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STDF - CABI - ICCO PROJECT: “CocoaSafe”: Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing in SPS in Cocoa in Southeast Asia (STDF/PG/381) TRAINING OF MASTER FACILITATORS (TOMF) TRAINING MANUAL 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This TOMF manual draws heavily from the following resources: 1. Bateman, R. (2013). Pesticide Use in Cocoa. A Guide for Training Administrative and Research Staff. ICCO. 94 pp. 2. Bijlmakers, H. (2005). FFS for IPM-Refresh your memory. IPM DANIDA Project, Thailand. 60 pp. 3. CABI (2007). Crop Protection Compendium. An interactive multimedia knowledge base, containing a wide range of science-based information on all aspects of crop protection. 4. CABI SEA (2008). Training of Master Facilitators (TOMF). ACIAR Project PC/2006/114 on the Management of Cocoa Pod Borer in PNG. 109 pp. 5. David, S. (2008). Learning about sustainable cocoa production-A guide for participatory farmer training. 1. Integrated Crop and Pest Management. STCP- ITTA Accra, Ghana. 227 pp. 6. David, S. et. al. (2006). A guide for conducting FFS on cocoa integrated crop and pest management. STCP-ITTA Accra, Ghana.93 pp. 7. Dankers C. and C.N. Twin (2007). Organic cocoa production – A guide for FFS in Sierra Leone. FAO Rome. 63 pp. 8. ICCO (2008). Manual of Best Known Practices in Cocoa Production. CB/16/2. 9 pp. 9. UTZ Certified (2009). Good Inside Code of Conduct for Cocoa. Version 1.0. 33 pp. 10. Vos, J.G.M., B.J. Ritchie and J. Flood (2003). Discovery Learning about Cocoa – An Inspirational guide for training facilitators. CABI Bioscience. 110 pp. 11. ASEAN GAP November 2006, RMIT International 12. Malaysian Standard: Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) Part 4: COCOA (Theobroma Cacao) MS 1784: PART 4:2005, Department of Standards Malaysia 13. Malaysian Standard: COCOA BEANS – SPECIFICATION FOR GRADING (Fourth revision), MS 293:2005, Department of Standards Malaysia TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement i Table of Contents ii Part 1: THEORY 1 1 GENERAL ASPECTS OF TOMF 2 1.1 Background information of TOMF course 2 1.2 Survey of participants’ background 2 1.3 Participatory introduction of participants 3 1.4 Group formation and group responsibilities 3 1.5 Roles and responsibilities of Master Facilitators, 3 Facilitators and the Target Groups (Farmers, Agro-dealers & Processors) 1.6 Curriculum of TOMF, TOF and FS 4 2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON COCOA 7 2.1 The Cocoa Commodity 7 2.2 Cocoa Production 7 2.2.1 Cocoa in Indonesia 8 2.2.2 Cocoa in Malaysia 10 2.3 Constraints to cocoa production 11 2.4 Constraints to export cocoa beans 11 2.5 Regulation on food safety and SPS 12 3 FOOD SAFETY and HACCP 15 3.1 CROP MANAGEMENT 16 3.1.1 Establishment of cocoa farm – land preparation & site 16 history 3.1.2 Planting material & nursery 16 3.1.3 Pruning 16 3.1.4 Shade trees management 17 3.1.5 Weed management (herbicides) 17 3.2 CROP NUTRITION & WATER 17 3.2.1 Soil fertility 17 3.2.2 Soil management – mulching & composting 17 3.2.3 Fertilizer management 17 – types of fertilizers - Fertilizer application 3.2.4 Water 18 3.3 CROP PROTECTION 18 3.3.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 18 -prevention, observation, intervention 3.3.2 Pest & diseases 19 3.3.3 Rational pesticide use 19 3.3.4 Decision steps for applying pesticides to cocoa in the field 20 3.3.5 Recommended pesticides 21 3.3.6 Reducing pesticide residues in cocoa 22 3.3.7 Applying pesticides safely and efficiently on cocoa farms – 23 PAT (Crop Life) 3.4 Workers/ Farmers safety – PPE for spraying pesticides 24 3.5 Cocoa harvesting, pod storage and pod breaking 24 3.6 POST- HARVEST HANDLING 25 3.6.1 Fermentation 25 3.6.2 Drying 26 3.6.3 Quality/ Grading 27 3.6.4 Packaging 28 3.6.5 Farm storage 28 3.6.6 Transporting & Shipping practices 29 3.7 WASTE MANAGEMENT 29 3.7.1 Farm sanitation 29 3.7.2 Pesticide waste – empty containers 30 3.8 FARM RECORD KEEPING/ TRACEABILITY 30 3.9 GAP TRAINING & SELF CHECK/ SELF AUDIT 30 4. STEPS TO PLAN, ORGANISE AND CONDUCT TRAINING 31 OF FACILITATORS 4.1 Preparatory meetings with related agencies 31 4.2 Plan and prepare relevant curriculum (including needed 31 training materials) 4.3 Plan and prepare operational/logistical requirements 32 4.4 Organise and conduct the TOF course 32 4.5 Discuss and plan TOF follow-up activities and the conduct 32 of FS Part 2: PRACTICAL 33 33 DISCOVERY LEARNING EXERCISES Module 1: Starting Farmers Field School (SFFS) 34 SFFS-1 Cocoa Cropping Calendar – Crop cycle 34 SFFS-2 Cocoa Ecosystem 36 SFFS-3 Cocoa Food Web 38 SFFS-4 Ballot Box test 40 SFFS-5 Getting to know each other 45 Module 2: Agro-Ecosystem analysis ( AESA) 48 AESA-1 Agro-ecosystem analysis 48 AESA-2 Identifying and collecting healthy ripe pods, diseased, CPB 52 infested pods and rodent damaged pods in the field Module 3: Crop husbandry (CH) 54 CH-1 Pruning and canopy/height control 54 CH-2 The role of shade and spacing in determining the 55 architecture of cocoa trees and yield CH-3 Role play on the importance of soil fertility for cocoa 57 production CH-4 The effect of fertilizers on young cocoa plants 61 CH-5 The effects of fertilizers on mature cocoa trees 64 Module 4: Managing cocoa diseases and pests (CDP) 65 CDP-1 Impact of humidity and the role of diseased pods in 65 spreading black pod CDP-2 Cocoa disease infection study 67 CDP-3 Role of soil in the spread of black pod disease 69 CDP-4 Black pod disease zoo in the field 71 CDP-5 Insect zoo 1 – symptom development 73 CDP-6 Insect zoo 2 - symptom development 75 CDP-7 Insect zoo – predation exercise 78 CDP-8 Insect zoo – life cycle development 80 CDP-9 Determining mirid damage threshold for essential 82 insecticide application Module 5: Rational Pesticide use (RPU) 85 RPU-1 Deciding to apply pesticides on cocoa 85 RPU-2 Understanding pesticides regulations 88 RPU-3 Calibration and performance sprayers 91 RPU-4 Improved spraying practices for mirid control 94 RPU-5 Pesticides specificity 96 RPU-6 Spray dye exercise 98 RPU-7 Botanical pesticides screening 100 RPU-8 Pesticides resistance role-play 102 Module 6: Cocoa quality (CQ) 105 CQ-1 Impact of pod maturity on fermentation and cocoa quality 105 CQ-2 Drying cocoa on a raised, covered platform 107 CQ-3 Alternative fermentation method 109 CQ-4 Drying cocoa beans using an improved solar dryer 111 Part 3 : Appendix 113 PEST DATA SHEETS (PDS) 113 114 CPB - Cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen) Mirids/ Capsids (Helopeltis theivora (Tea mosquito) 119 Stem borer (Zeuzera coffeae) Zeuzera coffeae (Lepidoptera) 123 Termites 126 White grub (Phyllophaga species) 129 VSD – Vascular streak dieback (Ceratobasidium theobroma) 132 (formerly Oncobasidium theobromae P.H.B. Talbot & Keane) Black pod ( Phytophthora palmivora (E J Butler)) 138 Pink disease Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burds. 142 (Formerly Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome) Blight horse hair blight (Marasmius crinis-equi) 144 white thread blight (Marasmiellus scandens) Storage insect pests 148 Farm recording forms 152 Farm plan Risk assessment record Planting material record Chemical inventory Spray record Postharvest/ Storage chemical record Chemical authorisation form Fertilizer record Harvesting and packing record Job responsibility and training record Cleaning and pest control plan Corrective action report Personal hygiene instructions Self- assessment checklist PART 1 THEORY 1 1. GENERAL ASPECTS OF TOMF 1.