Index

Objekttyp: Index

Zeitschrift: Acta Tropica

Band (Jahr): 19 (1962)

Heft (7): Pests of crops in warm climates and their control

PDF erstellt am: 10.10.2021

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Abdomen 1, 4. Agromyza phaseoli 188 Abgrnllaspis cyanophylli 401 Agromyzidae 33 Acaricides 476, 477, 490 Agrotis 66 Acarina 34 (see also Mites) Agrotis c-nigrum 8 Acanthopsyche Snelleni 112 Agrotis scgetum 66 Accumulation of pesticides 487 Agrotis ypsilon 213, 360, 408 Acephalous-apode larvae 8 Aircraft spraying 454 Aceria (Eriophyes) sheldoni 279 Air pressure 483 Achaea finita 347 Air-to-air spraying 455 Achaea junuta 334 Air-to-ground spraying 455 Achaea lienardi 285 Alabama argillacea 410 Acherontia atropos 300 Aladdin-lamp as light trap 44 Acherontia styx 193 Alcides arcuatus 343 Acheta bimaculata 173 Alcides einchonae 388 Acruea zetes 435 Alcides Lecuweni 93 Acridiidae 12 (see also Locust) Alcides leucogramma 189 Acritocera negligerti 320 Alcidodes orientalis 207 Acroccrcops bifasciata 406 Aleuracanthus woglumi 273 Acroccrcops cramerella 98 Aleurodicus destructor 317 Active ingredient 479 Aleurolobus barodensis 183 Active substances 478 Aleurolobus olivinus 301 Adelphocoris apicalis 339, 420 Alcurotrachelus citri 274 Adhesive agents 478 Aleyrodidae 16 (sec also White flies) .Adoretus hirtellus 87 Alfalfa caterpillar 345 Adrama determinata 122 Alimentary canal 5 Adult stage of 1, 7, 34 Amblypelta cocophuga 322 leucomelas 213 Amblypelta lutescens 256, 322 Aegeriu sp. 209 American cotton bollworm 418 Aeolesthcs induta 107 American grass thrips 368 Aeronautical conditions 455 Amerrhinus pantherinus 309 Aerosols 480, 486 Ametabolous development 7 Aerosol dispenser 480 Ammonium stéarate as bait 43 African migratory locust 448 Amsada albistriga 345 African mole-cricket 65, 237, 358 Amyl acetate as bait 43 Agave sisalana (Sisal) 428 Anacentrinus subnudus 171 Agonoscdis pubescens 325 Anal aperture 36 argaula 312 Anal tuft 26, 28 Agrilus acutus 431 Ananas sativus (Pineapple) 219 Agrilus auriventris 259 Anaphe venata 124 Agrilus occipitalis 258 Anuphothrips obscurus 368 Agrilus sp. 107 Anaphothrips orchidii 391 Agriotes sp. 358 Anastrepha chiclayae 255 Agromyza oryzae 159 Anastrcpha ludens 286 538 Index

Anatomy 5 Aspidomorpha areata 211 Anatrichus erinaceus 147 Assam nettle grub 115 Ancylonotus tribulus 441 Asterolecaniiim coffeae 73 Andraca bipundata 116 Astylus atromaculatus 132 Anguillulidae 36 (sec also Nematodes) Atherigona exigua 159 Anholocyclic races 371 Atherigona soccida 148 Anomala superflua 111 Atherigona sp. 223 Anophiti leucomelas 213 Atomisers 485 Antennae 1, 2 Alla 467 Antestia (Antcstiopsis) lineaticollis 82 Aliti eephalotes 400, 468 Antestiopsis 82 Atta insularis 272, 469 Anthonomus Eugenii 385 Atta sexdens 96, 467, 468 Anthonomus grandis 417 Attacus atlas 116 Anthorcs leuconotus 67 Attractants 43,477 Antigastra cutaltiunalis 329 Attractiveness of vegetable baits 44 Anti-Locust organizations 452 Aularches miliaris 317 Anti-Locust Besearch Centre 452 Aztcca chttrtifex 96, 472 Ant-runways 466 Ants 25. 465 Bacteria 490 Ants' eggs 467 Bacterial infection 37 Ant-tracks 472 Baits 43, 453 Anus 16 Baits, optical 45 (see also Odour baits) Anychus latus 277, 416 Bait plants 475 (see also vegetable baits) Aonidiella aurantii 291 Balanogastris koine 127 Aonidomytilus albus 200 Baldulus maidis 141 .Apate monachili 69 Banana (Musa supicntum) 229 Aphtinus sordidus 352 Banana aphid 233 Aplielenchoides 37 Banana fruit fly 235 Aphelenchoides besseyi 162 Banana root borer 231 Aplielenchoides cocophilus 305 Banana scab 233 Aphids 16, 472 Banana stemborer weevil 230 Aphididae 16 Banana thrips 235 Aphis fubile 191 Banana weevil 43,231 Aphis (Cerosiphu) gossypii 414, 433 Bark beetles 22,43 Aphis spiraecola 266 Barkfeeder 241, 261 Aphthonu bimaculata 326 Barley as bait 453 Apidae 25 Baris helleri 326 Apion corchori 437 Basins for baits 45 Apion solccitum 403 Batocera rufomaculata 397 Application of insecticides 481 Batrachedra amydruula 227 Application by aircraft 486 Beak 13 Apsylla cistellata 249 Bean aphid 191 Arachis hypoguca (Ground-nuts) 341 Bean flower capsid 118 Arachnida 34 Bean fly 188 Arctiidae 30 Bean lace bug 195 Argopistes oleae 300 Bean leaf beetle 192 Argyroploce Icucotreta 283, 422 Bean leafhopper 195, 349 Argyrotaenia citrana 282 Bean leaf webber 346 Armyworm 134, 158, 180 Bean pod borer 196 Aromatic substances 477 Beans (Phaseolus sp., Glycine max, Arsenic compounds 499 A'icia faba) 187 Artificial fertilizers 478 Bean thrips 194 Artona catoxantha 315 Bearded weevil 308 Aspavia sp. 330 Beating tray 46 Aspidiotus destructor 236 Bedcllia orchilella 212 Aspidiotus hederae 289 Bees 25 Index 53!)

