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Document 388361.Pdf 191 Retour au menu 191 P HYTOPATHOLOGIE Il s’agit du compte-rendu du séminaire sur les ravageurs et maladies du cacaoyer intitulé : Lutte contre les maladies et «Cocoa Pests and diseases seminar», organisé par le CRIG* et le Cocoa Board, qui s’est tenu à Accra, Ghana, du 6 au 10 novembre 1995. ravageurs du cacaoyer This is a rundown of the Cocoa Pests and Diseases seminar organized by CRIG* and the Cocoa Board, held in Accra, Ghana from 6th to 10th November 1995. Nguyen-Ban J. Se trata del informe del seminario sobre las CIRAD-CP, BP 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France plagas y enfermedades del cacao titulado: «Cocoa Pests and diseases seminar», organizado por el CRIG* y el Cocoa Board, que tuvo lugar en e séminaire sur les ravageurs et mala- méthodes de lutte comme l’emploi des auxi- Accra, Ghana, del 6 al 10 de noviembre de 1995. dies du cacaoyer «Cocoa Pests and liaires utiles (parasites naturels) ou l’intro- Ldiseases seminar» a réuni plus de duction des substances semiochimiques, 100 personnes, représentant neuf pays pro- voire de la mise en place des variétés résis- ducteurs et consommateurs de cacao. Au tantes aux ravageurs, pour sauvegarder à la cours des dix sessions scientifiques, les fois les cultures et l’environnement principales maladies du cacaoyer, d’origine (B. Padi). entomologique, fongique ou virale, ont été Le Nigeria (O.L. Idowu) tente la mise au examinées. point des traitements à très bas volume (Ultra Low Volume ULV) et la formation des planteurs à la reconnaissance des Lutte chimique contre dégâts de mirides. En cas de besoin, ces les mirides du cacaoyer planteurs pourront alors assumer seuls les La première journée a été entièrement traitements phytosanitaires. consacrée aux différents aspects de lutte Le Togo signale que les dégâts du foreur contre les mirides qui figurent parmi les de tronc Eulophonotus myrmeleon (Feld) principaux ennemis de la cacaoculture s’aggravent dans les cacaoyères du Wawa, mondiale. Kloto et d’Agou. Il est responsable de 24 % à Face au développement de la résistance 50 % des dégâts des ravageurs observés. des punaises aux insecticides, J. Nguyen- Ban a décrit une méthode de prévision de l’efficacité des traitements en champ, à Maladies à Phytophthora partir des résultats de biotests, mise au La pourriture brune des cabosses provoque point au Cameroun. des pertes, estimées à 10 % en Côte Au Ghana, l’emploi de l’azodrin (mono- d’Ivoire, elles peuvent atteindre 80 % au crotophos) en badigeon sur jeunes plants et Cameroun. Les taux de dégâts sur cabosses les traitements insecticides dans les au Nigeria, au Togo et au Ghana se situent «poches à capsides» en vergers adultes, entre ces deux extrêmes (K.E. Djiejpor). sont actuellement les deux seules mesures En Afrique, P. megakarya et P. palmi- de protection chimique des cacaoyers, pré- vora sont les deux espèces dominantes, conisées par le CRIG(1) pour limiter les mais la première est la plus virulente. Une effets néfastes des molécules de synthèse enquête de I.Y. Opuku, effectuée dans six sur l’environnement (Owusu Manu). régions productrices du Ghana, a confirmé Une nouvelle technique de traitement la coexistence des deux espèces dans huit contre les mirides du cacaoyer a été pré- districts déjà connus comme infectés et a sentée par N. Coulibaly. Il s’agit du généra- révélé huit autres districts nouvellement teur fumigène (Fumivap) utilisé dans les touchés par P. megakarya, dont un pre- plantations contre les mirides, avec une mier isolement à Essam dans la Western efficacité comparable à celle de l’atomisa- Region. tion. Les traitements chimiques mensuels, Malgré les remarquables résultats obte- effectués dans 15 plantations, avec du nus avec les pesticides, il est actuellement Kocide 101 et du Ridomil 72+, ont permis * CRIG : Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, nécessaire de faire appel à d’autres d’obtenir un gain notable en cabosses avec, Private Mail Bay, International Airport, Accra, toutefois, des variations suivant les planta- Ghana (1) Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. tions et les localités (A.Y. Akrofi). Mai - Juin 1996 Plantations, recherche, développement 192 Retour au menu P HYTOPATHOLOGIE Au Ghana, en ce qui concerne la lutte sévère dans l’Eastern Region ou «Area of tômes de la maladie. Des travaux de génétique, trois F1 (T60, T79, T85) et mass infection» (AMI). Faible dans recherche sont en cours pour améliorer le quatre F2 (T12, T61, T63, T82) en féconda- quelques blocs, la réinfection a été quasi niveau de résistance des hybrides à la mala- tion libre ont été utilisés à Bechem. Six F2 totale dans les petites plantations. die (Y. Adu Ampomah et al.). en fécondation libre (T12, T60, T63, T73, Les études morphologiques des coche- Au Togo, des croisements à deux et à T76 et T79) ont été observés à Akumadan. nilles vectrices du swollen shoot ont révélé trois voies entre Hauts Amazoniens ont aug- Aucun arbre totalement