assitance in the field.

Note: Any errors of are the responsibility and oversight of the author.

Jenny Borger Botanical Consultant Perth.

Kent Broad Director Auscarbon, Perth. General support.

Andrew Huggett Ornithological Consultant InSight Ecology Coffs Harbour, NSW.

Geoff Macarthur Operations and Resources Auscarbon PTY Ltd.

Phil and Laurie North Local information and sample assistance. Morawa.

Michael Powell Reference Book Access Perth.

Ray Wilson Executive Director Auscarbon, Perth. General support.

Robert Whyte http://www.arachne.org.au Honorary Associate, Queensland Museum, author of forthcoming “A Field Guide to the Spiders of Australia” for CSIRO Publishing – ID Spiders Brisbane, Qld.

50 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 17.0 Web Resources

A large amount of public domain database material dealing with the subject matter can be sourced on the web, whilst other subscriber-based material was not accessed due to cost factors. Access to this material can be gained through employing a search engine like Google. Due to the size of this resource, the emphemeral nature of some sites and scope of this report, it was deemed inappropriate to list all sources.

17.1 General FloraBase 2.7.1 - The Western Australian Flora. Department of Environment and Conservation (now DPaW as from July 2013). http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/ [accessed September 2013-May 2015]. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/home http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm http://anic.ento.csiro.au/database/biota_details.aspx?BiotaID=26413 17.2 Moths http://www.ento.csiro.au/anic/moths.html http://www.flickr.com/photos/dhobern/sets/72157604415035404/ http://esperancewildlife.blogspot.com/ http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/moths.html http://www.pbase.com/larena/butterflies_moths http://www.leapfrogoz.com.au/LeapFrogz/Moth_Identification.html http://www.lepbarcoding.org/australia/index.php http://www.tortricidae.com/ 17.3 Ants http://anic.ento.csiro.au/ants/ 17.4 Bees http://www.aussiebee.com.au/ 17.5 Bugs http://www1.dpi.nsw.gov.au/keys/auch/index.html

http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:80af3bb3-7940-4add-9696-af8d061ca49 8;jsessionid=0DB7192A10FD96982924131AE2F45B2A 17.6 Flies http://www.diptera.info/photogallery.php 17.7 Centipedes http://www.ces.csiro.au/biology/centipedes/centipedeKey.html 17.8 Millipedes http://books.google.com.au/books?id=BJzFnCunVxsC&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=Ommatoiulus+mo reletii+displacement&source=bl&ots=h1X8cYZfN2&sig=iqPeFitnd-f7akqtDLwI7VQxqes&hl=en&sa=X& e=8d36Tva2COmPiAePnZzGAQ&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Ommatoiulus%20moreletii%20 displacement&f=false pp 265-270. 17.9 Spiders http://www.flickr.com/photos/australianspiders/ http://www.arachne.org.au/ http://www.findaspider.org.au/

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 51 18.0 References

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52 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Dell J., & Mcgauran D.J. (1981) Western Australian Museum Records Supplement 13 IV Birds of East Yuna and Bindoo Hill Nature Reserves and Adjacent Areas. Part 14, 67–93.

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54 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 19.0 Photographic Inventory

1st line – Order

2nd line – Family

3rd line – Common name

4th line – Scientific name

5th line – Measurement, Sample month, Light trap site code and Predictive (possibly occuring at Hill View; requiring confirmation.)

Photo Caption Abbreviations

BL Body Length

M and F Male and Female

nr. Near to

opp. Opportunistically observed

REVEG Revegetation areas

site Pitfall and light trap sites (where relevant)

SVL Snout Vent Length

TBC To Be Confirmed

TL Total Length

WL Wing (forewing) Length to middle of head

WS Wing Span

Species either of foreign or native origin, that are of concern (negative ^ or positive) to agriculture or other human activities. * Species with an aquatic aspect to their life history.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 55 Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida

Order Araneae Order Araneae Family Araneidae Family Araneidae Variable Tuberculated Orb Araspider (imm.) F Spectacled Grey Hat Araspider (imm.) Backobourkia heroine TBC Dolophones sp. TBC BL 10.1 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 BL 4.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

Order Araneae Order Araneae Family Corinnidae Family Desidae Rowdot Bartail Spineleg Corispider Abandoned Communal Desispider ©Jenny Borger Ticopa longbottomi TBC M Phrygonporus sp. nest Acacia ramulosa BL 7.2 mm Apr. LT2 Sep. Opp.

Order Araneae Order Araneae Family TBC Family Lamponidae Mygalomorph or Lycosid Trapdoor spider burrow Blackfront Layerback Longwaist Lamspider (abandoned) ©Jenny Borger Gen. sp. TBC Apr. Opp. BL 12.9 mm Apr. LT3

56 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida

Order Araneae Order Araneae Family Lycosidae Family Lycosidae Shuttlecock Burrow Lycospider ©Jenny Borger Pallid Herringbone Eyestripe Lycospider Dingosa serrata Dingosa serrata Sep.-Oct/Apr.. near LT3 BL 7.6mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. near LT3

Order Araneae Order Araneae Family Lycosidae Family Lycosidae Lycopider burrow ©Jenny Borger Blackneck Barbelly Lycospider Gen. sp. TBC Venator immansueta M Sep. Opp. BL 11.5 mm Sep.- Oct. LT6 LT1

Order Araneae Order Araneae Family Lycosidae Family Miturgidae Blackneck Barbelly Lycospider Great Stripetop Spotflank Mitspider Venator immansueta F (gravid) Miturga agelenina BL 13.8 mm Apr. REVEG BL 22.3 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5 Opp.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 57 Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida

Order Araneae Order Araneae Family Oxyopidae Family Oxyopidae Vaguestripe Taildash Greybrown Oxyspider Vaguestripe Taildash Greybrown Oxyspider Oxyopes sp. TBC F Ricinocarpus velutinus Oxyopes sp. TBC M Ricinocarpus velutinus BL 5.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5 REVEG BL 5.5 mm Sep. - Oct. LT5 REVEG

Order Araneae Order Araneae Family Salticidae Family Thomisidae Sooty Bronzeback Pinleg Salspider Variable Flower Thospider Gen. sp. TBC Diaea sp. TBC F Ricinocarpus velutinus BL 5.9 mm Apr. LT3 BL 5.7 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG

Phylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca

Order Isopoda Family Armadillidae Gutterneck Sawtooth Vaguemottle Armaslater Buddelundia sp. TBC BL 14.5 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

58 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 1 Class Chilopoda

Order Scolopendrida Order Scutigerida Family Scolopendridae Family Scutigeridae Racing Tailband Day Scolochilopede Racing Tailband Day Scutichilopede Scolopendra laeta (subadult) Allotheruea sp. TBC BL 42.7 mm Apr. LT3 BL 42.7 mm Apr. LT6

Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Blattodea Order Blattodea Family Blattidae Family Blattidae Wingless Creamring Brownleg Blatroach Wingless Darkedge Brown Blatroach © Jenny Borger Anemesia frenchii Melanozosteria sp. TBC BL 39.7 mm April LT2 Sept Opp.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 59 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Blattodea Order Blattodea Family Ectobiidae Family Ectobiidae Brown Spotneck Netwing Ectoroach Ornate Glassedge Speckleback Ectoroach Balta sp.1 TBC Balta sp. 2 TBC F WL 15.5 mm Sept.-Oct. LT1 WL 16.6 mm Sept.-Oct. LT2 LT3

Order Blattodea Order Blattodea Family Ectobiidae Family Ectobiidae Ornate Glassedge Speckleback Ectoroach Blackhead Brown Ectoroach Balta sp. 2 TBC M Neotemnoteryx fulva WL 13.7 mm Sept.-Oct. LT2 LT3 WL 15.5 mm Apr. LT2 LT3

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Buprestidae Family Carabidae Orangeback Blueneck Acacia Bubeetle Blackhead Patterned Bark Carabeetle Castiarina parallelipennis Acacia victoriae Anomotarus crudelis BL 12.5 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG BL 6.5 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT6

60 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Carabidae Family Carabidae Green Smallfront Stinking Carabeetle Lined Long Sutureneck Carabeetle Calosoma schayeri Clivina sp. TBC (teneral) BL 20.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 REVEG BL 5.4 mm Apr. LT3

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Carabidae Family Carabidae Longbristle Bighead Black Carabeetle Lineback Tootharm Glossblack Carabeetle Gen. sp. TBC Hypharpax ranula BL 22.7 mm Apr. LT5 BL 7.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Carabidae Family Carabidae Swellbrow Smallneck Lineback Carabeetle Copperbronze Broadback Carabeetle nr. Notioba sp. TBC nr. Oodes sp. BL 13.8 mm Apr. LT5 BL 13.1 mm Apr. LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 61 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Carabidae Family Cerambycidae Glossbrown Combshin Broadneck Carabeetle Slender Darkbrown Bigeye Cerabeetle Phorticosomus edelii TBC Gen. sp. TBC BL 14.9 mm Sep.-Oct. Opp. BL 16.5 mm Apr. LT6

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Chrysomelidae Family Chrysomelidae Brownmottle Smoothneck Roughback Chrysobeetle Piedshoulder Beige Longicorn Chrysobeetle Cadmus sp. TBC Mecynodera sp. TBC BL 6.1 mm Apr. LT6 BL 15.0 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 LT5

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Cleridae Family Cleridae Coarsedimple Darkbrown Night Cleribeetle Clubbed Metallic Carcasse Cleribeetle Eunatalis sp. TBC Necrobia rufipes BL 15.8 mm Apr. LT2 BL 6.6 mm Sep.-Oct. Opp.

62 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Curculionidae Family Dytiscidae Brownmottle Longbristle Palethroat Curweevil Blackdimple Linedot Dytibeetle ‘Prosayleus’ nr. latipennis TBC ^Eretes nr. australis TBC BL 5.6 mm Apr. LT3 BL 15.1 mm Apr. LT1

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Elateridae Family Elateridae Shortback Broadbrown Elabeetle Flangehorn Squareneck Brown Elabeetle Agrypnus sp. TBC Gen. sp. 1 TBC BL 16.7 mm Apr. LT1 BL 6.3 mm Apr. LT1

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Elateridae Family Geotrupidae Resin Thornspine Elabeetle Lesser Western Autumn Geobeetle Gen. sp. 2 TBC Bolbolaeus parvicollis M (minor) BL 13.2 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT2 LT5 BL 15.1 mm Apr. LT5

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 63 Phylum Uniramia 2

Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Histeridae Family Scarabaeidae Scarhip Greenbottle Carcasse Histbeetle Darkbrown Oiltint Blondbelly Meloscarabeetle Saprinus sp. TBC Colpochila sp. TBC BL 6.5 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. Opp. BL 25.2 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Scarabaeidae Family Scarabaeidae Coal Linehair Flower Scarabeetle Brown Sidedimple Dynascarabeetle Gen. sp. TBC Acacia victoriae Neodon nr. pecuarius TBC F BL 6.0 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG BL 15.3 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

Order Coleoptera Order Coleoptera Family Tenebrionidae Family Trogidae Rotund Shieldneck Roughback Tenebeetle Blunt Linescute Trobeetle Omolipus sp. TBC Omorgus sp. 1 TBC BL 6.6 mm Apr. LT2 LT3 BL 11.1 mm Sept-Oct LT6

64 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera Family Trogidae Sharp Linescute Trobeetle Omorgus sp. 2 TBC BL 14.2 mm Apr. LT2

Order Diptera Order Diptera Family Asilidae Family Asilidae Bellydash Blackthigh Grey Asilfly Bellydash Blackthigh Grey Asilfly Gen. sp. TBC M Gen. sp. TBC F BL 18.1 mm Apr. LT3 BL 14.6 mm Apr. LT3

Order Diptera Order Diptera Family Bombyliidae Family Muscidae Whitebelt Brownfuzz Bomfly Australian Bush Muscafly Villa sp. TBC Duboisia hopwoodii Acacia victoriae Musca vetustissima WL 18.5 mm Sep.-Oct. Opp. REVEG BL 5.6 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. Opp. REVEG LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 65 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Diptera Order Diptera Family Nemestrinidae Family Syrphidae Orangeflank Fuzzneck Nemfly Grey and Cream Compact Syrfly Gen. sp. TBC Ricinocarpus velutinus Gen. sp. TBC Acacia victoriae Ricinicarpus velutinus WL 4.5 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG WL 8.6 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG LT6

Order Diptera Order Diptera Family Syrphidae Family Tachinidae Common Yellow Syrfly Coal Neckstreak Bristletail Tachfly Simosyrphus grandicornis Duboisia hopwoodii. Gen. sp. TBC WL 8.5 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG Opp. WL 9.8 mm Sept-Oct LT6

Order Diptera Order Diptera Family Tephritidae Family Therevidae Blotchwing Rainbow-eye Tepfly Stripeneck Resinback Therfly Gen. sp. TBC Ricinocarpus velutinus Gen. sp. TBC WL 11.2 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG BL 9.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT6

66 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Alydidae Family Aphrophoridae Common Longthigh Wattlepod Alybug Whitebar Bandsnout Roundwing Aphrohopper Melanacanthus scutellaris Bathyllus sp. TBC Ricinocarpus velutinus WL 12.2 mm Apr. LT1 WL 4.4 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Cicadellidae Family Cicadellidae Brown Mottleneck Glasswing Cicahopper Redtint Opaque Dotwing Cicahopper Gen. sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 4.7 mm Sep.-Oct. LT3 WL 4.7 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Corixidae Family Flatidae Compact Yellowface Corixibug Longwing White-edge Jade Flahopper ^Agraptocorixa sp. TBC Siphanta nr. angustata TBC Duboisia hopwoodii WL 6.2 mm Apr. TBC LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 6.8 mm Sep.-Oct. Opp.