Becl armyworm 409 Bunch caterpillar 116 Beetles 18 Buprestidae 19 Bellicositermes bellicosus 458 Burrowing nematode 63, 105, 151, 167 Bemisia nigeriensis 202 205, 219, 229, 257, 333, 377, 383 Bemisia tubaci 413 Bushy-lop on Roselle 432 Bcrlese medium 55 Busseola fusca 138 Berry borer S3 Butterflies 25 Beverages 61 Butterfly net 46 Bibijagua 272 Bibitfly 159 Biological control 490 Cachazudo 360 Biological regulation 490 Calacarus carinatus 120 Biological self-regulation 461 Calandri! callosa 133 Biprorulus bibax 264 Calcium carbonate as inert filler 478 Biting-chewing mouth parts 3 Calidea dregii 425, 431 Biling insects 41 California red scale 291 Bixtidus sierricola 68 Caliothrips fumipennis 411 Black beeile 306 Cul/icrutides rama 118 Black citrus aphid 81,275 Calligypona furcifern 160 Black-headed caterpillar 312 Calligypona marginata 155 Black-headed cricket 133 Caloptilia thcivora 112 Black lime scale 81 Camellia sp. (Tea) 105 Black maize beetle 132, 170 Camenta westermanni 87 Black orange aphis 119 Camponotinae 465, 472 Black rice bug 164 Camponotus 472 Black scale 290 Campylomma nicolasi 412 Black thread scale 319 Canada balsam 55 Blattidae 10 Cane aphis 183 Bleaching 56 Cane blister mite 184 Blissus leucoptcrus 139 Cane root borer 176 Blood of insecls 6 Capsicum sp. (Chillies) 383 Blosyms ipomoeae 209 Carabidae 19 Blotch mines 41 Carbohydrates 5 Blue beetle 156 Carbon disulphide as fumigant 469 Bluestripped nettle grub 95, 245, 313 ('.arieti papaya (Papaw) 237 Boarmia bhurmitra 116 Carpolonchaea chalybea 200 Bonrmia crepuscularia 390 Carriers of virus diseases 41 Bochmeria nivea (Ramie) 435 Carton nesls of an Is 466 Boll weevil 417 Carton lents of ants 473 Bombotelia jocosutrix 243 Casebearers 28 Bostrychidae 20 Casmara patrona 109 Bruchytrypus membrunnceus 91,123, 361 Cassava (Manihot utilissima) 199 Bran as bait 453 Cassava caterpillar 201,399 Brassolis sophorae 316 Cassava mosaic virus 202 Breeding chambers of ants 468 Cassava scale 200 Bristletails 7 Cassida bivittata 211 Broken wheat as bait 453 Castes of termites 457 Brontispu longissimn 310 Castnia atymnius humboldti 232 Bronze orange bug 264 Castnia licus 173 Brown hardback 168 Castor (Ricinus communis) 333 Brown locust 448 Castor semi-looper 334 Brown planthopper 160 Cutnntops opulcntus 367 Bryocoropsis laticollis 101 Caterpillars 8, 25 Bucculutrix thurberielln All Catopsilia eurythme 345 Bud union decline of lemon and orange Caudal segment 4 274 Cecidomyidae 32 540 Index

