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Cacao : a Bibliography on the Plant and Its Culture and Primary UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Library Library List No. 53 Washington 25, D. C, October 1950 CACAO A Bibliography on the Plant and Its Culture and Primary Processing of the Bean v Compiled by Roberta C. Watrous'' Division of Bibliography GPO— O—LIB 220 LIBRARY' '^ CURRENT SEHlAi IK;' ^ NOV 13 1950 S. OEPARTMttll PREFACE The demand for cacao products has greatly increased during the twentieth century. At the same time diseases and pests have threatened one after another of the cacao-producing areas of the world. It has therefore become essential to reexamine every factor which might have a bearing on the problem of maintaining and increasing production, whether by improvement of methods, by seeking remedies for spe- cific ills, or by finding areas suitable for new plantings. In addition to experiments and research conduct- ed by governmental and private agencies in the various cacao-growing countries, broad programs of re- search under cooperative sponsorship were undertaken as early as 1930 at the Imperial College of Trop- ical Agriculture, Trinidad, and more recently at the West African Cacao Research Institute, Tafo, Gold Coast, and the Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialba, Costa Rica. This bibliography is intended to serve students, research workers, and others concerned with the problems involved in growing healthy and productive cacao trees and in processing the beans to meet the standards set by manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate. It includes, in addition to general material on the culture of cacao in various parts of the world and certain special aspects of culture, references on the botany and pathology of the plant, its insect and other enemies, and both practical and scientific aspects of the primary processing of the cacao bean. It does not include material dealing chiefly with the processing and sale of cacao products outside the country of origin, or items of interest primarily to the historian. With only a few exceptions the bibliography is limited to holdings of the U. S. Department of Agriculture Library and published during the period 1920 to 1949. Call numbers following the citations are those of the Library. Photoprint and Microfilm Copies Photoprint or microfilm copies of publications in the U. S. Department of Agriculture Library may be obtained at the following prices: Photoprints: $1.00 for each 10 pages or fraction thereof from a single article or book. Microfilms: $1.00 for each 50 pages or fraction thereof from a single i article or book. Enclose with order payment in cash, library coupon, check, or money order drawn to the Treasurer of the United States. U. S. Department of Agriculture Library coupons valued at $1.00 each may be ordered in any quantity. Ill PRINCIPAL SOURCES CONSULTED CATALOGS: U. S. Department of Agriculture Card Catalog, including Plant Science and Plant Pathology Catalogs. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND ABSTRACT JOURNALS: Agricultural Index, 1919-1949. 1 Bibliography of Agriculture, July 1942- May 1950. Biological Abstracts, 1926-1946. Experiment Station Record, 1920-1946. " . Horticultural Abstracts, 1931-1949. International Institute of Agriculture. Bibliography of Tropical Agriculture, 1931-1942. Review of Applied Entomology, Ser. A: Agricultural, 1922-1949. Review of Applied Mycology, 1922-1948. SERIALS: Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago, Proceedings, 1919-1949 (file incomplete). Bergcultures, 1926-1949 (file incomplete). Cacao Information Bulletin, Nov. 1947-Jan. 1950. Gold Coast Agricultural and Commercial Society. Journal, 1921-1927. Gold Coast Farmer, 1934-1939. Office Internationale du Cacao et Uu Chocolat. Bulletin Officiel, 1931-1939 (file incomplete). Revue Internationale de Botanique Appliqu6e et d' Agriculture Tropicale, 1921-1945. Tropical Agriculture, 1924-1949. CONTENTS Page Page GENERAL 1 DISEASES 23 North America 3 Fungus Diseases 24 Mexico 3 Phytophthora Canker and Pod Rot 25 V/itches Broom 26 Central America 3 Physiological Diseases 27 West Indies 3 Dominican Republic 3 Virus Diseases 27 G r enada 4 Swollen Shoot 28 Trinidad and Tobago 4 INSECTS AND OTHER PESTS... 29 South Amer i ca 5 Brazil 5 Coleoptera. 30 Colombia 6 Ecuador 7 Diptera » 30 Venezuela 7 Hemiptera 30 Africa 8 Helopeltis. 31 Belgian Congo 8 Sahlbergella 31 French West Africa 9 Gold Coast 9 Homoptera 32 Nigeria 10 Pseudococ cus 32 Sao Tom6 and Principe 11 Hyrhenoptera 32 Asia and Oceania 11 Malaya 11 Isoptera 32 Indonesia 12 New Guinea 12 Lepidoptera 33 Philippines ; 12 Ephestia 33 CULTURE: SPECIAL ASPECTS 12 Orthoptera 33 Pruning 13 Thysanoptera 33 Selenothrips 33 Shade and Shade Trees 13 THE CACAO BEAN 34 Propagation 14 Vegetative Propagation 14 Harvesting and Primary -Processing 34 Soils 15 Chemistry and Microbiology of Fermentation 36 FerUlizers 17 Quality and Grading 37 Yields 17 Storage and Packing 38 THE CACAO PLANT. 