From a Technology Focus to Innovation Development : the Management of Cocoa Pests and Diseases in Ghana

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

From a Technology Focus to Innovation Development : the Management of Cocoa Pests and Diseases in Ghana From a technology focus to innovation development The management of cocoa pests and diseases in Ghana E. N. A. Dormon Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Ir. Cees Leeuwis Hoogleraar Communicatie en Innovatie Studies Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. Ir. A rnold van Huis Persoonlijk hoogleraar bij de leerstoelgroep E ntomologie Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. Daniel Obeng-Ofori Professor of Entomology, University of Ghana Dr. Owuraku Sakyi-Dawson Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Ghana Promotiecommissie: Prof. Dr. Ir. Paul C. Struik, Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. Kwame Offei, University of Ghana Dr. Felix Y.M. Fiadjoe , University of Ghana Prof. Dr. A Niehof, Wageningen Universiteit Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoeksschool CERES From a technology focus to innovation development The management of cocoa pests and diseases in Ghana E. N. A. Dormon Proefschrift Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. Dr. M.J. Kropff, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 16 oktober 2006 des namiddags te 15.00 uur in de Great Hall, University of Ghana, Legon E. N. A. Dormon From a technology focus to innovation development: the management of cocoa pests and diseases in Ghana Thesis Wageningen – with summary in Dutch ISBN-nr. 90-8504-439-1 To the cocoa farmers in Achiansah, Ntumkum and Adarkwa Acknowledgements During the last few weeks of my MSc course in Wageningen, I divided my attention between writing my thesis and hunting for opportunities to pursue a PhD programme. The project Convergence of Sciences provided this opportunity but it was not straight forward. Prof. Niels Röling was the examiner for my MSc thesis, and having read it, he gave me a mark of 8 out of 10, a good mark by any standard. Because I had an average mark of 8.4 for my course work, I needed 9 out of 10 to make a ‘distinction’. Niels suggested that instead of graduating in January, I could defer my graduation to March and work on the weaknesses, and hopefully have my 9. After a brief reflection, I decided to stay in Wageningen until the end of March, but instead of spending the time to change an 8 to a 9, I preferred to focus on entering a PhD programme. Without any hesitation, Niels advised me to talk to Prof Arnold van Huis, because there may be a chance. The next day I started the tortuous process of getting on board the Convergence of Sciences pr ogram. It seems like a rather long story, but I hope this reflects my appreciation for what Niels did for me. There are many other professors, farmers, colleagues, family, friends, and institutions who have contributed in several ways to this work and as much as I would have wished to mention all of them I cannot do so due to constraints of space. I am most grateful to Prof. Cees Leeuwis and Prof. Arnold van Huis for accepting to promote me as their student. Having the two, with different academic backgrounds in innovation studies and entomology respectively, shaped the course of this thesis immensely. Managing the sharp “keep it short and concise” – Arnold; and the “explain this a bit more in detail” – Cees, was a challenge I learnt to live with but they were both very patient and tolerant, and allowed me to find my own level somewhere between their positions. I am grateful to Prof. Daniel Obeng-Ofori and Dr Owuraku Sakyi-Dawson, my co- promoters for their guidance, especially during my fieldwork. I apprec iate Dr Ramatu Al- Hassan’s comments and suggestions on the early draft of my introductory chapter. My special thanks go to Dr Felix Fiadjoe who visited all the three villages several times and offered very useful advice, especially in my attempt to scale out to Ntumkum and other villages. I also like to express my sincere gratitude to all the lecturers and professors involved in the CoS project who contributed through questions, critical comments and suggestions during the numerous ii seminars and inter -country meetings in Ghana and Benin. I thank Dr Noelle Aarts for her constant encouragement and efforts to keep our stress level low with a nice weekend treat to the African museum in Nijmegen and a nice dinner. For his hard work and the friendship we developed during my field work, I like to thank Mr Samuel Adjei-Boateng, my research assistant. I thank Mr S. Y. Dotse, the District Director of Agriculture for Suhum-Kraboa-Coaltar, as well as the two extension agents in the villages where I worked, Messrs Felix Ahu and Seidu Gariba for their support and cooperation. I am very grateful to Jelle Duindam for his collaboration in trying to determine relatively low levels of neem extracts that could control capsids. I am particularly grateful; for his tireless efforts at entering my data in SPSS. I like to thank Marthy, the Secretary to the International Coordinator of the CoS program for her constant reminders to ensure that deadlines were met and her invaluable role in many of the organisational and