Ceiba pcntandra (Kapok) 441 Cinchona succirubra (Quinine) 387 Celoma sorghiellu 150 Circular-seamed-flies 32 Cell of termite queen 457 Cirphis unipuncta 134 Centipedes 5, 35 Citripestis sugittìfereliti 283 Centrifugal high pressure pumps 484 Citrus 257 Centrifugal pumps 484 Citrus black fly 273 Céphalothorax 5, 34 Citrus bud mite 279 Cephonodes hglas 78 Citrus gall wasp 262 Cerambycidae 21 Citrus flower moth 281 Ccratitis capitata 285 Citrus leaf miner 270 Ccratitis colite 126 Citrus mealybug 288 Cerutitis cosyra 254 Citrus parlatori;! 292 Ceratitis punctata 100 Citrus psyila 272, 280 Cerci 2, 4 Citrus red mite 278 Cercopidae 15 Citrus rust mite 294 Ceroplastes floridensis 266 Citrus snow scale 277 Ceroplastes rubens 252 Citrus thrips 287 Ccrosipha yossypii 414, 433 Citrus vein enalion virus 274 Ccrotoma ruficornis 192 Citrus white fly 274 Chfietocncmu confiais 211 Classificai ion of plant pests 10 Chuetocncma sp. 148 Clctas trigonis 165 Chaff scale 275 Click-beetle Wireworm 19, 168 Chalcocelides albiguttata 115 Climatizing channels in termite nests Characoma stidigrapta 99 461 Chemical control 475 Cluster bug 325 Chemical methods 475 Cnaphalocrocis mcdinalis 139, 156 Chillies (Capsicum sp.) 383 Coarctate pupae 9 Chillie thrips 384 Coccids 17. 472 (see also Scales) Chilo auricilia 151 Coccina 17 Chilopoda 5 Coccinellidae 20 Chilo sp. 491 Coccus hcsperidiim 276 Chilo suppressalis 135 Coccus mangifcrac 247 Chilotraca infuscatella 135, 175 Coccus viridis 72, 94 Chilo zonellus 146 Cockroaches 10 Chinch bug 14, 139 Cocoa (Thcobroma Cacao) 87 Chitin 1 Cocoa beetle 89 Chitinous spirals 6 (see also Tracheae) Cocoa borer 89 Chloropidae 33 Cocoa fruit fly 100 Chlorops oryzae 159 Cocoa mosquito bug 126 Cholinesterase 476 Cocoa thrips 97 Cholus sp. 222 Cocoa trunk borer 92 Chreostes obcsus 68 Coco-nut (Cocos nucifera) 305 Chronic toxicity of pesticides 496 caterpillar 312, 316 Chrotogonus sp. 347 Coconut hispid 310 Chrotogonus trachy/items 145 Coconut leaf miner 311 Chrysochrou bicolor 88 Coconut leaf moth 315 Chrysochus chinensis 206 Coconut scale 236, 318 Chrysomelids 21 Coconut white fly 317 Chrysomphtilus dictyospermi 289 Cocoon 8 Chrysomphalus ficus 290 Cocos nucifera (Coco-nut palm) 305 Chrysomphtilus pinnulifer 290 Codling moth 499 Cicadas 13, 15 Coclaenomenodcra clneidis 309 Cicadidae 15 Coelosternus grnnicollis 199 Cicadulina aruchidis 348 Coffea arabica 498 Cicadulina mbila 140 Coffea sp. (Coffee) 63 Cicadulina similis 348 Coffee (Coffea sp.) 63 Index 541

