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Integrated Pest Management for Australian Apples & Pears

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Integrated Pest Management for Australian Apples & Pears WWW.INDUSTRY.NSW.GOV.AU INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR AUSTRALIAN APPLES & PEARS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR AUSTRALIAN APPLES & PEARS Disclaimer This document has been prepared by the authors While the information is considered true for Apple and Pear Australia Limited (APAL) in and correct as at August 2009, changes in good faith on the basis of available information. circumstances after the time of publication may affect the accuracy of the information. The While the information contained in the information may change without notice, and document has been formulated with due care, Apple and Pear Australia Limited, the authors the users of the document must obtain their and the publisher and their respective servants own advice and conduct their own investigations and agents are not in any way liable for the and assessments of any proposals they are accuracy of any information contained in this considering, in the light of their individual document. circumstances. The product names in this publication are The document is made available on the supplied on the understanding that no preference understanding that Apple and Pear Australia between equivalent products is intended and Limited, the authors and the publisher, their that the inclusion of a product name does not respective servants and agents accept no imply endorsement by Apple and Pear Australia responsibility for any person acting on, or relying Limited over any equivalent product from on or upon, any opinion, advice representation, another manufacturer. statement or information whether expressed or implied in the document, and disclaim all Recognising that some of the information in liability for any loss, damage, cost, or expense this document is provided by third parties, incurred or arising by reason of any person using Apple and pear Australia Limited, the authors or relying on the information contained in the and the publisher take no responsibility for the document or by reason of error, omission, defect accuracy, currency, reliability and correctness of or mis-statement (whether such error, defect any information included in the document and or mis-statement is caused by, or arises from, provided by third parties. negligence, lack of care or otherwise). Always read the label Users of agricultural or veterinary chemical absolved from compliance with the directions products must always read the label and any on the label or the conditions of the permit by permit, before using the product, and must reason of any statement made or not made in this strictly comply with the directions on the label publication. and the conditions of any permit. Users are not © The State of New South Wales, Industry & Investment NSW Apple and Pear Australia Limited. 2009 ISBN 978 1 74256 014 4 Prepared by Shane Hetherington Edited by Ann Munroe 02/10 - 7252 Contents Disclaimer . .i Making the decision to use IPM: personal choices . .vi Always read the label . i Some IPM terms defined . vii. Acknowledgments and contributors . iii About this manual . vii. What is IPM? . .iv Six steps to controlling diseases of apples and pears Six steps to controlling diseases of apples Step 3: Monitor . .16 and pears . 1. Step 4: Take action only if you need to . .19 Step 1: Prepare and prevent . 3. Step 5: Evaluate the season . .20 Step 2: Have a pest management plan for the season . 14 Step 6: Plan for next season . .21 Mating disruption Mating disruption . .23 Optimising the effectiveness of mating disruption . .25 Introduction . .24 Tips for optimising dispenser use . 26 What is mating disruption? . 24 Is mating disruption working? Advantages of mating disruption . 24 Monitoring in mating disruption blocks . 27 Can mating disruption be used Emergence of secondary pests . .27 on my block? . .25 Pest and disease factsheets Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot . 30 San José scale . 113 Apple dimpling bug . .35 Storage rots . 117 Apple scab (Black spot), Pear scab . .40 Thrips: Western flower thrips, Plague thrips . .123 Bitter rot . 51 Weevils: Fuller’s rose weevil, Garden weevil, Apple weevil, Fruit tree root weevil, Codling moth . .55 Eucalyptus weevil . 128 Fruit flies: Queensland fruit fly, Woolly aphid . 134 Mediterranean fruit fly . .63 Apple leafhopper (canary fly in Tasmania) . .141 Helicoverpa and loopers . .68 Apple mosaic virus . .143 Lightbrown apple moth . .73 Armillaria root rot . 144 Longtailed mealybug . .79 Bitter pit . .146 Mites:Two-spotted mites, European red mites, Bryobia mites . .83 Pear leaf blister mite . .148 Pear blossom blast . 96 Silver leaf . 150 Pear slug, Pear sawfly . 99 Snails . 152 Phytophthora root and crown rot . .102 White root rot . 