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 67 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Fulgoridae Family Membracidae Brown Longnose Bandeye Fulhopper Curveblade Whiteflank Brown Memhopper Rentinus dilatatus nr. Pogonella sp. TBC Duboisia hopwoodii WL 22.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT6 WL 5.8 mm Sep.-Oct. Opp.

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Miridae Family Monophlebidae Rustydot Blackfoot Miribug Puckered Rimwaist Monobug ©Jenny Borger Gen. sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 4.9 mm Sept-Oct LT6 Nov.

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Monophlebidae Family Notonectidae Puckered Rimwaist Monobug ©Jenny Borger Orangeneck Fullkeel Notobug Gen. sp. TBC ^Anisops thienemanni Nov. BL 7.4 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5

68 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Pentatomidae Family Pentatomidae Black Neckstripe Whiteband Pentabug Ochred Whitepatch Lime Pentabug Aplerotus maculatus Occirrhoe sp. TBC WL 11.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT2 LT6 WL 7.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Pentatomidae Family Reduviidae Sootyscute Whitedot Trunk Pentabug Metaldash-edge Strongleg Redubug Oncocoris apicalis Gen. sp. TBC (nymph) WL 22.8 mm Sep.-Oct. LT6 WL 6.5 mm Apr. LT2

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Reduviidae Family Ricaniidae Pegscute Checkedge Toothneck Redubug 4-piedsash Delta Ricahopper Oncocephalus sp. TBC Euricania nr. pedicellata TBC Ricinocarpus velutinus WL 11.7 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT3 WL 7.4 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 69 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Hemiptera Order Hemiptera Family Scutelleridae Family Scutelleridae Blackmottle Brown Scubug Blackmottle Brown Scubug Choerocoris variegatus (nymph) Ricinocarpus velutinus Choerocoris variegatus Ricinocarpus velutinus BL 9.5 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG BL 10.8 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG

Order Hemiptera Order Hymenoptera Family Scutelleridae Family Apidae Greenedge Beige Scubug Blue-banded Apibee Coleotichus costatus Acacia victoriae Amegilla sp. TBC BL 12.5 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG BL 13.6 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

Order Hymenoptera Order Hymenoptera Family Apidae Family Braconidae European Domestic Apibee Dotwing Whitebelly Redneck Bracwasp Apis mellifera (worker) Acacia victoriae Callibracon sp. TBC F BL 13.1 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT3 LT5 LT6 REVEG WL 9.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1

70 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Hymenoptera Order Hymenoptera Family Braconidae Family Crabronidae Blackhorn Brown Bracwasp Yellowpied Longhorn Rustleg Crawasp Gen. sp. TBC Rhopalum sp. TBC Acacia victoriae WL 6.3 mm Apr. LT1 WL 6.0 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG

Order Hymenoptera Order Hymenoptera Family Formicidae Family Formicidae Brownfront Blackback Bighead Ant Common Dullsheen Meat Ant Camponotus sp. TBC (alate Queen) Iridomyrmex greensladei (worker) BL 18.6 mm Apr. LT6 BL 10.3 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 REVEG

Order Hymenoptera Order Hymenoptera Family Ichneumonidae Family Pompilidae Eyeblush Rusty Night Ichwasp Plainback Orangepied Pomwasp Netelia sp. TBC Cryptocheilus tuberculatus F Acacia victoriae BL 20.6 mm Apr. LT2 WL 25.1 mm Sept-Oct REVEG

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 71 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Hymenoptera Order Hymenoptera Family Pompilidae Family Pompilidae Blackhead Darktip Orange Pomwasp Silverband Blackwing Pomwasp Cryptocheilus sp. TBC M Duboisia hopwoodii Turneromyia venator F Duboisia hopwoodii WL 17.0 mm Sept-Oct Opp. WL 12.2 mm Sept-Oct Opp.

Order Hymenoptera Order Hymenoptera Family Pompilidae Family Sphecidae Silverband Blackwing Pomwasp ©Jenny Borger Great Brownwing Sphecwasp Turneromyia venator F (Venator immansueta Lycosidae) Sphex (Sphex) vestitus F Sep. Opp. BL 23.5 mm Sep.-Oct. Opp.

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Anthelidae Family Cosmopterigidae 4-ring 4-bar Greybrown Anmoth Shavingstuft Darkslash Bark Cosmoth Anthela tetraphrica Leptozestis sp. TBC WL 24.7mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 WL 5.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

72 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Cosmopterigidae Family Cosmopterigidae 3-bar Whitehead Cosmoth Fractured Pied Longhorn Cosmoth Limnaecia sp. TBC Macrobathra nr. myriophthalma TBC F WL 4.9 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 WL 6.6 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT2 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Cosmopterigidae Family Cosmopterigidae Fractured Pied Longhorn Cosmoth Speckleback Piedflank Saddled Cosmoth Macrobathra nr. myriophthalma TBC M Macrobathra philopsamma M WL 6.6 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT2 LT6 WL 5.8 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT2

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Cosmopterigidae Family Cosmopterigidae Pied 2-bar Sidespot Cosmoth Pied Barhorn Whitehead Cosmoth Macrobathra sp. TBC Macrobathra sp. TBC M WL 7.5 mm Apr. LT2 LT5 WL 7.7 mm Apr. LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 73 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Cosmopterigidae Family Cosmopterigidae Strong Recurve Pied Cosmoth Strong Recurve Pied Cosmoth Macrobathra sp. TBC F Macrobathra sp. TBC M WL 6.9 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 8.2 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Cossidae Family Cossidae Snowtransom Greystreak Cossmoth Arcneck Ripplewing Grey Cossmoth Endoxyla coscinopa F Endoxyla lituratus M WL 26.9 mm Sept-Oct LT2 WL 58.6 mm Apr. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Crambidae Variable Sharpbeak Streakscale Cramoth Darkmark Beige Sharpbeak Cramoth ^Achyra affinitalis Achyra massalis WL 13.5 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 10.9 mm Apr. LT2 LT5

74 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Crambidae Streaked Whitesmudge Snout Cramoth Tiltnose Darkstreak Pallid Cramoth Gen. sp. TBC Hednota ancyclosticha WL 13.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 WL 15.4 mm Apr. LT3

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Crambidae Satin Brownstripe Longwing Cramoth Dullflash Deepfringe Brushsnout Cramoth Hednota bivittella Hednota crypsichroa WL 19.5 mm Apr. LT1 WL 12.4 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Crambidae Bristlenose Goldflash Fringed Cramoth Brownstripe Anglebar Wedge Cramoth Hednota longipalpella Hednota nr. odontoides TBC WL 13.8 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 15.5.mm Apr. LT3

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 75 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Crambidae Arcstreak Rayed Longwing Cramoth Satin Forkstripe Longnose Cramoth Hednota panteucha Hednota relatalis WL 15.7 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 WL 14.4 mm Apr. LT2 LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Crambidae Ubiquitous Swirlbar Delta Cramoth Blackarm Apricot Bluesash Cramoth ^Hellula hydralis Metallarcha sp. TBC. Ricinocarpus velutinus WL 12.3 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 13.1 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG LT2 LT3

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Crambidae Pallid Vaguebar Delta Cramoth April Pied Ringedge Delta Cramoth Metasia ochrochoa TBC Nacoleia mesochlora M WL 10.4 mm Apr. LT1 WL 9.3 mm Apr. LT1 LT6

76 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Crambidae Checkedge Brown Delta Cramoth Checkedge Greyetch Delta Cramoth nr. Metasia sp. TBC Phanomorpha dapsilis WL 8.6 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT3 WL 10.3 mm Apr. LT3

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Crambidae Family Erebidae Browntip Curvetail Delta Cramoth Chalky Brownvein Tiger Ermoth ^Sceliodes cordalis Aloa gangara WS 18.8 mm Apr. LT1 LT5 LT6 WL 24.4 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Erebidae Family Erebidae Brokenstick Crested Deadwood Ermoth Wavyband Pied Creamhead Ermoth Alophosoma sp. TBC Anestia ombrophanes M WL 19.7 mm Apr. LT1 WL 11.2 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 77 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Erebidae Family Erebidae Brownetch 2-blotch Muffneck Ermoth Brownetch 2-blotch Muffneck Ermoth Cheliosea cosmeta Cheliosea cosmeta M WL 14.6 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 14.8 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Erebidae Family Erebidae Brownetch 2-blotch Muffneck Ermoth Southern Blue-eye Owlet Ermoth Cheliosea cosmeta F (ventral) Dasypodia selenophora WL 14.6 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 42.6 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. Opp.

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Erebidae Family Erebidae False Bark Geometer Ermoth 2-wave False Geometer Ermoth Diatenes aglossoides Ericeia subsignata WS 34.0 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 24.8 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

78 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Erebidae Family Erebidae Darkedge Piedscribble Ermoth Greystain Pied Yellowcollar Ermoth Thallarcha eremicola Thallarcha rhaptophora F WL 11.2 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 WL 9.2 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT3 LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Erebidae Family Erebidae Greystain Pied Yellowcollar Ermoth Pepperetch Grey 2-dot Ermoth Thallarcha rhaptophora M Threnosia sp. TBC WL 9.0 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT3 LT5 WL 15.8 mm Apr. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Erebidae Family Family TBC Southern Lipstick Spotted Ermoth Grey Pinpalp Flaretail moth pulchelloides Gen. sp. TBC WL 19.2 mm Apr. REVEG WL 17.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 79 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Family Gelechiidae Rounded Shortwing Grey Galmoth Ashfleck Coal Pinpalp Gelmoth nr. Homadaula sp. TBC Ricinocarpus velutinus Ardozyga cryptosperma TBC WL 12.2 mm Sept-Oct REVEG WL 9.5 mm Sept-Oct LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Gelechiidae Family Gelechiidae Finestreak Peppergrey Gelmoth Shaggypalp Greyetch Brownstreak Gelmoth Ardozyga sp. TBC Ephysteris subdiminutella WL 8.8 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 WL 5.9 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr.l LT2

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Gelechiidae Family Gelechiidae Convergepalp Finestreak Brown Gelmoth Darkarc Brownfleck Shortwing Gelmoth Gen. sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 10.3 mm Apr. LT6 April WL 6.8 mm Apr. LT3

80 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Gelechiidae Family Gelechiidae Darkdash Coarse-etch Gelmoth Pied Blurblotch Greystreak Gelmoth Gen. sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 5.7 mm Apr. LT3 LT5 WL 8.7 mm Apr. LT1

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Gelechiidae Family Geometridae Ochrefleck Saddled Piedflank Gelmoth Woody Neckmark Roundwing Geomoth Stegasta variana Amphicrossa hemadelpha WL 6.0 mm Apr. LT2 WL 14.6 mm Apr. LT2 LT3

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Lined Greyspeckle Brownfissure Geomoth Woody Piedcrest Longwing Geomoth Casbia sp. TBC Chlenias sp. TBC WS 21.5 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 WL 17.0 mm Apr. LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 81 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Strongstreak Keelcrest Longwing Geomoth Darkfissure Grey Broadwing Geomoth Ciampa arietaria Cleora nr. injectaria TBC WL 20.4 mm Apr. LT2 WS 41.2 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Hariy Lobewing Grey Geomoth Pallid Edgebar Pairdot Geomoth Chloroclystis insigillata M Chrysolarentia nr. mecynata TBC WS 19.8 mm Apr. LT1 WL 13.3 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Crypsiphona occultaria T-dash Toothmargin Delta Geomoth Crypsiphona occultaria F Dichromodes euprepes M WS 43.4 mm Apr. LT1 WL 12.5 mm Apr. LT5