administrative proc esses, without which this research could not have been completed within the timeframe it was done. To the Secretaries at Communication and Innovation studies group Maarit, Mirjam, Sjoukje , I like to say thank you for your cooperation and support. I am grateful to Mr Ezekiel Narh, the Administrative Officer of the project in Ghana for his support in administrative matters. For work of this nature, you constantly interact with colleagues, friends and family who keep encouraging you when your strength sinks. In this regard I thank my colleagues in the CoS project, with who I shared the difficult times along this academic journey, Samuel, Suzanne, Godwin, Comfort, Antonio, Aliou, Afio and Pierre. I am also grateful to John Kuwornu for his constant encouragement and assistance with the SPSS analysis. In the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, several colleagues and my superiors provided encouraging words at different times. I cannot mention all of them here but I like to mention Mr Franklin Donkoh, Dr Kwame Amezah, Mrs Julianna Dennis, Mr Osei-Frimpong, Gabriel Owusu, Kofi Kutame, Kofi Darko, Peter Asibey-Bonsu, and Fred Boadi-Asamoah. I also like to acknowledge the constant interest and encouragement by Prof. Owusu-Bennoah, who in the last two years never ended any discussions with me without probing to know my progress or any difficulties that I might be facing with my research work. iii Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................................................ii Chapter One General introduction and overview.................................................................................................8 1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................8 1.2 Fluctuations in levels of cocoa production ....................................................................................................9 1.2.1 Areas under cultivation..................................................................................................................................9 1.2.2 Producer prices and production levels ......................................................................................................10 1.2.3 Productivity...................................................................................................................................................12 1.2.4 Pests and diseases .........................................................................................................................................12 1.3 Government attempts at increasing cocoa production..............................................................................13 1.4 The research problem and overall objective of this thesis ........................................................................16 1.5 Theoretical framework ....................................................................................................................................19 1.5.1 A systems perspective..................................................................................................................................19 1.5.2 Innovations, learning, and actor oriented sociology within a systems perspective...........................23 1.6 The overall research approach ......................................................................................................................24 1.6.1 The Convergence of Science Project ........................................................................................................24 1.6.2 The research area..........................................................................................................................................26 1.6.3 Participatory action research ......................................................................................................................27 1.6.4 Research methods.........................................................................................................................................28 1.7 Structure of the thesis ......................................................................................................................................29 Chapter Two Causes of low productivity of cocoa in Ghana: farmers’ perspectives and insights from research and the socio-political establishment...................................................................................38 Abstract .........................................................................................................................................................38
Recommended publications
  • 20 Pest Management in Organic Cacao