155 Powdery mildew . .108 Wingless grasshoppers and katydids . 157 i Contents (cont’d) Reducing the impacts of birds in horticulture Introduction . .160 Acknowledgments . .165 Management options . 162 Forms, schedules and resources Appendix 1 . Pesticide application record sheet . 168 Appendix 4 . Effect on beneficial arthropods of pesticides registered for use on apples Appendix 2 . Useful contacts . 169 and pears . 173 Appendix 3 . Suppliers of biological Appendix 5 . Using pesticides in IPM . 179 control agents . .171 More information and index More information . 200Index . 206 ii Acknowledgments and contributors Coordinating author Thanks also to the extension staff from various Shane Hetherington State Government departments of primary industries and agriculture who helped to run the The project team meetings that provided the focus for this manual. Ms Penny Domeney, Department of Primary Particular thanks to the industry-minded Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, orchardists who contributed their valuable Tasmania time to attend the project meetings that gave a practical focus to this manual. Dr Mofakhar Hossain, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria Photography Ms Christine Horlock, Department of All images supplied by photographers other Employment, Economic Development and than the coordinating author are acknowledged, Innovation, Queensland Primary Industries and but particular thanks to Paul James (SARDI), Fisheries Stuart Learmonth (DAFWA), Andrew Jessup Mr Stuart Gray, Apple and Pear Australia (I&I NSW), The Ontario Ministry of Food, Limited Agriculture and Rural Affairs and The Norfolk Fruit Growers Association. Contributing authors and reviewers Funding Staff from several State Government departments of agriculture and primary This manual was funded through Horticulture industries wrote and provided expert advice on Australia Limited from the national Apple and most chapters in this manual. Pear Levy, with a matching financial contribution from the Commonwealth Government of In formulating strategies for individual pests Australia. Apple and Pear Australia Limited and diseases, valuable technical input was given approved funding for this project to help by many people in addition to the project team, the Australian apple and pear industry in its including the following: transition to integrated pest management. Stuart Learmonth, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia Dedication Paul James, South Australian Research and This manual is dedicated to my son Benjamin. Development Institute Research and production were therapy during hard times…You taught me that tough guys John Tracey, Industry & Investment NSW sometimes wear nappies! Graham Thwaite, NSW Department of Primary Industries (retired) Dr Shane Hetherington Anne Mooney, Industry & Investment NSW Industry Leader (Temperate Fruit) The authors would particularly like to thank the Industry & Investment NSW following apple and pear industry reviewers who provided valuable practical feedback and advice: David Finger, Carey Schultz, Brad Ashlin, Jeremy Price, Richard Hawkes. iii What is IPM? Integrated pest management (IPM)is a This information was taken from the Washington philosophy of pest control founded on the State University IPM online manual. I feel it principles of ecology. In practice, it involves using encompasses the mind shift that needs to take several control tactics based on a knowledge of place when entering into an IPM system. I feel the crop, pests and associated natural enemies to it summarises quite well the feelings of where avoid crop loss and minimize harmful effects on APAL see this manual taking growers. I am not the environment. Implementing IPM requires sure whether this is too wordy for your liking, it an understanding not only of insect and mite is just a suggestion which I feel embraces the idea biology and ecology but also of the entire of IPM to me. orchard system. This includes the plants and The complication is that, when choosing this animals that comprise the orchard community, option, you must consider its impact on the as well as consideration of contributions from entire block. the surrounding habitat. The orchard system also takes into account financial, physical and human All orchard blocks are home to a range of insects, aspects of orchard operations.More simply, IPM mites and micro-organisms that attack and kill involves evaluating your pest problems and then the pests that damage crops. These ‘beneficials’ applying the most appropriate solution. attack pests and limit the amount of damage that they cause. Unfortunately, many beneficials IPM requires a more tolerant approach to are killed by common orchard pesticides. pest control than traditional insecticide-based Broad-spectrum pesticides kill a wide range of programs. Eliminating all insects and mites organisms regardless of whether they
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