82 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Blackcurve Ochre-edge Delta Geomoth Jade Yellowbelly Geomoth caterpillar Dichromodes sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC Acacia sp. 1 TBC WL 11.7 mm Apr. LT6 BL 26.7 mm Apr. REVEG

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Rusty Geomoth caterpillar Pallid Narrowing Longbody Geomoth Gen. sp. TBC Acacia sp. 2 TBC Gymnoscelis sp. TBC BL 20.3 mm Apr. REVEG WS 16.3 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Prongtip Curveband Grey Geomoth Prongtip Raggedband Grey Geomoth Lipogya exprimataria TBC M Lipogya exprimataria TBC WL 13.7 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5 WL 13.3 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 83 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Angleleaf Delta Broadneck Geomoth Edgeflange Crossetch Delta Geomoth Monoctenia sp. TBC Geomoth nr. Paramelora sp. TBC WL 26.9 mm Apr. LT5 WL 10.2 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT5 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Edgeflange Crossetch Delta Geomoth Grey Cross-scar Delta Geomoth nr. Paramelora sp. TBC Paramelora zophodesma WL 11.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT5 LT6 WL 12.4 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT2 LT5 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Grey Cross-scar Delta Geomoth Belted Grey Bark Geomoth Paramelora zophodesma Phrissogonus laticostata M WL 11.4 mm Sep.-Oct/Apr. LT2 LT5 LT6 WL 11.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT2 LT5

84 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Belted Grey Bark Geomoth Dashbar Beige Delta Geomoth Phrissogonus laticostata F Scopula lydia TBC F WL 11.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT2 LT5 WL 13.0 mm Apr. LT2 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Geometridae Dashbar Beige Delta Geomoth Piedbar Scalloped Broadwing Geomoth Scopula lydia TBC M Syneora sp. TBC F WL 12.8 mm Apr. LT2 LT6 WS 41.7 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Geometridae Family Hypertrophidae Piedbar Scalloped Broadwing Geomoth Darkcape Crossfissured Ashy Hypmoth Syneora sp. TBC M Epithetica sp. TBC WS 35.4 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 WL 7.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 85 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Lasiocampidae Family Lasiocampidae Orangecollar Brown-pied Lasmoth Orangecollar Brown-pied Lasmoth Pararguda ecnoma Pararguda ecnoma WL 23.1 mm Apr. LT5 WL 23.1 mm Apr. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Lasiocampidae Family Lasiocampidae Orangecollar Brown-pied Lasmoth Wavywing Tailtuft Lasmoth Pararguda ecnoma Pernattia chlorophragma M WL 23.1 mm Apr. LT5 WL 18.0 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Lasiocampidae Family Lasiocampidae Whiteflash Checkedge Grey Lasmoth Ashy Flangewing 2-dot Lasmoth Porela nr. galactodes Symphyta sp. TBC WL 17.1 mm Apr. LT2 LT3 WL 24.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1

86 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Lasiocampidae Family Lycaenidae Blackruff Paledot Strongvein Lasmoth Common 4-eye Wattle Lycawing Symphyta sp. TBC Nacaduba biocellata WL 20.9 mm Apr. LT5 WL 8.5 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 REVEG

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Bronzed Pied-edgepatch Nocmoth Creviceknotch Brown Bogong Nocmoth Acontia nr. elaeoa TBC Agrotis infusa M BL 9.8 mm Apr. LT1 WL 22.1 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT2 LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Creviceknotch Brown Bogong Nocmoth Creviceknotch Spineleg Nocmoth Agrotis infusa Agrotis munda WL 27.5 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT2 LT5 WL 19.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT6

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 87 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Dulletch Shimmerwing Nocmoth Highcrest Silvermark Nocmoth Athetis tenuis ^Chrysodeixis argentifera WL 14.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT3 WL 23.3 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Highcrest Silvermark Nocmoth Lowcresr Mottled Streakedge Nocmoth ^Chrysodeixis argentifera Ectopatria contrasta WL 23.3 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT6 WL 12.2 mm Apr. LT1

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Brown ‘XO’ Longwing Nocmoth Balsa Straightedge Wedge Nocmoth Eremochroa thermidora Eublemma inconspicua WL 18.3 mm Apr. LT1 WL 6.6 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

88 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Native Budworm Nocmoth Brownspeckle Creviceknot Nocmoth Helicoverpa punctigera Hypoperigea tonsa WL 19.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT6 WL 16.8 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Satinstreak Brownedge Balsa Nocmoth 4-streak Piedknotch Balsa Nocmoth Leucania cruegeri Proteuxoa euchroa WL 16.4 mm Apr. LT2 WL 11.9 mm Apr. LT1 LT2

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Ochreknotch Pale-end Nocmoth Ochreknotch Pale-end Nocmoth Proteuxoa florescens F Proteuxoa florescens M 15.8 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 WL 17.4 mm Apr. LT1 LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 89 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae Family Noctuidae Scribbleknotch Pale-edge Nocmoth Pallid Darkcollar Angleflash Nocmoth Proteuxoa heliosema Proteuxoa metaneura WL 14.1 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 WL 15.7 mm Apr. LT1 LT2

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Nolidae Family Nolidae Rippled Beige Wedge Nolmoth Variable Multituft Delta Nolmoth Austrocarea iocephala Nola sp. TBC WL 13.7 mm Sep.-Oc. LT6 WL 10.4 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Nolidae Family Nolidae Variable Multituft Delta Nolmoth Variable Multituft Delta Nolmoth Nola sp. TBC Nola sp. TBC WL 10.1mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT5 WL 12.0 mm LT1 LT2 LT5

90 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Notodontidae Family Notodontidae Checkedge Streaktip Deadwood Notomoth Rayed Greybrown Tuft-tip Notomoth Antimima corystes TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 12.4 mm Apr. LT5 WL 14.9 mm Apr. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Notodontidae Family Notodontidae Common Variable Bag Notomoth Common Variable Bag Notomoth Ochrogaster lunifer F Ochrogaster lunifer M WL 24.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT5 LT6 WL 24.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT5 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Notodontidae Family Nymphalidae Common Variable Bag Notomoth Lesser Wanderer Nymwing Ochrogaster lunifer Danaus chrysippus M WL 27.3 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 LT5 LT6 WL 28.3 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 91 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Nymphalidae Family Nymphalidae 8-eye Brown Nymwing Australian Orange-painted Nymwing Junonia villida M Vanessa kershawi WS to 40.0 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WS to 47.0 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Grey Ashstreak Broadfront Oecomoth Grey Ashstreak Broadfront Oecomoth Agriophara cinerosa TBC Agriophara cinerosa TBC WL 16.4 mm Sep.-Oct./ Apr. LT2 LT3 WL 15.9 mm Sep.-Oct./Apr. LT2 LT3

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Finegrain Grey Robust Oecomoth Fracture-pied Shortwing Oecomoth Agriophara sp. TBC Barea sp. TBC WL 18.2 mm Apr. LT2 WL 6.9 mm Apr. LT1

92 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Palehead Whitesaddle Pied Oecomoth Palehead Whitesaddle Pied Oecomoth Chrysonoma sp. TBC Chrysonoma sp. TBC WL 8.3 mm Sept-Oct LT5 WL 8.1 mm Sept-Oct LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Coarsescale Orchrefleck Roundwing Oecomoth Brown Tailcrest Beige Oecomoth Garrha nr. absumptella TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 8.8 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 WL 8.4 mm Apr. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Epauletted Fissured Grey Oecomoth Goldtint Greyfleck Longwing Oecomoth Gen. sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 12.0 mm Sept-Oct LT6 WL 6.6 mm Sept-Oct LT1 LT2 LT6

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 93 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Greyetch Robust Brownfoot Oecomoth Satin Darkedge Longwing Oecomoth Gen. sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC Duboisia hopwoodii WL 14.3 mm Apr. LT2 WL 11.1 mm Sept-Oct Opp.

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Tufted Saddleback Biege Oecomoth 4-patch Brownedge Wedge Oecomoth Gen. sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 13.0 mm Apr. LT1 WL 9.8 mm Apr. LT1

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Ashy Beigestreak Tuftwing Oecomoth Fewstreak Chalkzone Wigged Oecomoth Heterozyga sp. TBC nr. Artiastis sp. TBC F WL 10.6 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 WL 14.2 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 LT6

94 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Fewstreak Chalkzone Wigged Oecomoth Satin Brownetch Shortwing Oecomoth nr. Artiastis sp. TBC M nr. Eulechria sp. TBC WL 14.0 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 WL 11.8 mm Sep.-Oct. LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Pallid Brownstreak Crest-tail Oecomoth Pallid Brownstreak Crest-tail Oecomoth nr. Philobota sp. TBC F nr. Philobota sp. TBC M WL 13.5 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 WL 11.5 mm Apr. LT1 LT3

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oecophoridae Snowedge Brownetch Eyelash Oecomoth Pallid Rowdot Wedge Oecomoth Philobota sp. TBC Prodelaca biseriata WL 11.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT2 LT6 WL 11.1 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 95 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oecophoridae Family Oenosandridae Gold and Brown Sharpwing Oecomoth Ruffed Snowpatch Blackfleck Oenomoth Stathmopoda crocophanes Duboisia hopwoodii Oenosandra boisduvalii M WL 6.0 mm Sep.-Oct. Opp. WL 21.7 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Oenosandridae Family Oenosandridae Ruffed Snowpatch Blackfleck Oenomoth Ruffed Snowpatch Blackfleck Oenomoth Oenosandra boisduvalii F Oenosandra boisduvalii F (alarm posture) WL 25.8 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 LT5 WL 25.8 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Family Psychidae Whiteback Cabbage Plumoth Heterogeneous Psymoth case ^Plutella xylostella M Gen. sp. TBC ©Jenny Borger WL 7.4 mm Sept-Oct Opp. Sept Opp.

96 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Pterophoridae Family Pterophoridae Sootedge Brown Pteromoth 2-branch Blackbrush Pteromoth Sphenarches anisodactylus Stangeia xerodes WS 13.6 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5 WS 9.8 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Pyralidae Family Pyralidae Greyetch Chalkedge Pyralmoth Greyetch Chalkedge Pyralmoth Assara sp. TBC F Assara sp. TBC M (showing modified antennal bases) WL 8.0 mm Sep.-Oct. Apr. LT1 LT2 WL 8.8 mm Sep.-Oct. Apr. LT1 LT2

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Pyralidae Family Pyralidae Ashy Longwing Vaguebelt Pyralmoth 2-dot Beadpalp Greyetch Pyralmoth Ephestiopsis nr. oenobarella TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 10.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5 WL 8.1 mm Sep.-Oct. LT6

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 97 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Pyralidae Family Pyralidae Broad Piedbelt Greyetch Pyralmoth Cockycrest Blotchedge Wedge Pyralmoth Lasiosticha sp. TBC Mimaglossa nauplialis WL 10.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT5 LT6 WL 13.3 mm Sep.-Oct./April LT3 LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Pyralidae Family Pyralidae Ash-etched Curvehorn Pyralmoth Grey Brushwing Wedge Pyralmoth nr. Meyrickiella sp. TBC Spectrotrota fimbrialis WL 10.8 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 WL 10.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Sphingidae Family Tineidae Hyles livornicoides April Saddled Greyetch Tuftcrest Tinmoth Hyles livornicoides Gen. sp. TBC WL 30.9 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL 7.8 mm Sep.-Oct. LT3

98 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Tineidae Family Tortricidae Rustytail Pied Narrowcollar Tinmoth Ashy Creamedge Wedge Tortmoth Monopis meliorella Gen. sp. TBC WL 7.1 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT2 LT6 WL 7.6 mm Sept-Oct LT3

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Tortricidae Family Tortricidae Crested Wingtuft Greywedge Tortmoth Ashy Creamedge Wedge Tortmoth Gen. sp. TBC Strepsicrates macropetana WL 7.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT6 WL 8.8 mm Sep.-Oct. LT6

Order Lepidoptera Order Lepidoptera Family Xyloryctidae Family Xyloryctidae 2-line Greystreak Fishtail Xylomoth Ashy Streaktip Anglehorn Xylomoth Catoryctis sp. TBC Lichenaula sp. TBC F WL 17.8mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT5 WL 22.6mm Sep.-Oct. LT1

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 99 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Mantodea Order Mantodea Family Amorphoscelidae Family Iridopterygidae Ashy Bluntcheek Trunk Amormantis Dark Legband Brown Irmantis Gyromantis sp. TBC F Bolbe sp. TBC WL 20.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 LT6 WL 14.0 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6

Order Mantodea Order Neuroptera Family Mantidae Family Ascaphalidae Orangetint Redbrow Leaf Mantis Orangespot Downyneck Bandleg Ascalacewing Orthodera gunnii TBC Gen. sp. TBC F WL 31.5 mm Sep.-Oct. Apr. LT6 WL 27.3 mm Apr. LT5

Order Neuroptera Order Neuroptera Family Berothidae Family Chrysopidae Embroidered Blackblotch Grey Berolacewing Coppereye Anglestreak Green Chrysolacewing Stenobiella sp. TBC Mallada sp. TBC WL 9.3 mm Apr. LT1 WL 10.2 mm Sep.-Oct. Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6

100 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Neuroptera Order Neuroptera Family Mantispidae Family Mantispidae Little Greymottle Longdash Mantilacewing Greymottle Wingdash Stripearm Mantilacewing Gen. sp. TBC Theristria sp. TBC F WL 11.4 mm Apr. LT6 WL 16.6 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

Order Neuroptera Order Neuroptera Family Mantispidae Family Myrmeleontidae Greymottle Wingdash Stripearm Mantilacewing Conehorn Metalfleck Myrlacewing Theristria sp. TBC F (grooming) Gen. sp. TBC WL 16.6 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2 WL 16.7 mm Apr. LT5

Order Neuroptera Order Neuroptera Family Myrmeleontidae Family Myrmeleontidae Dovegrey Clearwing Pied-dash Myrlacewing Longarm Blotchflank Bartip Myrlacewing Gen. sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC WL 25.4 mm Apr. LT1 LT3 WL 16.7 mm Apr. LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 101 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Acrididae Family Acrididae Coryphistes ruricola (yellowleg race) Rusty Flareneck Rock Acrihopper Coryphistes ruricola M Buforania sp. TBC ©Jenny Borger WL 40.3 mm Apr. LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 WL mm Apr. Opp.