    20 Pest Management in Organic Cacao Régis Babin* International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya Introduction Americas produced around 14% of total world production of cocoa (FAOSTAT, 2014). General information on cacao Cacao crop expansion in Africa and Asia came with the emergence of major pests Cacao, Theobroma cacao, is a small tree and diseases, which have adapted to the from the family Malvaceae, and originated crop from their local host plants. The most in different forest areas of South and Central infamous examples are the cocoa mirids America (Wood, 1985). During the 20th cen- Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiel- tury, the cacao-growing belt spread consid- la theobroma Dist. (Hemiptera: Miridae), and erably over tropical areas of America, Africa the black pod disease due to Phytophthora and Asia, and is around 10 million ha today palmivora Butler and Phytophthora mega- (FAOSTAT, 2014). Cocoa beans are pro- karya, which became major threats for West duced for butter and powder that are used African-producing countries in the 1960s mainly in chocolate manufacture. In 2014, and 1970s, respectively (Entwistle, 1985; chocolate confectionery produced revenues Lass, 1985). In Latin America, witches’ of around US$120 bn, and these are ex- broom disease due to the basidiomycete fun- pected to grow with the developing markets gus Moniliophthora perniciosa highly im- in countries with rising middle classes pacted production of cocoa in Brazil in the (Hawkins and Chen, 2014). At the same time, 1990s (Meinhardt et al., 2008), while the cocoa world production rose constantly for frosty pod rot, due to Moniliophthora roreri, decades and reached 5 million t in 2012 that is widely spread in Latin America, cur- (FAOSTAT, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • (1962) Heft (7): Pests of Crops in Warm Climates and Their
    Index Objekttyp: Index Zeitschrift: Acta Tropica Band (Jahr): 19 (1962) Heft (7): Pests of crops in warm climates and their control PDF erstellt am: 10.10.2021 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch INDEX Abdomen 1, 4. Agromyza phaseoli 188 Abgrnllaspis cyanophylli 401 Agromyzidae 33 Acaricides 476, 477, 490 Agrotis 66 Acarina
    [Show full text]
  • Strategy for Insect Pest Control in Cocoa
    American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 6(6): 416-423, 2015, Article no.AJEA.2015.099 ISSN: 2231-0606 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Strategy for Insect Pest Control in Cocoa Richard Adu-Acheampong1*, Joseph Easmon Sarfo1, Ernest Felix Appiah1, Abraham Nkansah1, Godfred Awudzi1, Emmanuel Obeng1, Phebe Tagbor1 and Richard Sem1 1Entomology Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O.Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors RAA, JES, EFA and GA defined the research theme and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors AN, PT and RS co- worked on associated data collection and their interpretation. Author EO provided additional information from field experiments. PT reviewed all drafts of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJEA/2015/12956 Editor(s): (1) Marco Aurelio Cristancho, National Center for Coffee Research, CENICAFÉ, Colombia. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, Greece. (2) Anonymous, South Africa. (3) Anonymous, India. (4) Anonymous, Ghana. (5) Anonymous, Italy. (6) Ian Mashezha, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=868&id=2&aid=7702 Received 25th July 2014 th Opinion Article Accepted 30 September 2014 Published 9th January 2015 ABSTRACT Farming systems in cocoa over the last three decades have involved the use of new hybrid plant varieties, which produce pods throughout the year, intensified fertilizer use, and misguided pesticide applications by some farmers. Resource availability in terms of abundance of feeding and breeding sites and ecological disruption as a consequence of climate change and bad agronomic practices have increased the importance of insect pests on cocoa.
    [Show full text]
  • Incoped Workshop 5 Proceedin
    International Permanent Working Group for Cocoa Pests and Diseases Secretariat Chairman: Dr. J. L. Pereira, CEPEC/CEPLAC, Brazil, 2000-2006 Vice Chairman: Andrews Y. Akrofi, CRIG, Ghana, 2003-2006 Secretary: Dr. Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie (Brazil) Treasurer: Georges J. Blaha (presently in Papua New Guinea) Sub-Regional Co-ordinators: African: Dr. I.B. Kebe, CNRA, Côte d’Ivoire Americas: Dr. J.L. Pereira, CEPEC/CEPLAC, Brazil South East Asia: Dr. I. Azhar, Malaysian Cocoa Board Local Organising Committee of INCOPED 5th International Seminar Advisors: J.L. Pereira, CEPEC/CEPLAC, Brazil A.Y. Akrofi, CRIG, Ghana Chairperson: Dr. Urlike Krauss, CABI Bioscience, Trinidad and Tobago Secretary: Dr. G. Martijn ten Hoopen, CATIE/CATIE, Costa Rica Tresurer: Mirjam Bekker, CABI/CATIE, Costa Rica Secretarial staff: Margarita Alvarado, CATIE, Costa Rica Celia López, CATIE, Costa Rica Funds for publication of this proceedings were provided by the World Cocoa Foundation. INCOPED 5th International Seminar on Cocoa Pests and Diseases held on 15th -17th October, 2006 in San Jose, Costa Rica was jointly organized by CATIE and INCOPED. This proceedings was published in 2007 by the INCOPED Secretariat Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana P. O. Box 8 Akim Tafo, Ghana. Tel: (+233 22029/ 23039/ 22040) Fax: (+233 277900029) Copyright © INCOPED 2007 ISBN 9988-0-2250-6 Citation: Proceedings of INCOPED 5th Int. Seminar, 15-17th Oct., 2006, San Jose, Costa Rica. Edited by Akrofi, A.Y and Baah, F. Opinions expressed in the proceedings are not necessarily those of the organizers (CATIE and INCOPED) of the Seminar or those of the authors’ affiliations. Mention of any products in the proceedings does not indicate endorsement or discrimination of the products.