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF TOMF COURSE Cocoa is an important economic crop of Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) and is an important source of income to thousands of smallholder farmers who depend on it for their livelihood. In PNG, it contributes about K200 million yearly to the government‟s agricultural export revenue. About 80% of cocoa is produced by smallholders, with 150,000 households depending on cocoa for their livelihoods. The overall development goal of this project is to maintain and increase market access of cocoa exports from Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea by improving practices along the supply chain to meet international standards of food safety. This will include: (i) improving the quality of cocoa through capacity building in SPS, (ii) promoting and facilitating knowledge sharing between stakeholder groups participating in the project, and (iii) raising awareness among cocoa stakeholders beyond the project‟s immediate reach on food safety concerns in the whole supply chain (and how to address them). The stakeholders targeted by the project will include smallholder producers, agro-dealers, processors and exporters, also involving national and regional authorities that are responsible for research relating to cocoa, and SPS issues. The project have several components of activities and under “Component I. Enhancing the Capacity of Cocoa Stakeholders in Indonesia and Malaysia to Improve the Quality and Safety of Cocoa” there would be 8 activities and 3 activities related to capacity building for extension officers, farmers, agrodealers and processors/sellers. The three relevant activities are: Activity 1.1 Development of locally adapted curricula and training materials for training of master facilitators and facilitators: Tailored for key intervention points in the value chain Activity 1.2 Training of master facilitators (TOMF): Organizing and conducting a Training-of-Master Facilitators (TOMF) course to train a core group of Master Facilitators (MF). Activity 1.3 Training of facilitators (TOF): Master Facilitators organizing and conducting Training-of- Facilitators (TOF) courses to train a cadre of local Facilitators who can conduct Field Schools (FS) for farm group/cooperative leaders, local extension staff, agro-dealers, and traders & processors. Of the above, the TOMF course constitutes the first activity to be undertaken, which aims at enabling farmers to effectively implement Cocoa IPM & Safety through increased knowledge and awareness.
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  • Strategy for Insect Pest Control in Cocoa

    Strategy for Insect Pest Control in Cocoa

    American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 6(6): 416-423, 2015, Article no.AJEA.2015.099 ISSN: 2231-0606 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Strategy for Insect Pest Control in Cocoa Richard Adu-Acheampong1*, Joseph Easmon Sarfo1, Ernest Felix Appiah1, Abraham Nkansah1, Godfred Awudzi1, Emmanuel Obeng1, Phebe Tagbor1 and Richard Sem1 1Entomology Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O.Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors RAA, JES, EFA and GA defined the research theme and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors AN, PT and RS co- worked on associated data collection and their interpretation. Author EO provided additional information from field experiments. PT reviewed all drafts of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJEA/2015/12956 Editor(s): (1) Marco Aurelio Cristancho, National Center for Coffee Research, CENICAFÉ, Colombia. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, Greece. (2) Anonymous, South Africa. (3) Anonymous, India. (4) Anonymous, Ghana. (5) Anonymous, Italy. (6) Ian Mashezha, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=868&id=2&aid=7702 Received 25th July 2014 th Opinion Article Accepted 30 September 2014 Published 9th January 2015 ABSTRACT Farming systems in cocoa over the last three decades have involved the use of new hybrid plant varieties, which produce pods throughout the year, intensified fertilizer use, and misguided pesticide applications by some farmers. Resource availability in terms of abundance of feeding and breeding sites and ecological disruption as a consequence of climate change and bad agronomic practices have increased the importance of insect pests on cocoa.