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Acrididae Family Acrididae Hairy Green Wrinkleneck Acrihopper Buzzing Whitetrim Green Acrihopper Ecphantus quadrilobus ©Jenny Borger Froggattina australis WL mm Apr. Opp. WL 36.8 mm Apr. LT2

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Acrididae Family Acrididae Ridgeless Brown Gumleaf Acrihopper Variable Shortwing Acrihopper Goniaea opomaloides M ‘Genus Novum 95 sp. (Rentz)’ TBC WL 31.0 mm Apr. LT2 WL 15.8 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG

102 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Acrididae Family Acrididae Common Bandleg Greybrown Acrihopper Slender Purplethigh Twig Acrihopper Pycnostictus seriatus F Retuspia sp. TBC M Ricinocarpus velutinus WL 25.8 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG WL 28.4 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG LT1

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Gryllacrididae Family Gryllacrididae Palefoot Resinknee Gryllacracricket Longpalp Doublecollar Brown Gryllacracricket Gen. sp. TBC (imm.) M Gen. sp. TBC F BL 15.4 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 WL 49.7 mm Apr. LT1

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Gryllidae Family Gryllidae Longtail Broadthigh Winged Gryllcricket Pied-edge Longtail Gryllcricket Gen. sp. TBC M Myara sp. TBC F BL 11.4 mm Apr. LT3 BL 17.9 mm Sep.-Oct. LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 103 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Gryllidae Family Morabidae Wingless Cavebrow Gryllcricket Crimsontrim Green Morhopper nr. Loxoblemmus sp. TBC Gen. sp. TBC BL 7.9 mm Apr. LT3 BL 40.8 mm Apr. REVEG

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Morabidae Family Tettigoniidae Redblush Deadstick Morhopper Pallid Stripeye Peppered Tettihopper Heide sp. (imm.) TBC Caedicia sp. TBC (nymph) Ricinocarpus velutinus BL 17.6 mm Apr. LT2 BL 13.6 mm Sep.-Oct. REVEG

Order Orthoptera Order Orthoptera Family Tettigoniidae Family Tettigoniidae Ubiquitous Stripefront Greenside Tettihopper Pallid Highleg Shortwing Tettihopper Conocephalus (Chloroxiphidion) upoluensis M Lancinia nr. occidentalis WL 27.7 mm Sep.-Oct. LT1 BL 16.0 mm Sep.-Oct. LT5

104 © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 Phylum Uniramia 2 Class Insecta

Order Orthoptera Family Tettigoniidae Phylum Chordata Whitecheek Lilactrim Lime Tettihopper Polichne argentata M Class Reptilia WL 45.4 mm Apr. LT2

Order Squamata Order Squamata Family Scincidae Family Scincidae Gilled Slender Bluetongue Scinclizard Greater Brownblotch Spinytail Scinclizard Cyclodomorphus branchialis (IUCN listed) Egernia stokesii badia (IUCN listed) SVL to 90.0 mm LT3 area TL to 220.0 mm Predictive

Order Squamata Order Squamata Family Varanidae Family Varanidae Giant Net-throat Varalizard Smallblotch Paletip Hardsoil Varalizard Varanus giganteus Varanus panoptes rubidus TL to 2.4 m Camera trap Remnant 3 J. Borger to 1.4 m Sep.-Oct. LT2

“Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 105

Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

20.0 Appendix 1 – Main Table

The table has six column headings Column 1 Order Column 2 Family Column 3 Common name

Column 4 Genus

Column 5 Species name Column 6 Adult/juvenile eco-role Colomn 7 Site code Light traps = LT1, LT2, LT3, LT5, LT6. REVEG = Revegetation areas. Opp. = Opportunistic samples taken on the property outside of above sample sites.

Note: Most of the species sampled do not yet have common names so it has been proposed an optional common naming system on request from clients subject to later general assessment and acceptance by various specialist groups (see common names disclaimer and rationale in interpretation aids).

Interpreting The Tables – Definitions/Symbols ^ Species either of foreign or native origin, that are of concern (negative or positive) to agriculture or other human activities. * Species with an aquatic aspect to their life history. Colour Legend for sample time Blue = September/October Green = April Brown = Sept/Oct/April (shared between both samples) Pink = Outside of both samples

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 106 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA

Class Arachnida

Order Araneae - (Spiders) ARANEAE Araneidae Variable Tuberculated Backobourkia heroine predator Sept/Oct LT2 Orb Araspider ARANEAE Araneidae Spectacled Grey Hat Dolophones sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct LT2 Araspider ARANEAE Corinnidae Rowdot Bartail Ticopa longbottomi predator April LT2 Spineleg Corispider ARANEAE Desidae Communal Desispider Phryganoporus sp. TBC predator Oct Opp. ARANEAE Lamponidae Blackfront Layerback Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT3 Longwaist Lamspider ARANEAE Lycosidae Shuttlecock Burrow Dingosa serrata predator Sept/Oct LT3 Lycospider ARANEAE Lycosidae Palecap Darktemple Venator immansueta predator Sept/Oct/April LT1,LT2,LT3, Grey Lycospider LT5, LT6, REVEG ARANEAE Miturgidae Great Stripetop Miturga agelenina predator Sept/Oct LT5 Opp. Spotflank Mitspider ARANEAE Oxypidae Vaguestripe Taildash Oxyopes sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct REVEG LT5 Greybrown Oxyspider ARANEAE Salticidae Sooty Bronzeback Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT3 Pinleg Salspider ARANEAE Thomisidae Variable Flower Diaea sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct REVEG Thospider

PHYLUM CRUSTACEA

Class Malacostraca - (Terrestrial Slaters) ISOPODA Armadillidae Gutterneck Sawtooth Buddelundia sp. TBC detritivore Sept/Oct LT2 Vaguemottle Armaslater

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 107 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

PHYLUM UNIRAMIA 1

Class Chilopoda - (Centipedes or Chilopedes) SCOLOPENDRIDA Scolopendridae Racing Tailband Day Scolopendra laeta predator April LT3 Scolochilopede SCUTIGERIDA Scutigeridae Orangedash Granite Allothereua sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct LT6 Scutichilopede

PHYLUM UNIRAMIA 2

Class Insecta - (Insects)

BLATTODEA Blattidae Wingless Creamring Anemesia frenchii scavenger/grazer April LT2 Brownleg Blatroach BLATTODEA Blattidae Wingless Darkedge Melanozosteria sp. TBC scavenger/grazer Sept Opp. Brown Blatroach BLATTODEA Ectobiidae Brown Spotneck Balta sp. TBC scavenger/grazer Sept/Oct LT1 Netwing Ectoroach BLATTODEA Ectobiidae Ornate Glassedge Balta sp. TBC scavenger/grazer Sept/Oct LT2 LT3 Speckled Ectoroach BLATTODEA Ectobiidae Darkedge Speckleback Balta sp. TBC scavenger/grazer Sept/Oct LT2 LT3 Ectoroach BLATTODEA Ectobiidae Blackhead Brown Neotemnoteryx fulva scavenger/grazer April LT3 Ectoroach COLEOPTERA Buprestidae Orangeback Blueneck Castiarina parallelipennis pollinator/borer Sept/Oct REVEG Acacia Bubeetle COLEOPTERA Carabidae Blackhead Patterned Anomotarus crudelis predator Sept/Oct LT2 LT6 Dark Carabeetle COLEOPTERA Carabidae Common Stinking Calosoma schayeri predator Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Green Carabeetle LT6 REVEG COLEOPTERA Carabidae Lined Long Sutureneck Clivina sp. TBC predator April LT3 Carabeetle

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 108 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

COLEOPTERA Carabidae Longbristle Bighead Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT5 Black Carabeetle COLEOPTERA Carabidae Lineback Tootharm Hypharpax ranula predator Sept/Oct LT5 Glossblack Carabeetle COLEOPTERA Carabidae Swellbrow Smallneck nr. Notioba sp. TBC predator April LT5 Lineback Carabeetle COLEOPTERA Carabidae Copperbronze nr. Oodes sp. TBC predator April LT2 Broadback Carabeetle COLEOPTERA Carabidae Glossbrown Combshin Phorticosomus edelii predator Sept/Oct Opp. Broadneck Carabeetle COLEOPTERA Cerambycidae Slender Darkbrown Gen. sp. TBC leaf/bark chewer/borer April LT6 Bigeye Cerabeetle COLEOPTERA Chrysomelidae Brownmottle Cadmus sp. TBC leaf pruner April LT6 Smoothneck Roughback Chrysobeetle COLEOPTERA Chrysomelidae Piedshoulder Beige Mecynodera sp. TBC leaf pruner April LT1 LT3 LT5 Longicorn Chrysobeetle COLEOPTERA Cleridae Coarsedimple Eunatalis sp. TBC predator April LT2 Darkbrown Night Cleribeetle COLEOPTERA Cleridae Clubbed Metallic Necrobia rufipes maggot/beetle larva Sept/Oct Opp. Carcasse Cleribeetle predator COLEOPTERA Curculionidae Brownmottle "Prosayleus" nr. latipennis leaf pruner April LT3 Longbristle Palethroat TBC Curweevil COLEOPTERA Dytiscidae Blackdimple Linedot *Eretes nr. australis predator April LT1 Dytibeetle TBC COLEOPTERA Elateridae Shortback Broadbrown Agrypnus sp. TBC omnivore April LT1 Elabeetle

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 109 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

COLEOPTERA Elateridae Flangehorn Gen. sp. TBC omnivore April LT1 Squareneck Brown Elabeetle COLEOPTERA Elateridae Resin Thornspine Gen. sp. TBC omnivore Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT5 Elabeetle COLEOPTERA Geotrupidae Lesser Western Bolbolaeus parvicollis fungivore April LT5 Autumn Geobeetle COLEOPTERA Histeridae Scarhip Greenbottle Saprinus sp. TBC maggot/beetle larva Sept/Oct/April Opp. Histbeetle predator COLEOPTERA Scarabaeidae Darkbrown Oiltint Colpochila sp. TBC leaf pruner/external Sept/Oct LT1 Blondbelly root feeder Meloscarabeetle COLEOPTERA Scarabaeidae Coal Linehair Flower Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/external root Sept/Oct REVEG Scarabeetle feeder COLEOPTERA Scarabaeidae Brown Sidedimple Neodon nr. pecuarius unknown/external root Sept/Oct LT2 Dynascarabeetle feeder COLEOPTERA Tenebrionidae Rotund Shieldneck Omolipus sp. TBC unknown April LT2 LT3 Roughback Tenebeetle COLEOPTERA Trogidae Blunt Linescute Omorgus sp. TBC carcass scavenger Sept/Oct LT6 Trobeetle COLEOPTERA Trogidae Sharp Linescute Omorgus sp. TBC carcass scavenger April LT2 Trobeetle DIPTERA Aslidae Bellydash Blackthigh Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT3 Grey Asilfly DIPTERA Bombylliidae Whitebelt Brownfuzz Villa sp. TBC pollinator/endoparasite Sept/Oct REVEG Bomfly DIPTERA Muscidae Australian Bush ^Musca vetustissima scavenger/bacterivore Sept/Oct/April Opp. REVEG LT1 Muscafly LT2 LT3 LT5 LT6 DIPTERA Nemestrinidae Orangeflank Fuzzneck Gen. sp. TBC unknown Sept/Oct REVEG Nemfly DIPTERA Syrphidae Grey and Cream Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/unknown Sept/Oct REVEG Compact Syrfly