    [Show full text]
  • Farmers' Knowledge and Perception of Cocoa Insect Pests and Damage
    Journal of Plant Protection Research ISSN 1427-4345 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Farmers’ knowledge and perception of cocoa insect pests and damage and the implications for pest management on cocoa in Ghana Godfred Kweku Awudzi1*, Richard Adu-Acheampong1, Silas Wintuma Avicor1, Yahaya Bukari2, Millicent Adomaa Yeboah3, Edmond Kwadwo Oti Boateng4, Stephen Kwame Ahadzi1 1 Entomology, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG), Ghana 2 Plant Pathology, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG), Ghana 3 Extension, Cocoa Health and Extension Division (CHED), Ghana 4 Social Science and Statistics Unit (SSU), Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG), Ghana Vol. 61, No. 2: 145–155, 2021 Abstract DOI: 10.24425/jppr.2021.137022 Annual losses of cocoa in Ghana to insect pests are significant. The use of integrated pest management (IPM) tools is critical for effective pest management. Previous studies on Received: November 13, 2020 the subject have considered how farmers perceive the economic impact of insect pests on Accepted: December 23, 2020 cocoa. These studies however did not investigate farmers’ ability to identify pests, associ- ated damage symptoms and their implications for pest management. The current study, *Corresponding address: therefore, assessed farmers’ ability to correctly associate insect damage with the pest [email protected] species that caused it. A total of 600 farmers were interviewed in the Eastern, Ashanti, Western, Brong Ahafo and Central Regions of Ghana with a structured open and closed- ended questionnaire. Most farmers (>85%) were unable to correctly identify and associ- ate pests to their damage. The majority (>80%) of farmers also could not link the imma- ture stages of insect pests to their adult stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Into Use Programme Supporting Innovation - Changing Lives
    Research into Use Programme Supporting Innovation - Changing lives EVENT DOCUMENTATION IN SIERRA LEONE Compiled By David Sam Suale Country Coordinator TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 3 SECTION 1: SIERRA LEONE COUNTRY ASSESSMENT REPORT 4 SECTION 2: REPORT OF RESEARCH FAIR – SIERRA LEONE 37 SECTION 3: POST COUNTRY ASSESSMENT STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT 45 SECTION 4: RESEARCH INTO USE IN SIERRA LEONE 59 SECTION 5: RIU AND THE FISHERIES SECTOR IN SIERRA LEONE 62 SECTION 6: REPORT ON COMMUNICATION AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT 67 SECTION 7: PROPOSED INTEGRATED PILOT INTERVENTION FOR ARTISANAL FISHERIES 88 SECTION 8: HISTORICAL STUDY OF CROPS RESEARCH BASED IN SIERRA LEONE 100 SECTION 9: INFORMATION MARKET FIELD REPORT 140 SECTION 10: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR 145 SECTION 11: DRAFT COUNTRY STRATEGY DOCUMENT FOR SIERRA LEONE 151 2 Preface The objective of this compilation is to see at a glance all events relating to RIU work in Sierra Leone for 2007. It contains various documents including reports (workshops, field visits, assessments etc), proposals, articles, historical information on research work in Sierra Leone, strategy document an the like. At the glance is produced for the purpose of information sharing and to follow a step-by-step progress on events in Sierra Leone. It is divided into eleven sections and each section is just the same as it has been presented in the original document. I hope the reader finds it useful in his/her work. 3 SECTION 1: SIERRA LEONE COUNTRY ASSESSMENT REPORT Assessment Team Norman Clark (Team leader)
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera: Cossidae) SHILAP Revista De Lepidopterología, Vol
    SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología ISSN: 0300-5267 ISSN: 2340-4078 [email protected] Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología España Yakovlev, R. V.; Laszlo, Gy. M.; Witt†, T. J. First summary of Cossidae of Sierra Leone (West Africa) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología, vol. 47, no. 187, 2019, September-December, pp. 557-565 Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología España Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45561032016 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative SHILAP Revta. lepid., 47 (187) septiembre 2019: 557-565 eISSN: 2340-4078 ISSN: 0300-5267 First summary of Cossidae of Sierra Leone (West Africa) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) R. V. Yakovlev, Gy. M. Laszlo & T. J. Witt† Abstract Present paper contains the list of Cossidae (Lepidoptera) collected in Sierra Leone. Sixteen species have been recorded, seven of them are found in the fauna of Sierra Leone for the first time: Macrocossus toluminus (Druce, 1887), Mirocossus politzari Yakovlev, 2011, Assegaj clenchi Yakovlev, 2006, Aethalopteryx grandiplaga (Gaede, 1930), Tarsozeuzera livingstoni Yakovlev, 2006, Strigocossus elephas Yakovlev, 2013, and Holcoceroides ferrugineotincta Strand, [1913]. KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Cossidae, new records, Sierra Leona, Afrotropics. Primer resumen
