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Szegedi Tudományegyetem SZEGEDI TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM FÖLDTUDOMÁNYOK DOKTORI ISKOLA DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS A MATY-ÉR ÉS A KAPCSOLÓDÓ VÍZRENDSZER SZEREPE ÉS JELENT ŐSÉGE SZEGED KÖRNYÉKÉNEK TELEPÜLÉSTÖRTÉNETÉBEN SZALONTAI CSABA BELS Ő KONZULENS PROF. DR. HABIL. SÜMEGI PÁL tanszékvezet ő egyetemi tanár FÖLDTANI ÉS ŐSLÉNYTANI TANSZÉK SZEGED 2014 Tartalomjegyzék I. Bevezetés ................................................................................................................................................... 2 II. Célkit űzés: A kutatási téma felvázolása és annak el őzményei .................................................................. 4 III. Kutatástörténeti áttekintés. Anyag és módszer .......................................................................................... 8 VI.1. Kutatástörténet ..................................................................................................................................... 8 VI.2. Módszertan ........................................................................................................................................... 9 IV. A vizsgált terület földrajzi adottságai ...................................................................................................... 14 VI.1. A vizsgált terület kialakulása ............................................................................................................. 14 VI.2. Domborzat .......................................................................................................................................... 15 IV.2. 1. A lakott területen kívüli domborzat ............................................................................................ 15 IV.2. 2. Szeged domborzata ..................................................................................................................... 16 IV.2. 3. Szeged feltöltése és újjáépítése az 1879. évi árvíz után ............................................................. 23 VI.3. Talajok ................................................................................................................................................ 25 VI.4. Éghajlat............................................................................................................................................... 26 VI.5. Vízrajz ................................................................................................................................................ 26 IV.5. 1. Folyóvizek .................................................................................................................................. 27 Tisza .................................................................................................................................................... 27 Maros ................................................................................................................................................... 33 Maty-ér ................................................................................................................................................ 34 IV.5. 2. Állóvizek .................................................................................................................................... 41 Fehértó ................................................................................................................................................. 41 Fert ő-láposa ......................................................................................................................................... 43 Balaton ................................................................................................................................................. 43 Baktó.................................................................................................................................................... 43 Ballagitó .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Egyéb szikes tavak: ............................................................................................................................. 44 IV.5. 3. Szeged vizei ................................................................................................................................ 48 VI.6. Növényzet ........................................................................................................................................... 55 V. Tájértékelés .............................................................................................................................................. 58 VI. A vizsgált terület és kapcsolati rendszere. Úthálózat, közlekedés ........................................................... 69 VI.1. Úthálózat kutatása, kutatástörténeti kitekintés ................................................................................... 69 VI.2. Hidak kutatástörténete ........................................................................................................................ 74 VI.3. A vizsgált terület úthálózata ............................................................................................................... 75 1. átkel őhely ........................................................................................................................................ 75 2. átkel őhely ........................................................................................................................................ 77 3. átkel őhely ........................................................................................................................................ 78 4. átkel őhely ........................................................................................................................................ 80 5. átkel őhely ........................................................................................................................................ 81 6. átkel őhely ........................................................................................................................................ 81 7. átkel őhely ........................................................................................................................................ 83 VI.4. A vízrendszer stratégia jelent őségének vizsgálata ............................................................................. 86 VII. A vizsgált terület régészeti képe .............................................................................................................. 97 VII.1. Vízrendszerre épül ő védelmi rendszer az avar korban...................................................................... 99 VII.2. A Tisza–Maros el őterének védelmi rendszere a 10–11. században ................................................ 100 VII.3. Hatalmi és stratégiai központ váltás a középkorban Szeged környékének településtörténetében. Okok és magyarázatok .............................................................................................................................. 102 VIII. Irodalomjegyzék ................................................................................................................................... 105 IX. Összefoglalás ........................................................................................................................................... 125 X. Summary: The role and significance of the Maty Creek and the connected hydrological system in the settlement history of the vicinity of Szeged .................................................................................................. 127 XI. Rövidítések jegyzéke ............................................................................................................................... 131 Anyukám emlékének „Ha Szeged településének els ő nyomait a történelmi Szeged bels ő területén keressük, nem járunk helyes úton: mert, ahogy az egyes városok településének földrajzi okait nemcsak magának a helynek földrajzi körülményei szabják meg, hanem a hozzátartozó egész vonzási terület viszonyai, úgy a legprimitívebb település nyomai is lehet őleg szélesebb kiterjedés ű, lehet őleg azonos körülmények közt lév ő vidékeken keresend ők. Ha ilyen irányelvek mellett szólunk Szeged els ő települési nyomairól, akkor a mai Szeged határát jóval túlhaladó, ma már többé kevésbé ismert emberi telepek leleteir ől, mint a lakottság kétségkívüli bizonyítékairól kell els ősorban megemlékeznünk. Figyelemmel kell lennünk e helyekre már azért is, mert e helyeknek sorozatos ismerete kétségkívül összefügg a terület történelmi, vagy történelem el őtti vízrendszerével is. Ezt a vízrendszert részben természetes, részben mesterséges magaslatok, dombhátak, vagy halmok kísérik végig, melyek a primitív ember településére az egyedüli alkalmas területet nyújtják a szinte beláthatatlan mocsaras területek között.” (Banner 1925, 18). I. Bevezetés Banner János, a Szegei Egyetem Régészeti Tanszékének neves oktatója által megfogalmazott, közel 100 éves mondatok jelentették dolgozatomhoz az els ő inspirációt még egyetemi hallgató koromban. Érdekesnek t űnő gondolataira akkoriban nem találtam szakirodalmi választ, és tartalma máig elkísért. Az 1925-ben megfogalmazott mondatainak szakmai mélysége és gondolat korszer űsége, komplexitása olyan, mintha egy ma megjelent multidiszciplináris kötet szerkeszt ői bevezet ője lenne. Gondolatai további inspirációt generáltak akkor, amikor alsóéves egyetemista koromban az akkor még friss Szeged története (1983) I. kötetében kerestem a megoldást
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