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 110 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

DIPTERA Syrphidae Common Yellow Syrfly Simosyrphus grandicornis pollinator/aphid Sept/Oct REVEG Opp. predator DIPTERA Tachinidae Coal Neckstreak Gen. sp. TBC organic exudate Sept/Oct LT6 Bristletail Tachfly scavenger/arthropod endoparasite DIPTERA Tephritidae Blotchwing Rainbow- Gen. sp. TBC plant exudate Sept/Oct REVEG eye Tepfly feeder/fruit borer DIPTERA Therevidae Stripeneck Resinback Gen. sp. TBC unknown/predator Sept/Oct LT6 Therfly

HEMIPTERA Alydidae Common Longthigh Melanacanthus scutellaris wattle seed sucker April LT1 Wattlepod Alybug HEMIPTERA Aphrophoridae Whitebar Bandsnout Bathyllus sp. TBC sap sucker/ sedentary Sept/Oct REVEG Roundwing sap sucker Aphrohopper HEMIPTERA Cicadellidae Brown Mottleneck Gen. sp. TBC sap sucker Sept/Oct LT3 Glasswing Cicahopper HEMIPTERA Cicadellidae Redtint Opaque Gen. sp. TBC sap sucker Sept/Oct LT1 Dotwing Cicahopper HEMIPTERA Corixidae Compact Yellowface *Agraptocorixa sp. TBC aquatic predator- April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Corixibug detritivore LT6 HEMIPTERA Flatidae Longwing White-edge Siphanta nr. angustata sap sucker Sept/Oct Opp. Jade Flahopper TBC HEMIPTERA Fulgoridae Brown Longnose Rentinus dilatatus sap sucker Sept/Oct LT2 LT6 Bandeye Fulhopper HEMIPTERA Membracidae Curveblade Whiteflank nr. Pogonella sp. TBC sap sucker Sept/Oct Opp. Brown Memhopper HEMIPTERA Miridae Rustydot Blackfoot Gen. sp. TBC sap sucker Sept/Oct LT6 Miribug HEMIPTERA Monophlebidae Puckered Rimwaist Gen. sp. TBC sap sucker Nov Opp. Monobug

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 111 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

HEMIPTERA Notonectidae Orangeneck Fullkeel *Anisops thienemanni aquatic predator April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Notobug HEMIPTERA Pentatomidae Black Neckstripe Aplerotus maculatus sap sucker Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Whiteband Pentabug HEMIPTERA Pentatomidae Ochred Whitepatch Occirrhoe sp. TBC sap sucker Sept/Oct LT1 Lime Pentabug HEMIPTERA Pentatomidae Sootyscute Whitedot Oncocoris apicalis sap sucker Sept/Oct LT6 Trunk Pentabug HEMIPTERA Reduviidae Metaldash-edge Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT2 Strongleg Redubug

HEMIPTERA Reduviidae Pegscute Checkedge Oncocephalus sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct LT2 LT3 Toothneck Redubug HEMIPTERA Ricaniidae 4-piedsash Delta Euricania nr. pedicellata sap sucker Sept/Oct REVEG Ricahopper TBC HEMIPTERA Scutelleridae Blackmottle Brown Choerocoris variegatus sap sucker Sept/Oct REVEG Scubug HEMIPTERA Scutelleridae Greenedge Beige Coleotichus costatus sap sucker Sept/Oct REVEG Scubug

HYMENOPTERA Apidae European Domestic ^Apis mellifera pollinator/fed by adults Sept/Oct/April REVEG Honeybee HYMENOPTERA Apidae Blue-banded Apibee Amegilla sp. TBC pollinator/fed by adults Sept/Oct LT2 HYMENOPTERA Braconidae Dotwing Whitebelly Callibracon sp. TBC predator/endoparasite Sept/Oct LT1 Redneck Bracwasp HYMENOPTERA Braconidae Blackhorn Brown Gen. sp. TBC predator/endoparasite April LT1 Bracwasp HYMENOPTERA Crabronidae Yellowpied Longhorn Rhopalum sp. TBC fly predator/ Sept/Oct REVEG Rustleg Crawasp endoparasite HYMENOPTERA Formicidae Brownfront Blackback Camponotus sp. TBC predator/scavenger/ April LT6 Bighead Ant fed by adults

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 112 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

HYMENOPTERA Formicidae Common Dullsheen Iridomyrmex greensladei predator/scavenger/ Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Meat Ant fed by adults LT6 REVEG HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonidae Eyeblush Rusty Night Netelia sp. TBC predator/lepidoptera April LT2 Ichwasp endoparasite HYMENOPTERA Pompilidae Plainback Orangepied Cryptocheilus tuberculatus predator/pollinator Sept/Oct REVEG Pomwasp endoparasite HYMENOPTERA Pompilidae Blackhead Darktip Cryptocheilus sp. TBC predator/pollinator/ Sept/Oct Opp. Orange Pomwasp endoparasite HYMENOPTERA Pompilidae Silverband Blackwing Turneromyia venator predator/pollinator/ Sept/Oct Opp. Pomwasp endoparasite HYMENOPTERA Sphecidae Great Brownwing Sphex (Sphex) vestitus predator/endoparasite Sept/Oct Opp. Sphecwasp

LEPIDOPTERA Anthelidae 4-ring 4-bar Greybrown Anthela tetraphrica non-feeding adult/leaf April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Anmoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae Shavingstuft Darkslash Leptozestis sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer Sept/Oct LT5 Bark Cosmoth LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae 3-bar Whitehead Limnaecia sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT3 Cosmoth LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae Fractured Pied Macrobathra nr. pollinator/seed borer Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT6 Longhorn Cosmoth myriophthalma TBC LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae Speckleback Piedflank Macrobathra philopsamma pollinator/seed borer Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 Saddled Cosmoth LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae Pied 2-bar Sidespot Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT2 LT5 Cosmoth LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae Pied Barhorn Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/ seed borer April LT2 Whitehead Cosmoth LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae Strong Recurve Pied Macrobathra sp. TBC pollinator/seed borer April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Cosmoth Cosmoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Cossidae Snowtransom Endoxyla coscinopa non-feeding/borer Sept/Oct LT2 Greystreak Cossmoth © David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 113 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Cossidae Arcneck Ripplewing Endoxyla lituratus non-feeding/borer April LT5 Grey Cossmoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Variable Sharpbeak ^Achyra affinitalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Streakscale Cramoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Darkmark Beige Achyra massalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT5 Sharpbeak Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Streaked Whitesmudge Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT2 Snout Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Tiltnose Darkstreak Hednota ancyclosticha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 Pallid Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Satin Brownstripe Hednota bivittella pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Longwing Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Dullflash Deepfringe Hednota crypsichroa pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Brushsnout Cramoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Bristlenose Goldflash Hednota longipalpella pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Fringed Cramoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Brownstripe Anglebar Hednota nr. odontoides pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 Wedge Cramoth TBC LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Arcstreak Rayed Hednota panteucha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Longwing Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Satin Forkstripe Hednota relatalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT5 Longnose Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Ubiquitous Swirlbar ^Hellula hydralis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Blackarm Apricot Metallarcha sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct REVEG LT2 LT3 Bluesash Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Pallid Vaguebar Delta Metasia ochrochoa pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Cramoth TBC LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Pied Ringedge Delta Nacoleia mesochlora pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT6 Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Checkedge Brown nr. Metasia sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT3 Delta Cramoth

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 114 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Checkedge Greyetch Phanomorpha dapsilis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 Delta Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Crambidae Browntip Curvetail ^Sceliodes cordalis pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT5 LT6 Delta Cramoth LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Chalky Brownvein Aloa gangara pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Tiger Ermoth LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Brokenstick Crested Alophosoma sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Deadwood Ermoth LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Apricot-tint Pied Anestia ombrophanes pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Ermoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Brownetch 2-blotch Cheliosea cosmeta pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Muffneck Ermoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Southern Blue-eye Dasypodia selenophora pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct Opp. Owlet Ermoth LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae False Bark Geometer Diatenes aglossoides pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Ermoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae 2-wave False Ericeia subsignata pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Geometer Ermoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Darkedge Piedscribble Thallarcha eremicola pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT2 Ermoth LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Greystain Pied Thallarcha rhaptophora pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT3 LT5 Yellowcollar Ermoth LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Pepperetch Grey 2-dot Threnosia sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT5 Ermoth LEPIDOPTERA Erebidae Southern Lipstick- Utetheisa pulchelloides pollinator/leaf pruner April REVEG spotted Ermoth LEPIDOPTERA Family TBC Grey Pinpalp Flaretail Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 moth LEPIDOPTERA Galacticidae Rounded Shortwing nr. Homadaula sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct REVEG Grey Galmoth LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae Ashfleck Coal Pinpalp Ardozyga cryptosperma pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Gelmoth TBC

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 115 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae Finestreak Peppergrey Ardozyga sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 Gelmoth LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae Shaggypalp Greyetch Ephysteris subdiminutella pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT2 Brownstreak Gelmoth LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae Convergepalp Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT6 Finestreak Brown Gelmoth LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae Darkarc Brownfleck Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 Shortwing Gelmoth LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae Darkdash Coarse-etch Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT3 LT5 Gelmoth LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae Pied Blurblotch Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Greystreak Gelmoth LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae Ochrefleck Saddled Stegasta variana pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Piedflank Gelmoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Woody Neckmark Amphicrossa hemadelpha pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT3 Roundwing Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Lined Greyspeckle Casbia sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Brownfissure Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Woody Piedcrest Chlenias sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Longwing Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Strongstreak Keelcrest Ciampa arietaria pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Longwing Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Darkfissure Grey Cleora nr. injectaria pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Broadwing Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Hariy Lobewing Grey Chloroclystis insigillata pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Pallid Edgebar Pairdot Chrysolarentia nr. mecynata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Geomoth TBC LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Rippled Grey Fence Crypsiphona occultaria pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 Geomoth

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 116 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae T-dash Toothmargin Dichromodes euprepes pollinator/leaf pruner April LT5 Delta Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Blackcurve Ochre-edge Dichromodes sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT6 Delta Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Jade Yellowbelly Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April REVEG Geomoth caterpillar LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Rusty Geomoth Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April REVEG caterpillar LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Pallid Narrowing Gymnoscelis sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Longbody Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Prongtip Curveband Lipogya exprimataria pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Grey Geomoth TBC LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Angleleaf Delta Monoctenia sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT5 Broadneck Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Edgeflange Crossetch nr. Paramelora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT5 LT6 Delta Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Grey Cross-scar Delta Paramelora zophodesma pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT5 LT6 Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Belted Grey Bark Phrissogonus laticostata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 LT5 Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Dashbar Beige Delta Scopula lydia TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 LT6 Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Geometridae Piedbar Scalloped Syneora sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Broadwing Geomoth LEPIDOPTERA Hypertrophidae Darkcape Epithetica sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner April LT2 Crossfissured Ashy Hypmoth LEPIDOPTERA Lasiocampidae Orangecollar Brown- Pararguda ecnoma non-feeding/leaf April LT5 pied Lasmoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Lasiocampidae Pallid Wavywing Pernattia chlorophragma non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT5 Tailtuft Lasmoth pruner

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 117 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Lasiocampidae Whiteflash Checkedge Porela nr. galactodes non-feeding/leaf April LT2 LT3 Grey Lasmoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Lasiocampidae Ashy Flangewing 2-dot Symphyta sp. TBC non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct LT1 Lasmoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Lasiocampidae Blackruff Paledot Symphyta sp. TBC non-feeding/leaf April LT5 Strongvein Lasmoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae Common 4-spot Nacaduba biocellata pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Purpleblue Lycawing LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Bronzed Pied- Acontia nr. elaeoa pollinator/root pruner April LT1 edgepatch Nocmoth TBC LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Bogong Spineleg ^Agrotis infusa pollinator/root pruner Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT5 Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Lowcrest Crevice-knot ^Agrotis munda pollinator/root pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Shimmer Vaguepleat Athetis tenuis pollinator/root pruner Sept/Oct LT2 LT3 Brown Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Highrest Silvermark ^Chrysodeixis argentifera pollinator/root pruner Sept/Oct LT2 LT6 Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Lowcrest Mottled Ectopatria contrasta pollinator/root pruner April LT1 Streakedge Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Brown 'XO' Longwing Eremochroa thermidora pollinator/root pruner April LT1 Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Pinktint Anglebar Beige Eublemma inconspicua pollinator/root pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Native Budworm ^Helicoverpa punctigera pollinator/root pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Brownspeckle Hypoperigea tonsa pollinator/root pruner Sept/Oct LT2 Creviceknot Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Peppercrest Leucania cruegeri pollinator/root pruner April LT2 Whiteknotch Balsa Nocmoth