    [Show full text]
  • Cacao : a Bibliography on the Plant and Its Culture and Primary
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Library Library List No. 53 Washington 25, D. C, October 1950 CACAO A Bibliography on the Plant and Its Culture and Primary Processing of the Bean v Compiled by Roberta C. Watrous'' Division of Bibliography GPO— O—LIB 220 LIBRARY' '^ CURRENT SEHlAi IK;' ^ NOV 13 1950 S. OEPARTMttll PREFACE The demand for cacao products has greatly increased during the twentieth century. At the same time diseases and pests have threatened one after another of the cacao-producing areas of the world. It has therefore become essential to reexamine every factor which might have a bearing on the problem of maintaining and increasing production, whether by improvement of methods, by seeking remedies for spe- cific ills, or by finding areas suitable for new plantings. In addition to experiments and research conduct- ed by governmental and private agencies in the various cacao-growing countries, broad programs of re- search under cooperative sponsorship were undertaken as early as 1930 at the Imperial College of Trop- ical Agriculture, Trinidad, and more recently at the West African Cacao Research Institute, Tafo, Gold Coast, and the Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialba, Costa Rica. This bibliography is intended to serve students, research workers, and others concerned with the problems involved in growing healthy and productive cacao trees and in processing the beans to meet the standards set by manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate. It includes, in addition to general material on the culture of cacao in various parts of the world and certain special aspects of culture, references on the botany and pathology of the plant, its insect and other enemies, and both practical and scientific aspects of the primary processing of the cacao bean.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual ICCO 2Nded Final[1]
    Pesticide Use in Cocoa A Guide for Training Administrative and Research Staff 1st Edition: August 2008 2nd Edition: December 2009 (revised March 2010) Published online by: ICCO 6th Floor, Commonwealth House, 1-19 New Oxford Street London WC1A 1NU, UK www.icco.org www.dropdata.org/cocoa Sponsored by cocoa / chocolate industries under the auspices of the ICCO A Guide to Pesticide Use in Cocoa Foreword Recent changes to legislation in the European Union (EU) and Japan have concentrated minds over crop protection practices in cocoa and other commodity crops. From the 1st September 2008, assessment of the quality of cocoa imported into the EU included measurement of traces of substances that have been used upstream in the supply chain, including pesticides used on farms or in storage. The crop protection activities of farmers and middlemen will therefore be of increasing concern to all in the cocoa trade, some of whom may have a limited working knowledge of pesticide science. Pesticides have a poor public image and are known to present dangers to both people and the environment. Nevertheless cocoa, like other tropical crops, is often ravaged by insects, diseases and other pests that must be controlled effectively as well as safely. Pesticides can provide useful control solutions, but must be approved for use on the basis of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). Unfortunately up-to-date GAP has yet to be established in many cocoa growing areas. This manual is designed to 1. Summarise important underlying administrative (Section A) and technical issues with pesticides. Sections B and C will be of particular interest to research and extension staff seeking more background information on pesticide science.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Pests Situations on Cocoa in Togo