résistant n’a été que Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) et menté très sensiblement la résistance des trouvé, bien que quatre T85 et six T60 aient Planococcus citri (Risso) présentent de hybrides au swollen shoot. En serre, les été repérés à Bchem comme exceptionnels, grandes variations morphologiques intras- tests précoces de résistance révèlent que par le nombre de cabosses utilisables et pécifiques. Il existe aussi deux variants les taux de plants malades passent de 90 % leur faible niveau de perte attribuée à la morphologiques chez P. citri. L’étude com- pour le témoin sensible à 14 % chez le pourriture. Dans cette étude (Y. Abdul parative a été également effectuée, d’une témoin résistant, voire même entre 1 % et Karimu et J.D Amponsah), les efforts de part sur les populations de P. njalensis et 10 % pour les plus performants. Une straté- sélection pour la résistance sont souvent P. citri récoltées à Tafo et, d’autre part, sur gie de replantation, incluant l’emploi des gênés par des procédés de dépistage encore Planococcus kenyae (Le Pelley) récoltée plantes barrières, doit accompagner la mise insuffisamment efficaces. sur Coffea arabica à Nairobi (Kenya). Une en place des nouveaux hybrides sélection- nouvelle diagnose a été élaborée pour la nés pour freiner sensiblement l’évolution de séparation des trois espèces (B. Padi). la maladie dans les zones virosées. Le balai de sorcière en Des études comparatives sur la parthé- Une nouvelle maladie, d’origine virale, Amérique latine nogenèse des cochenilles du cacaoyer présentant des lésions chlorotiques ou de Connu dès 1895 au Surinam, le balai de sor- Planococcoides njalensis (Laing), petits trous le long de la nervure centrale, a cière se propagea dans tout le bassin ama- Planococcus citri (Risso), Ferrisia virgata été signalée dans l’extrême nord-ouest du zonien pour arriver dans l’Etat de Bahia où (Cockerell), entreprises en 1992, 1994 et Ghana et au Nigeria. Les symptômes il provoque, actuellement, une perte 1995 à Tafo, ont révélé que chez ces trois foliaires rappellent la carence en zinc. Le annuelle estimée à un milliard de dollars. espèces, la reproduction est à la fois sexuée virus est facilement transmissible par voie La maladie s’est répandue en deux étapes. et parthénogénétique. Il est, néanmoins, mécanique ou par greffage. Les caractères La première, qui fut rapide, en Amazonie, impératif qu’à certains stades de dévelop- physiques, écologiques et sérologiques sug- était due aux agents naturels comme le pement qui restent à déterminer, les gèrent la présence d’un népovirus vent. Après un ralentissement, qui a duré femelles parthénogénétiques doivent être (G.K. Owusu). près d’un siècle, la nouvelle avancée accouplées pour assurer des descendances actuelle doit être attribuée aux agents de abondantes (B. Padi). dissémination non classiques, dont Des observations en laboratoire ont été Résolutions et l’homme. effectuées sur les deux coccinelles conclusions A Bahia, des mesures ont été prises Scymnus sp. et Hyperaspis egregia A l’issue de ces journées de travail, les par- telles que la surveillance des foyers et des (Mader) prédatrices de la cochenille P. nja- ticipants de la réunion ont formulé des zones environnantes, l’enlèvement des lensis (Laing). Les coccinelles adultes recommandations. balais suivi d’applications de fongicides par s’attaquent aux larves de cochenilles, En ce qui concerne les maladies virales voie terrestre ou aérienne, l’abattage et la s’accouplent mais les femelles ne pondent du cacaoyer, il a été noté que la réinfection suppression des cacaoyers porteurs. De pas en captivité (J.B. Ackonor). est lente dans les replantations en grands nouveaux apports techniques et financiers L’abondance de tanins et de mucilages blocs (block planting) avec des variétés seront cependant nécessaires pour sauver foliaires, la faible concentration de virus résistantes et l’emploi de plantes barrières la production cacaoyère et, partant, l’indus- dans le tissu végétal font actuellement obs- pour contrecarrer le mouvement des vec- trie chocolatière de la région (J.L. Pereira). tacle à la purification et à la caractérisation teurs. Au Panama, la progression de la maladie des virus du swollen shoot. Ceci explique L’aspect endémique de la maladie et a été arrêtée par les effets conjugués de la aussi la rareté des antisérums obtenus pour l’excellent sol à cacao de l’Eastern Region mise en place d’une zone tampon de 40 km l’identification des isolats du Cocoa (Ghana), impliquent qu’une solution parti- de large, d’un nombre croissant de postes Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV). L’utilisation culière soit trouvée pour cette zone. de quarantaine à travers l’isthme et d’une de la PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) et Pour le contrôle des maladies fongiques, campagne d’information du public de sondes moléculaires ouvre de nouvelles l’accent est mis sur la sélection des variétés (J.L.Pereira).
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