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 118 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae 4-streak Piedknotch Proteuxoa euchroa pollinator/root pruner April LT1 LT2 Balsa Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Ochreknotch Pale-end Proteuxoa florescens pollinator/root pruner April LT1 LT2 Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Scribbleknotch Pale- Proteuxoa heliosema pollinator/root pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 edge Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae Pallid Darkcollar Proteuxoa metaneura pollinator/root pruner April LT1 LT2 Angleflash Nocmoth LEPIDOPTERA Nolidae Rippled Beige Wedge Austrocarea iocephala pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Nolmoth LEPIDOPTERA Nolidae Nolmoth Nola sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT5 LEPIDOPTERA Notodontidae Checkedge Streaktip Antimima corystes TBC non-feeding/leaf April LT5 Deadwood Notomoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Notodontidae Rayed Greybrown Tuft- Gen. sp. TBC non-feeding/leaf April LT5 tip Notomoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Notodontidae Common Variable Bag Ochrogaster lunifer non-feeding/leaf Sept/Oct LT2 LT5 LT6 Notomoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Nymphalidae Lesser Wanderer Danaus chrysippus pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Nymphalidae Meadow Argus Junonia villida pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Nymwing LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Nymphalidae Australian Orange- Vanessa kershawi vagrant pollinator/leaf Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 painted Nymwing pruner LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Finegrain Grey Robust Agriophara cinerosa TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct/April LT2 LT3 Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Finegrain Grey Robust Agriophara sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT2 Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Fracture-pied Barea sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT1 Shortwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Palehead Whitesaddle Chrysonoma sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT5 Pied Oecomoth gumleaf consumer

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 119 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Coarsescale Garrha nr. pollinator/dead April LT1 LT2 Orchrefleck Roundwing absumptella gumleaf consumer Oecomoth TBC LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Brown Tailcrest Beige Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT5 Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Epauletted Fissured Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT6 Grey Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Goldtint Greyfleck Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Longwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Greyetch Robust Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT2 Brownfoot Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Satin Darkedge Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct Opp. Longwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Tufted Saddleback Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT1 Biege Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae 4-patch Brownedge Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT1 Wedge Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Ashy Beigestreak Heterozyga sp. TBC pollinator/ dead Sept/Oct LT2 Tuftwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Fewstreak Chalkzone nr. Artiastis sp. TBC pollinator/ dead April LT1 LT3 LT6 Wigged Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Satin Brownetch nr. Eulechria sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT6 Shortwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Pallid Brownstreak nr. Philobota sp. TBC pollinator/dead April LT1 LT3 Crest-tail Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Snowedge Brownetch Philobota sp. TBC pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Eyelash Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Pallid Rowdot Wedge Prodelaca biseriata pollinator/dead Sept/Oct LT2 Oecomoth gumleaf consumer LEPIDOPTERA Oecophoridae Gold and Brown Stathmopoda crocophanes pollinator/dead Sept/Oct Opp. Sharpwing Oecomoth gumleaf consumer

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 120 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Oenosandridae Ruffed Snowpatch Oenosandra boisduvalii non-feeding adult/leaf April LT1 LT3 LT5 Blackfleck Oenomoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Plutellidae Whiteback Cabbage ^Plutella xylostella pollinator/Brassica leaf Sept/Oct Opp. Plumoth pruner LEPIDOPTERA Psychidae Heterogeneous Gen. sp. TBC non-feeding adult/ Sept Opp. Psymoth case leaf pruner LEPIDOPTERA Pterophoridae Sootedge Brown Sphenarches anisodactylus pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Pteromoth LEPIDOPTERA Pterophoridae 2-branch Blackbrush Stangeia xerodes pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Pteromoth LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae Greyetch Chalkedge Assara sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 Pyralmoth LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae Ashy Longwing Ephestiopsis nr. pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Vaguebelt Pyralmoth oenobarella TBC LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae 2-dot Beadpalp Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Greyetch Pyralmoth LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae Broad Piedbelt Lasiosticha sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 LT6 Greyetch Pyralmoth LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae Cockycrest Blotchedge Mimaglossa nauplialis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct/April LT3 LT6 Wedge Pyralmoth LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae Ash-etched Curvehorn nr. Meyrickiella sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 Pyralmoth LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae Greystreak Brushwing Spectrotrota fimbrialis pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 Wedge Pyralmoth LEPIDOPTERA Sphingidae Whitevein Spothip Hyles livornicoides pollinator/leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Pinkhind Sphinmoth LT6 LEPIDOPTERA Tineidae Saddled Greyetch Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT3 Tuftcrest Tinmoth LEPIDOPTERA Tineidae Rustytail Pied-band Monopis meloriella pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT2 LT6 Tinmoth

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 121 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

LEPIDOPTERA Tortricidae Ashy Creamedge Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT3 Wedge Tortmoth LEPIDOPTERA Tortricidae Crested Wingtuft Gen. sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Greywedge Tortmoth LEPIDOPTERA Tortricidae Ashback Browntint Strepsicrates macropetana pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT6 Tent Tortmoth LEPIDOPTERA Xyloryctidae 2-line Greystrek Fishtail Catoryctis sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 LT5 Xylomoth LEPIDOPTERA Xyloryctidae Ashy Streaktip Lichenaula sp. TBC pollinator/leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT1 Anglehorn Xylomoth

MANTODEA Amorphoscelidae Ashy Bluntcheek Trunk Gyromantis sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct LT1 LT6 Amormantis MANTODEA Iridopterygidae Dark Legband Brown Bolbe sp. TBC predator April LT1 LT2 LT5 LT6 Irmantis MANTODEA Mantidae Orangetint Redbrow Orthodera gunnii TBC predator Sept/Oct/April LT6 Leaf Mantis

NEUROPTERA Ascalaphidae Orangespot Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT5 Downyneck Bandleg Ascalacewing NEUROPTERA Berothidae Embroidered Stenobiella sp. TBC predator April LT1 Blackblotch Grey Berolacewing NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae Coppereye Anglestreak Mallada sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct/April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Green Chrysolacewing LT6

NEUROPTERA Mantispidae Little Greymottle Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT6 Longdash Mantilacewing NEUROPTERA Mantispidae Greymottle Wingdash Theristria sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct LT2 Stripearm Mantilacewing

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 122 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

NEUROPTERA Myrmeleontidae Conehorn Metalfleck Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT5 Myrlacewing NEUROPTERA Myrmeleontidae Dovegrey Clearwing Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT1 LT3 Pied-dash Myrlacewing NEUROPTERA Myrmeleontidae Longarm Blotchflank Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT2 Bartip Myrlacewing

ORTHOPTERA Acrididae Rusty Flareneck Rock Buforania sp. TBC leaf pruner April Opp. Acrihopper ORTHOPTERA Acrididae Common Grey Bark Coryphistes ruricola leaf pruner April LT1 LT2 LT3 LT5 Acrihopper LT6 ORTHOPTERA Acrididae Hairy Green Ecphantus quadrilobus leaf pruner April Opp. Wrinkleneck Acrihopper ORTHOPTERA Acrididae Buzzing Whitetrim Froggattina australis leaf pruner April LT2 Green Acrihopper ORTHOPTERA Acrididae Ridgeless Brown Goniaea opomaloides Eucalyptus leaf April LT2 Gumleaf Acrihopper scavenger ORTHOPTERA Acrididae Variable Shortwing 'Genus Novum sp. (Rentz)' leaf pruner Sept/Oct REVEG Acrihopper 95’ ORTHOPTERA Acrididae Commom Greybrown Pycnostictus seriatus leaf pruner Sept/Oct REVEG Bandleg Acrihopper ORTHOPTERA Acrididae Slender Purplethigh Retuspia sp. TBC leaf pruner Sept/Oct REVEG Twig Acrihopper ORTHOPTERA Gryllacrididae Palefoot Resinknee Gen. sp. TBC predator Sept/Oct LT1 Gryllacracricket ORTHOPTERA Gryllacrididae Longpalp 2-collar Gen. sp. TBC predator April LT1 Brown Gryllacracricket ORTHOPTERA Gryllidae Longtail Broadthigh Gen. sp. TBC unknown April LT3 Winged Gryllcricket (nymph) ORTHOPTERA Gryllidae Pied-edge Longtail Myara sp. TBC unknown Sept/Oct LT2 Gryllcricket (nymph)

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 123 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

ORTHOPTERA Gryllidae Wingless Cavebrow nr. Loxoblemmus sp. TBC unknown April LT3 Gryllcricket ORTHOPTERA Morabidae Crimsontrim Green Gen. sp. TBC leaf pruner April REVEG Morhopper ORTHOPTERA Morabidae Redblush Deadstick Heide sp. TBC leaf pruner April LT2 Morhopper ORTHOPTERA Tettigoniidae Pallid Stripeye Caedicia sp. TBC leaf pruner Sept/Oct REVEG Peppered Tettihopper (nymph) ORTHOPTERA Tettigoniidae Ubiquitous Stripefront Conocephalus upoluensis predator Sept/Oct LT1 Greenside Tettihopper (Chloroxiphidion) ORTHOPTERA Tettigoniidae Sidestripe Lime Hemisaga denticulata predator Sept/Oct Opp. Shortwing Tettihopper ORTHOPTERA Tettigoniidae Pallid Highleg Lancinia nr. occidentalis leaf pruner Sept/Oct LT5 Shortwing Tettihopper ORTHOPTERA Tettigoniidae Whitecheek Lilactrim Polichne argentata pollen/leaf pruner April LT2 Lime Tettihopper

TRICHOPTERA Family TBC Embroidered Gen. sp. TBC unknown April LT1 Blackblotch Grey caddisfly

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 124 Order Family Common Name Genus species Adult/juvenile eco-role Sample time Site code

PHYLUM CHORDATA

Class Reptilia

Order Squamata - (Lizards And Snakes)

Suborder Lacertilia - (Lizards) LACERTILIA Scincidae Gilled Slender Cyclodomorphus branchialis invertivore Sept/Oct LT3 Bluetongue Scinclizard LACERTILIA Scincidae Greater Brownblotch Egernia stokesii badia omnivore Predictive Predictive Spinytail Scinclizard LACERTILIA Varanidae Giant Net-throat Varanus giganteus invertivore/carnivore April Remnant 4 Varalizard J. Borger LACERTILIA Varanidae Smallblotch Paletip Varanus panoptes invertivore/carnivore Sept/Oct LT2 Hardsoil Varalizard rubidus

© David Knowles Spineless Wonders Fauna Surveys 2015 “Hill View”, Morawa (macroinvertebrate and herpetofauna) Inventory Survey 125

Class Order Existing common Family name/s Latin Family name Latin/Common name combined

21.0 Appendix 2 – Table of Commom Naming Codes

Class Order Existing common Family name/s Latin Family name Latin/Family name combined SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA Arachnida 1 IXODIDA Ticks. Hard Ticks. Ixodidae Ixoticks TROMBIDIFORMES Mites. Eriophyidae Eriomites

Arachnida 2 ARANEAE Sac Spiders – more help in the field than in the lab. Maybe Clubionidae Cluspiders confused with juveniles of other ‘sac spider’ Families. Ground Sac Spiders (American) – might be confused with other Corinnidae Corispiders terrestrial ‘sac’ spiders. Net-casting Spiders – one of the more accurate current Deinopidae Deinospiders designations. Recent Family re-assessment Eutichuridae Euspiders Wandering Sac Spiders – All ‘sac’ spiders wander. Gnaphosidae Gnaphospiders Dwarf Sheet Spiders – not the only small spider to makes sheet Hahniidae Hahnspiders webs. Tailed Spiders – an accurate common name. Hersiliidae Herspiders Trapdoor Spiders – not all species builds trapdoors over their Idiopidae Idispiders burrows. White-tailed Spiders – not all species have ‘white tails’. Lamponidae Lamspiders Sheetweb Weavers – other Families of spiders build sheet webs. Linyphiidae Linspiders Wolf Spiders – not a good idea to name one of many hunting Lycosidae Lycospiders spiders after a dog with a much shorter evolutionary history. Large Sac Spiders - more help in the field than in the lab. Miturgidae Mitspiders Nemesiid Spiders. Nemesiidae Nemspiders New Family – extracted from Tetragnathidae – Golden Orb- Nephilidae Nephspiders weavers. Disc-web Spiders, Wall Spiders, Star-legged Spiders – confusing Oecobiidae Oecospiders number of names including well known ‘House wall’ spider.