    Major pests situations on cocoa in Togo Wegbe K. and Agbodzavu K. M. Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Plan • Introduction • Insect pests • Diseases • Conclusion Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Introduction • Cocoa: 3rd agricultural product exported after cotton and coffee. • It is grown in the south-west of the ‘‘ Region des Plateaux’’ by approximately 27,000 smallholders (DSID, 2001). • Between 1999-2000: contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 0.4% in average (BDPA, 2000). Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Introduction Today cocoa plantations are facing many constraints due to many factors: • Total liberalization of the sector in 1996 • No renewing of plantations ageing of existing plantations • Abandoned plantations • Decrease of soil fertility • Resurgence of pests and diseases Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Introduction • Concerning the latter constraint, several insect pests and diseases are recorded in cocoa farms • Damages and losses they cause are hindering seriously the development of cocoa production in Togo Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Insect pests in cocoa plantations I. Eulophonotus myrmeleon (Lepidoptera : Cossidae) 1.1. Population dynamics 120 350 Pluviométrie • Two annual cycles separated from Nombre d'individus 100 300 each other by a long period 250 80 coinciding with the dry season 200 60 (embryonic diapause). Unité 150 40 100 • Each cycle lasts about 4-5 (mm) de pluie Hauteur months (Wegbe et al, 1997; Wegbe, 20 50 0 0 1997). JASONDJFMAMJ Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • 389-407 Morfolog™A Comparada De
    SHILAP Revta. lepid., 47 (187) septiembre 2019: 557-565 eISSN: 2340-4078 ISSN: 0300-5267 First summary of Cossidae of Sierra Leone (West Africa) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) R. V. Yakovlev, Gy. M. Laszlo & T. J. Witt† Abstract Present paper contains the list of Cossidae (Lepidoptera) collected in Sierra Leone. Sixteen species have been recorded, seven of them are found in the fauna of Sierra Leone for the first time: Macrocossus toluminus (Druce, 1887), Mirocossus politzari Yakovlev, 2011, Assegaj clenchi Yakovlev, 2006, Aethalopteryx grandiplaga (Gaede, 1930), Tarsozeuzera livingstoni Yakovlev, 2006, Strigocossus elephas Yakovlev, 2013, and Holcoceroides ferrugineotincta Strand, [1913]. KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Cossidae, new records, Sierra Leona, Afrotropics. Primer resumen de los Cossidae de Sierra Leona (Oeste de África) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Resumen El presente trabajo contiene una lista de Cossidae (Lepidoptera) colectados en Sierra Leona. Se han registrado dieciséis especies, siete de ellas se han encontrado, por primera vez, para la fauna de Sierra Leona: Macrocossus toluminus (Druce, 1887), Mirocossus politzari Yakovlev, 2011, Assegaj clenchi Yakovlev, 2006, Aethalopteryx grandiplaga (Gaede, 1930), Tarsozeuzera livingstoni Yakovlev, 2006, Strigocossus elephas Yakovlev, 2013 y Holcoceroides ferrugineotincta Strand, [1913]. PALABRAS CLAVE: Lepidoptera, Cossidae, nuevos registros, Sierra Leona, Afrotropical. Introduction Carpenter-Moths (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) are a relatively large Heterocera family, comprising over 1200 valid species
    [Show full text]
  • FC Ambele Orcid.Org / 0000-0002-1624-2392
    Biological control of soil-dwelling insect pests in cocoa agroforests using CO2-emitting capsules co- formulated with entomopathogenic fungi FC Ambele orcid.org / 0000-0002-1624-2392 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biology at the North-West University Promoter: Prof OO Babalola Co-promoter: Dr HB Bisseleua Daghela Co-supervisor: Dr S Ekesi Co-supervisor: Dr KS Akutse Graduation ceremony: April 2020 Student number: 28480694 01-02-2020 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to God Almighty for preserving my life after a ghastly motor accident I was involved in during this research work. It is also dedicated to my entire family, especially my lovely husband Anyame Nelson Ambia and kids, Anyame Shammah Azie and Anyame Shamita Amah for enduring the long period of my absence from home, and for their love and timeless support. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude goes to God who provided all that was needed to complete this project and the program for which it was undertaken for. Throughout this entire study, He took care of everything that would have stopped me in my tracks and strengthened me even through my most difficult times. I recognize with great appreciation and gratitude my supervisors, Professor Olubukola O. Babalola, Drs. Hervé B. Bisseleua Daghela, Sunday Ekesi and Komivi S. Akutse for their academic guidance, support, constructive critisms and encouragement, and for accepting nothing less than excellence from me. I consider myself privileged to have learnt at the feet of such highly experienced persons. I am also particularly indebted to them for facilitating all the field activities whenever the need arose and mentoring me to discover my potential in conducting and interpretating research findings, as well as writing of manuscripts for publication.
    [Show full text]