18 • Biochemistry 39 Taxonomy and Varieties 18 RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND ADMINISTRATION 40 Selection and Breeding 19 BIBLIOGRAPHIES • 42 Morphology and Physiology 21 INDEX 43 CACAO A Bibliography on the Plant and Its Culture and Primary Processing of the Bean GENERAL GENERAL--Continued. 1. BARRETT, O. W. The tropical crops, a popular 13. FINCKE, H. Handbuch der kakaoerzeugnisse; treatment of the practice of agriculture in tropical ihre geschichte, rohstoffe, herstellung, beschaffenheit, regions, with discussion of cropping systems and methods zusammensetzung, anwendung, wirkung, gesetzliche of growing the leading products. New York, Macmillan, regelung und zahlberichte, dargestellt fiir gewerbe, 1928. 445 p., illus. 38 B27 handel und wissenschaft. Berlin, Springer, 1936. 568 p., Chapter 5 deals with cacao. illus. Ref. Libr. Cong. 2. BOIS, D. Les plantes alimentaires chez tous les Die Rohstoffe der Kakaoerzeugnisse; A, Der Kakao, peuples et a travers les ages. Histoire, utilisation, cul- p. 30-100, discusses species and varieties of cacao, the ture. Vol. IV, Les plantes a boissons. Paris, anatomy of the bean, cultivation, diseases and pests, Lechevalier, 1937. 600 p., illus. Ref. 452.8 B63 harvesting and preparation of the bean, and the cacao Cacao et chocolat, p. 402-437, treats of botany, culture industry and trade. and enemies, harvesting the beans and preparing them for 14. FROST, B. Indians to Spaniards to us, the story market, and trade and consumption statistics. of the triple play by which we obtained chocolate. Crown 3. BYWATERS, H. W. Modern methods of cocoa 33(12):9-11, 29, illus. Dec. 1944. 389.8 C88 and chocolate manufacture. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1930. 15. HALL C. J. J. VAN. Cacao. Ed. 2. London, 316 p., illus. 68.3 B99 Macmillan, 1932. 514 p., illus. 68.3 H14 Partial contents: Sect. 1, The raw material: Ch. 1, The Contents: Ch. 1, Historical; Ch. 2, Home country; geo- production of cacao beans; Ch. The inner structure and 2, graphical distribution of the cultivated plant; climatic chemical composition of the cacao bean; Ch. 3, Commer- conditions; Ch. 3, The chemistry of cacao and cacao soils; cial cacao beans and the countries from which they come; Ch. 4, The botanical characteristics; Ch. 5, Varieties of Ch. 4, The storage of cacao beans; Ch. 5, Testing the cacao; Ch. 6, The cultivation of cacao; Ch. 7, Selection; quality of the cacao beans. Ch. 8, Fermentation, washing, and drying; Ch. 9, Diseases 4. LE CACAO dans les colonies fran^aises. Rev. and enemies; Ch. 10, Cacao-growing countries; Ch. 11, Internatl. des Prod. Colon. 7:331-351, illus. Nov. 1932. Some characteristics of the marketable bean. 286.8 R326 16. HART, J. H. Cacao, a manual on the cultivation Contents: 1, En Afrique Occidentale Fran^aise; 2, Dans and curing of cacao. London, Duckworth, 1911. 323 p., les territoires africains sous mandat; 3, A Madagascar- illus. 68.3 H25C 4, Le cacao en A. E. F. [Afrique Equatoriale Franjaise]; Based largely on conditions in Trinidad. 5, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Hebrides. 17. HARTENBOWER, A. C. Apuntes sobre el cultivo 5. CHARLES-LAUREUR, J. Le Cacao. Internatl. y explotaci6n del cacao. Hacienda 21:298-300, illus. Cong. Trop. and Subtrop. Agr., Compt. Rend. (1931) Oct. 1926. 6 Hll 6(2):324-338. 1932. 26 In86 18. HARVEY, M. A. R. Cacao, the chocolate tree. World production and consumption. Pan Amer. Union. Commod. Com. Ser. 18, 15 p., illus. 6. CIFERRI, R. La futura economia agrario- 1942. 150.9 C732 coloniale Europea. Rass. Econ. Dell'Africa Ital. 29:383- 19. HERNANDEZ MARTIN, D. El cacao. Frutos 404. June 1941. 261 C71 2(13):4-5; (14):4-5; (15):7-8; (l8):4-5, illus. July-Dec. Section on cacao, p. 392-396, reviews production and 1944. 80 F9472 consumption statistics, especially 1933-37. 20. INTER- AMERICAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 7. COCOA, CHOCOLATE AND CONFECTIONERY COUNCIL. Documentary material on cacao. Washington, ALLIANCE, LTD. Report of the Cocoa Conference held Pan American Union, 1947. 2 v. 68.3 In8 at Grosvenor House, London, 30th August-lst September Papers dealing with conditions in various cacao-growing 1949. London, 1949. 115 p. 68.39 In82 countries and related subjects will be found in the various In addition to papers listed by author and title else- sections of this bibliography. where in this bibliography, includes various untitled 21. INTERNATIONAL COCOA CONFERENCE, addresses and discussions at meeting sessions. LONDON, 1946. Conference Internationale du Cacao. held in U.S.D.A. Library has also report of conference Londres, 1, 2 et 4 octobre 1946. Compte rendu officiel. 1947, 64 p. Subjects discussed were: Aims of plant- Bruxelles, Office International du Cacao et du Chocolat, breeding, preparation, quality and breeding of cocoa; 1946? 155 p. 68.39 In82 Research work at West African Cocoa Research Institute Session on research into prevention of disease, selec- and Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trimdad; tion of types, replanting and other matters connected with Disease control and rehabilitation. cultivation includes papers by L. E. Campbell (p. 88-89), 1945. 8. COCOA RESEARCH CONFERENCE, Sir H. Tempany (p. 89-93), J.
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