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Arachnida 2 ARANEAE Goblin Spiders – not a good idea naming a family of spiders after Oonopidae Oospiders a European fairytale dwarf human. Nursary Web, Fishing, or Water Spiders – not all species Pisauridae Pisauspiders associated with water, or regularly encountered with ‘nursery web’. Lynx Spiders – don’t remotely resemble a cat except for the Oxyopidae Oxyspiders ‘pounce’ which jumping spiders also do. Jumping Spiders – one of the more accurate current designations. Salticidae Salspiders Huntsmen – not a good idea to name after traditional human Sparassidae Sparaspiders behaviour. Long-jawed Spiders – not both sexes and all Genera have large Tetragnathidae Tetraspiders jaws. Cribellate Orb Weavers – most people do not know the meaning Uloboridae Ulospiders of ‘cribellate‘ Crab spiders – not applicable to many Genera and species; lacks Thomisidae Thospiders enlarged chelae of a crab. Trampoline or Sombrero Spiders – more help in the field than in Stiphidiidae Stipspiders the lab. Knobble Spiders – presumably refers to small ‘knob-like’ Zodariidae Zodaspiders cephalothorax; common to many other spider Families. Zorid Spiders – recently absorbed into Miturgidae. Zoridae REALLOCATED

Arachnida 3 OPILIONIDA Harvestmen – a European agricultural concept – no Family level Opispiders designation. Monoscutid Harvestmen – No common Family name. Monoscutidae Monopispiders Triaenonychid Harvestmen – No common Family name. Triaenonychidae Triopispiders Arachnida 4 PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA Pseudoscorpions Doscorpions Chthoniid Pseudoscorpions – No common Family name. Chthoniidae Chthodoscorpions Arachnida 5 SCORPIONIDA Scorpions – no Family level designations. Bothriurid Scorpions – No common Family name. Bothriuridae Boscorpions Marbled Scorpions – a significant number not marbled. Buthidae Buscorpions Urodacid Scorpions – No common Family name. Urodacidae Uroscorpions

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PHYLUM CHORDATA 1 Amphibia ANURA Frogs Tree Frogs – few of the members are obligate arboreal. Other Hylidae Hylifrogs Families are more worthy of this descriptor. Groundfrogs – many hundreds of the world frog fauna occur on Limnodynastidae Limfrogs the ground. Limnodynastidae has recently been removed from Myobatrachidae. See above. Myobatrachidae Myofrogs PHYLUM CHORDATA 2 Reptilia SQUAMATA Lizards and Snakes. Dragon Lizards – named for an ancient northern hemisphere Agamidae Agalizards legendary beast of dubious taxonomic providence. Could be problematic for ESL speakers. Until recently a Subfamily of Gekkonidae. Carphodactylidae Cargeklizards Until recently a Subfamily of Gekkonidae. Diplodacylidae Dipgeklizards Front-fanged and Sea Snakes – Viperid snakes have fangs placed Elapidae Elasnakes at the front of the jaw. Other snake Families are found in marine habitats. Geckos – named from the call of one SE Asian species. The Gekkonidae Geklizards Family’s Subfamilies are recently elevated to Familial status. Legless Lizards, Flap-footed Lizards – other lizard Families have Pygopodidae Pygolizards limbless (or appear to be) members. Pythons – although ambiguous reasonably well known to ESL Pythonidae Pysnakes public. Skinks – the largest reptile Family. Scincidae Scinclizards Blindsnakes – not strictly correct as they are not blind but visually Typhlopidae Typhsnakes impaired by having a overlying scale to protect the eye during burrowing. Monitors or Goannas. Varanidae Varalizards Reptilia TESTUDINES Turtles, Terrapins and Tortoises – commonly confused by many; sea turtles have flippers; terrapins have webbed feet and claws; tortoises have blunt feet with ‘nails’. Austro-American Sideneck Turtles – confused with flippered sea Chelidae Cheliterrapins turtles.

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PHYLUM CRUSTACEA Malacostraca AMPHIPODA Landhoppers, Sandhoppers, Beachhoppers.

Many common names – can include all of above. Talitridae Talamhipods

Malacostraca ISOPODA Slaters, Pill Bugs, Sow Bugs – a northern hemisphere concept. Slaters

Rolling Slaters – an accurate designation. Armadillidiidae Armaslaters Running Slaters – when does fast walking become running? Philosciidae Philoslaters No common names. Platyarthridae Platyslaters Recent Family designation. Porcellionidae Porslaters No common names. Styloniscidae Styloslaters PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Gastropoda SIGMURETHRA Land Snails and Slugs No common names. Bothriembryontidae Bosnails Pointed and Conical Snails – other snail Families have pointed and Cochlicellidae Cochlisnails conical members. Typical Snails – a Eurocentric view. Helicidae Helisnails Keelback Slugs – not all membebers of the Family bear prominent Limacidae Limaslugs dorsal keels.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES Turbellaria TRICLADIDA Terrestrial Flatworms – an appropriate compound descriptor Flatworms Geoplanid Flatworms – No common names. Geoplanidae Geoflatworms

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PHYLUM UNIRAMIA 1 Chilopoda Centipedes – Most species do not have 100 legs – no Family level Chilopedes designations. GEOPHILIDA Geophilid centipedes – No common Family name. Geophilidae Geochilopedes GEOPHILIDA Mecistocephalid centipedes – No common Family name. Mecistocephalidae Mecichilopedes LITHOBIIDA Henicopid centipedes – No common Family name. Henicopidae Henichilopedes LITHOBIIDA Lithobiid Centipedes – No common Family name. Lithobiidae Lithochilopedes SCOLOPENDRIDA Cryptopid or Blind Centipedes – other families have eyeless Cryptopidae Cryptochilopedes species. SCOLOPENDRIDA Scolopendrid Centipedes – No common Family name. Scolopendridae Scolochilopedes SCUTIGERIDA Cave or House centipedes – few members habitually live in the Scutigeridae Scutichilopedes above domiciles.

PHYLUM UNIRAMIA 2 Collembola ARTHROPLEONA Springtails – no Family level designations. Collospringtails Entomobryid Springtails – No common Family name. Entomobryidae Entospringtails PHYLUM UNIRAMIA 3 Diplopoda Millipedes – no living millipedes have anywhere near 1000 legs. Diplopedes JULIDA Julid Millipedes – No common names. Julidae Julidiplopedes POLYDESMIDA Polydesmid Millipedes – No common names. POLYDESMIDA No common names. Paradoxosommatidae Paradiplopedes POLYXENIDA Pin Cushion or Dwarf Millipedes – the first mentioned name is the Polyxenidae Podiplopedes best descriptor. SPIROSTREPTIDA Iulomorphid Millipedes. Iulomorphidae Iulodiplopedes

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PHYLUM UNIRAMIA 4 Insecta BLATTODEA Cockroaches – no Family level designations. Cockroaches No common names. Blaberidae Blabroaches No common names. Blattidae Blatroaches No common names – recent Family name change from Blatellidae. Ectobiidae Ectoroaches BLATTODEA EX. ISOPTERA Termites/White Ants – not even in same Order as ants. Subterranean Termites – most Families are subterranean. Rhinotermitidae Rhinotermites Higher Termites – An arguable concept. Termitidae Termites

Insecta COLEOPTERA Beetles – common names available for a minority of Families. Beetles No common names. Anthicidae Anbeetles No common names. Belidae Beliweevils Auger Beetles – many boring beetles create circular boreholes. Bostrichidae Bosbeetles Jewel Beetles – many beetle Families have ‘jewelled’ members. Buprestidae Bubeetles Ground Beetles – many thousands of beetles occur on the ground. Carabidae Carabeetles Long-horned, Longhorn, Longicorn – beetles are not the only Cerambycidae Cerabeetles beetles with long antennae. Leaf Beetles – Tens of thousands of species alight on, and/or feed Chrysomelidae Chrysobeetles on leaves. Checkered Beetles – hundreds of beetles have checkered patterns. Cleridae Cleribeetles Ladybirds – nothing to do with ladies or birds! Coccinellidae Coccibeetles Weevils – retained as suffix ‘hook’. Curculionidae Curweevils Museum, Carpet, Skin beetles – either refers to specific species or Dermestidae Dermbeetles Genera. Diving Beetles – at least five Families of beetles dive. Dytiscidae Dytibeetle Click Beetles – only relevant to live examples. Elateridae Elabeetles Insecta COLEOPTERA Dor Beetles – a European concept relating to bumblebee noise. Geotrupidae Geobeetles

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Variegated Mud-loving Beetles – an accurate designation. Heteroceridae Hetbeetles Hister Beetles or Clown Beetles – very few people know the Histeridae Hisbeetles etymology of the ‘Hister’. ‘Clown’ alludes to flanged legs like a clown’s baggy pants = anthropomorphic whimsy. Water Scavenger Beetles – other aquatic beetle families scavenge. Hydrophilidae Hydrobeetles Lizard Beetles – how a beetle might resemble a lizard escapes Languriidae Langbeetles logical comparison. Leiodid Beetles – no common name. Leiodidae Leiobeetles Tiny Marsh Beetles – There are other tiny beetle Families occurring Limnichidae Limbeetles in marshes. Blister Beetles – other beetle Families may cause blisters with Meloidae Melobeetles defensive chemicals. Soft-winged Flower Beetles – other soft-winged beetle Families Melyridae Melybeetles visit flowers. Tumbling Flower Beetles – members of other beetle Families are Mordellidae Mordbeetles clumsy on the flower. Sap-feeding Beetles – other Families of beetles have members Nitidulidae Nitibeetles that feed on sap. No common names. Silvanidae Silbeetles Scarabs, Rhino Beetles, Dung Beetles etc. – these are very broad Scarabaeidae – Scarabeetles designations. Subfamily prefixes included; Rove Beetles – many Families of beetles ‘rove’. Staphylinidae Staphbeetles Darkling Beetles – there are thousands of beetles that are both Tenebrionidae Tenebeetles dark and like dark places. Hide Beetles – other beetle Families are associated with animal Trogidae Trobeetles hides.

Insecta DERMAPTERA Earwigs – Old English concept. Earwigs No common names. Anisolabidae Anisowigs

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Insecta DERMAPTERA No common names. Labiduridae Labiwigs No common names. Pygidicrahidae Pygiwigs

Insecta DIPTERA Wood Gnats, Window Gnats – many gnat and midge Families are Anisopodidae Anisomidges seen around wood and on windows. Root Maggot Flies – you cannot tell from looking at the adult that Anthomyiidae Anthoflies it’s maggot fed on roots. Flower-loving Flies – flies of many Families visit flowers. Apioceridae Apflies Robber Flies – almost all species hunt for themselves rather than Asilidae Asilflies ‘rob’ from other predators. Bee Flies – most do not resemble bees. Bombyliidae Bomflies Blow Flies – other Families of flies are attracted to carcasses. Calliphoridae Calliflies Non-biting Midges – Other Families of midges do not bite, and Chironomidae Chiromidges the males of ‘biting midges’ don’t bite. Chloropid Flies. Chloropidae Chloroflies Mosquitos – could be problematic to some ESL speakers. Culicidae Culimidges Long-legged Flies – many fly Families have long-legged members. Dolichopodidae Doliflies Dance Flies – members of other fly Families may ‘dance’. Empididae Emflies Shore Flies – other fly Families present on shores. Ephydridae Epflies Heleomyzid Flies – no common names. Heleomyzidae Heleoflies Keroplatid Fungus Gnats or Midges – other fly/midge Families Keroplatidae Keromidges present on fungal growths. Not all species are associated with fungi. Lauxaniid Flies – no common names. Lauxaniidae Lauxaflies Lonchaeid Flies – no common names. Lonchaeidae Lonchaflies House Fly (1 species of thousands) Family. Muscidae Musflies Tangle-veined Flies – to the general public it is difficult to Nemestrinidae Nemflies determine the subtleties of fly wing venation.

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Insecta DIPTERA Signal Flies – an apt name when viewing living members of this Platystomatidae Platyflies Family. Moth Flies, Sand Flies – 2 major subfamilies with radically different Psychodidae Psymidges lifestyles. Non-feeding moth-like or blood-sucking midges. Light Flies – a surprisingly accurate descriptor as most species are Pyrgotidae Pyrflies nocturnal and attracted to lights. Snipe Flies – an Anglocentric reference to a shorebird. Rhagionidae Rhaflies Flesh Flies – other Families of flies are attracted to carcasses. Sarcophagidae Sarcoflies Dark-winged Fungus Gnats or Sciarid Midges – some members do Sciaridae Scimidges not have dark wings. Most people (especially ESL speakers) do not know what a ‘gnat’ is. The descriptor ‘midge’ is more well known. Soldier Flies – redundant anthropomorphic designation. Stratiomyidae Stratflies Hoverflies – other Families have flies that ‘hover’. Syrphidae Syrflies March Flies, Horse Fly, Deer Fly – a northern hemisphere seasonal Tabanidae Tabflies concept – females of other flies bite large mammals in March. Bristle Flies – members of other fly Families may sport Tachinidae Tachflies conspicuous bristles. Fruit Flies – many flies are attracted to fruit and not all members Tephritidae Tepflies of Family are fruit feeders. Stiletto Flies – other Families have ‘stiletto-like’ mouthparts. Therevidae Therflies Crane Flies – at least two other sympatric fly Families may be Tipulidae Tipmidges confused with this ‘bird-named’ and ‘fly-named’ midge.

Insecta HEMIPTERA Whiteflies – these small 4-winged bugs only vaguely resemble 2- Aleyrodidae Albugs winged flies. Most species are whitish though there are exceptions. Broad-headed Bugs – many bug Families have members with Alydidae Alybugs broad heads. Aphids – could be problematic for both ESL and some English Aphididae Aphibugs speakers.

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Insecta HEMIPTERA Leafhoppers, Sharpshooters (American) – many hopper Families Cicadellidae Cicahoppers sit on leaves. Cicadas – could be problematic for ESL speakers. Cicadidae Cicabugs No common name. Cixiidae Cixihoppers Scale Insects – other insects can form a ‘scale-like’ covering to Coccidae Coccibugs their bodies. Water Boatman – anthropomorphic designation of limited value. Corixidae Corixibugs Burrowing Bugs – one of the few appropriate designations – a Cydnidae Cydbugs field character only. Derbid Planthoppers – all Hemipteran hoppers are on living or Derbidae Derhoppers dead plants. Felt Scales – could be problematic for both ESL and some English Eriococcidae Eribugs speakers. Euybrachyid Planthoppers – long designation. Eurybrachyidae Euryhoppers Flatid Planthoppers – many ‘hoppers’ sit on plants. Flatidae Flahoppers Lantern Holidays or Lanthorn Flies – they are hopping bugs not Fulgoridae Fulhoppers flies. They do not emit light. Seed Bugs – other bug Families feed on seeds. Lygaeidae Lygabugs Ground Pearls, Mealy Bugs – both terms are too obscure for the Margarodidae Marbugs general public. Plant Bugs – the majority of the Order are associated with plants. Miridae Miribugs Giant Scale Insects or Monophlebids – one of the more accurate Monophlebidae Monobugs ‘common names’. Damsel Bugs – anthropomorphic designation of limited value. Nabidae Nabugs Backswimmers – only appropriate for live animals. Notonectidae Notobugs Lerps – general public are unfamiliar with this term. Psyllidae Psylbugs Stink or Shield Bugs. Pentatomidae Pentabugs Assassin Bugs – other Families of bugs are predators. Reduviidae Redubugs

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Ricaniid Planthoppers – one of the more accurate ‘common Ricaniidae Ricahoppers names’. There are many Families of hopping bugs on plants Dirt-coloured Seed Bugs – a bit cumbersome for a Familial Rhyparochromidae Rhybugs designation. Jewel Bugs – not all members of Family ‘jewelled’. Scutelleridae Scubugs

Insecta HYMENOPTERA Sawflies – the ‘saw’ is only present on females and only visible if Argidae Arwasps the wasp is caught and inspected. They are not flies. Honeybees – specifically refers to one species. Carpenter, Cuckoo Apidae Apibees and Digger Bees et al – these are Generic rather than Familial designations. No common names. Braconidae Bracwasps Chalcidid Wasps. Chalcididae Chalwasps Plasterer, Masked, Yellow-faced Bees et al – these are Generic Colletidae Collbees rather than Familial designations. Crabronid Wasps – Multiple common names for more prominent Crabronidae Crawasps Genera. Eulophid Wasps – No common name. Eulophidae Eulwasps Ants – can be prefixed by subfamily. Formicidae Ants Gasteruptiid Wasps – No common name. Gasteruptiidae Gaswasps Sweat or Burrowing Bees – bees of other Families are attracted to Halictidae Halbees sweat and/or burrow. Ichneumon Wasps, Ichneumon flies, or Scorpion Wasps – the Ichneumonidae Ichwasps latter two names are inaccurate. Leafcutter, Mason, Bees et al – these are Generic rather than Megachilidae Megabees Familial designations. Velvet Ants – confusing as it calls a wasp an ant, and refers to Mutillidae Mutilwasps wingless females only. Sawflies – only relevant if lucky enough to catch a female Pergidae Perwasps preparing to oviposit.

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No common names. Perilampidae Periwasps Spider Wasps – Other wasp Families prey on spiders. Pompilidae Pomwasps Flower Wasps – many wasp Families visit flowers. Scoliidae Scolwasps Digger and Thread-waisted Wasps – members of other Families Sphecidae Sphecwasps dig and have ‘thread waists’. Flower Wasps – confused with Scoliidae. Tiphiidae Tiphwasps Hornets, Paper Wasps, Potter Wasps, Yellowjackets – these are Vespidae Veswasps Generic/Subfamilial rather than Familial designations.

Insecta LEPIDOPTERA Australian Lappet Moths – adaptation of European Lappets. Most Anthelidae Anmoths English speakers don’t know what ‘lappet’ means. Blastobasid Moths – No common name. Blasmoths No common name. Bracmoths Ribbed Cocoon-maker Moths – you cannot easily tell by the Bucmoths normally tiny adult the nature of it’s cocoon. Sun Moths – moths of many Families fly in the sun! Casmoths No common name. Cosmopterigidae Cosmoths Carpenter, Leopard (both American) or Wood Moths – more than Cossidae Cossmoths one Family of moths are wood-borers while others have leopard patterns. No common name. Crambidae Cramoths No common name. Depressariidae Depmoths Erebidae (ex. Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, plus some subfamilies of Erebidae Ermoths Noctuidae – many common names, some very fanciful. No common name. Ethmiidae Ethmoths No common name. Galacticidae Galmoths Twirler Moths – other Families have caterpillars that used twirled Gelechiidae Gelmoths leaves as shelters.

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Inchworms (American), Loopers, Geometer Moths – mixed larval Geometridae Geomoths and adult designations. Leaf-mining Moths – applicable to the tiny caterpillar concealed Gracilmoths beteween leaf tissue. Australian Twig Moths – refers to the cryptic pupa that is almost Hypertrophidae Hypmoths impossible for the non-specialist to find. Eggars, Snout Moths, Lappet Moths – referrable to northern Lasiocampidae Lasmoths hemisphere. Cup Moths – hard to tell from caterpillar or adult that the cocoon Limamoths is cuplike. Blues, Hairstreaks, Coppers and many other generic and specific Lycaenidae Lycawings designations. Tussock Moths – members of other moth Families have both Lymantriidae Lymamoths caterpillars and adults bearing 'tufts'. (see Erebidae) Pygmy Moths, Leafminer Moths – moths of other Families are Nepmoths both small and ‘mine’ leaves. Owlet, Miller Moths, etc. (many generic and specific designations). Noctuidae Nocmoths Owlets and some other subfamilies transferred to Erebidae. No common name. Nolidae Nolmoths Diverse Family – with some authors split into two Families each Notodontidae Notomoths with separate common names. Brush-footed, Nymph, Satyr, Tiger, Crow, et. al. Butterflies – many Nymphalidae Nymwings generic and specific designations. Concealer Moths – many Families have members that are masters Oecophoridae Oecomoths of concealment. Whites, Yellows – many generic and specific designations. Pierwings Diamondbacks Moths – essentially a name for one European Plutellidae Plumoths member pest species’ dorsal wing pattern. Many species lack this pattern including the females of the diamondback moth.

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Case or Bag (shelter, worm or moth suffixes) – this name describes Psychidae Psymoths the caterpillar shelters only. Other moth Families have portable shelters. Plume Moths – a reasonable name though at least two other Pterophoridae Pteromoths macrolepidopteran Families may be confused. Pyralid Moths – many generic and specific designations. Pyralidae Pyralmoths Clothes Moths – single species specific designation. Tineidae Tinmoths Bell or Leafroller Moths – Only a minority of Australian Tortricids Tortricidae Tortmoths are the shape of a bell at rest; the second refers to larval habit – not helpful in lab. No common name. Xyloryctidae Xylomoths Forester Moths – what these moths have to do with Australian, let Zygamoths alone Chinese woodsmen remains to be seen – many species restricted to heathlands.

Insecta MANTODEA Preying Mantid/Mantis – no Family level designations. No common name. Amorphoscelidae Amormantises No common name. Iridoterygidae Irmantises Mantids. Mantidae Mantises

Insecta MECOPTERA Scorpion Flies – most Australian species do not hold their Mecoflies abdomens in a ‘scorpion-like’ way. No Family specific common name. Bittacidae Bitmecoflies

Insecta NEUROPTERA Lacewings – no Family level designations. Lacewings Owlflies – best not to describe insects as resembling birds – Ascalaphidae Ascalacewings fanciful. Beaded Lacewings – Refers to some northern hemisphere species. Berothidae Berolacewings Many species have ‘hairy’ rather than ‘beaded’ wings.

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Green Lacewings – another Family (Nymphidae) has green Chrysopidae Chrysolacewings members. Brown Lacewings – other Families have brown members. Hemerobiidae Hemlacewings Mantis Lacewings – one of the few accurate designations. Mantispidae Mantilacewings Antlion Lacewings – refers to larvae that are most unlike adults. Myrmeleontidae Myrlacewings Spoonwing and Threadwing Lacewings – reasonable, though long Nemopteridae Nemlacewings names.

Insecta ODONATA Dragonflies, Damselflies – European mystical and fairytale Dragonflies, Damselflies – designations. reluctantly retained as an historical ‘hook’. Hawkers – more than one dragonfly Family exhibits this Aeshnidae Aeshdragonflies behaviour. Pond Damselflies – many Families are associated with ponds. Coenagrionidae Coenadamselflies Emeralds, Baskettails and many other designations – generally Hemicorduliidae Hemidragonflies confusing. Reedlings – many damselfly Families perch on reeds. Lestidae Lestidamselflies Skimmers and Perchers – others Families overlap in these Libellulidae Libdragonflies behaviours.

Insecta ORTHOPTERA Shorthorn Grasshoppers – generally accurate. Acrididae Acrihoppers King and Forest Crickets – many crickets are impressive (royal) and Anostostomatidae Anocrickets live in forests. Previously known as Stenopelmatidae. Insecta ORTHOPTERA Raspy Crickets – not much use in the lab when dead. Gryllacrididae Gryllacracrickets Crickets – very diverse Family. Gryllidae Gryllcrickets Mole Crickets – a reasonable common name if you believe in Gryllotalpidae Gryllocrickets naming arthropods after mammals with much shorter evolutionary histories.

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Morabid Grasshoppers, Monkey Grasshoppers, Matchstick Morabidae Morhoppers Grashopper – these descriptors refer to Subfamily or Generic arrangements. Previously part of Eumastacidae. Ant Crickets – an appropriate descriptor. Myrmecophilidae Myrhoppers Pyrgomorphs – few entomologists are aware of this name. Pyrgomorphidae Pyrhoppers Grouse Locust – an American term that does not look like a Tetrigidae Tetrihoppers grouse or locust. Bush Crickets (Africa) – many crickets live in the bush; Katydids Tettigoniidae Tettihoppers (call – America) – only useful when alive, no value in specimen collections. Insecta PHASMIDA Phasmids or Stick Insects – generally accurate though all not like Phasmatidae Phasticks sticks.

Insecta PSOCOPTERA Booklice (one species in Aust.), Barklice, Woodlice – not true Unidentified Family Psoclice ectoparasitic lice – Psocids.

Insecta THYSANURA Silverfish – no Family level designation, not fish, most not ‘silver’. Lepismatidae Lepisilverfish Nicoletiid Silverfish – No common name in Australia. Nicoletiidae Nicosilverfish Insecta TRICHOPTERA Caddisflies – refers to particular ‘finish’ of laval case of European Caddisflies species. No common name in Australia. Called Netspinning Caddisflies in Hydropsychidae Hydropcaddisflies England and America – a larval feature invisible to most people. Micro-caddisflies – an accurate descriptor. Hydroptilidae Hydrocaddisflies Long-horned Caddisflies – reasonably apt designation though Leptoceridae Leptocaddisflies members of other Families may have ‘long antennae’. PHYLUM UNIRAMIA 5 Symphyla SYMPHYLA Symphylans Sympedes Scolopendrellid Millipedes – No common names. Scolopendrellidae Scolosympedes

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