Coffee berries 498 Corn mosaic virus 140 Coffee berry moth 84 Corn nematode 131 Coffee capsid bug 82 Corn stunt disease 141 Coffee cicada 71 Corn wireworm 131 Coffee leaf-miner 74, 75 Corrosion by chemicals 483 Coffee leaf weevil 83 Coryna apicicornis 351 Coffee nematode 63, 100 Corynothrips stenopterus 201 Coffee stemborer 68 Corytliucha gossypii 195 Coffee thrips 79, 287 Cosmophila flava 408 Coin acuminata (Kola-nut) 123 Cosmopliila sabulifera 439 Colaspis flavida 188 Cosmopolites sordidus 231 Colnspis hypochlora 234 Costal margin of forewing 27 Coltisposoma coffeae 64 Cotton (Gossypium sp.) 403 Cold fog 480, 485 Cotton aphid 414 Coleman-lamp as light trap 44 Collon blister mite 416 Coleophoridae 28 Cottonblue for colouring 49 Coleoptera 8, 18 Cotton borer 404 Collembola 7 Cotton bud caterpillar 407 Colloids 479 Cotton bud thrips 420 Colorado beetle 499 Cotton bug 446 Combined pesticides 477 Cotton flea beetle 405 Combustion regulator 480 Cotton flea hopper 420 Common flower thrips 350 Cotton flower bud maggot 419 Common hairy caterpillar 193 Cotton jassid 413 Common mealybug (see also Citrus Cotton leaf beetle 406 mealybug) 443 Cotton leaf miner 406 Common name 59 Cotton leaf perforator 417 Common red spider 350, 415 Cotton leaf roller 407 Common salt as hygroscopic substance Cotton leafworm 410 51 Cotton seed bug 426 Common tea thrips 117 Cotton seed meal as bait 453 Complete metamorphosis 7 Cotton spotted bollworm 418 Compound eyes 1, 2 Cotton stem borer 403 Comstock mealybug 233 Cotton slem weevil 403 Condensation fog 486 Cotton thrips 348, 411 Cone spray nozzles 483 Cotton white-fly 370, 413 Contact insecticides 496 Cotton worm 116, 142, 191, 334, 347 Contact poisons 476 Cottony cushion scale 267 Contact poisons with local penetration Cova Garcia medium 52 properties 476 Coxa 2, 4 Contarinia gossypii 419 Crane flies 32 Contarinia sorghicola 150 Cranium of termites 459 Control measures 491 Cratosomus punctulatus 260 Conversion tables 505 Creeping disks 21 Coptotermes curvignathus 396 Creeping pads 21 Coptotermes marabitanus 396 Crematogaster 471, 472 Corchorus capsularis (Jute) 437 Creontiades pallidus 343 Corchorus olitorius (Jute) 437 Crickets 11 (see also Brachytrypus) Coreidae 14 Cricula trifencstrata 246 Coreidbug 321,322 Crochets 25 Coreocoris fuscus 210 Crusader bug 265 Corn budworm 132 Cryptoblabcs gnidiella 284 Cornea 1 Cryptorrhynchus gravis 253 Corn laternfly 140 Cryptorrhynchus mangifcrae 253 Corn leaf aphid 141 Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Corn leafhopper 141 (Pyrethrum) 375 542 Index

Cubitermcs sp. 458 Diarthrothrips coffeae 79 Curative campaigns 489 Diazinon 499 Curative control 491 Dicasticus mlanjensis 111 Curative measures 463 Dichocrocis crocodora 77 Curculionidae 21 Dichocrocis punctifendis 136 Cyaneolytta pectoralis 372 Dicky rice weevil 282 Cyanide killing bottle 49, 50 Dictyospermum scale 289 Cyclorrhapha 33 Dicy/ihus minimus 369 Cylas formicarius 208 Dieldrin 496, 499 Cynipidae 24 Dinocoris vnriolosus 402 Cyrtopeltis tenuis 328 Dinoderus distinetus 241 Cyst-forming nematodes 48 Dipuropsis castunea 424 Cysts of nematodes 38, 48 Diphenyldeepblack-Geigy for colouring 57 Tiudylispu manteroi 389 Diplogomphus hewitti 380 Dacus curvipennis 235 Diplopoda 5 Dacus ferruyineus tryoni 255 Diploschema rotundicollc 262 Dacus olcae 304 Diptera 8, 32 Dacus ornatissimus 286 Direct campaigns 489 Ducus pedestris 239 Directdeepblack-Bayer for colouring 57 Dagger nematode 64 Direct method for pest control 475 Dusychiru georgiuna 335 Direct poisons 476 Dusychirn inclusa 336 Dirphya usambica 69 Dusychiru mendosa 435 Discharge craters 469 Dasynus manihotis 204 Discoloration of leaves 37 Dasynus piperis 381 Dispatching of insecls 53 Dale-palm (Phoenix dactylifern) 225 Dispcrsers 479 Date palm scale 226 Dispersion fog 486 DDT 54, 496, 498 Disphinctus maesarum 377 DDT-AS 499 Dissection of organs 56 Death rate of test-insects 497 Distantiella cullarti 265 Deformities caused by gall mites 35 Distantiella theobroma 100 Degradation of chemicals 487 Distortion caused by insects 41 Degree of infestation 492 Distribution of pesls 59 Deilcphiln nerii 390 Ditylenchus 37 Dendrothripoides ipomocae 214 Ditglcnchus dipsaci 133 Dcporaus marginutus 243 Dociostaurus marocennus 419 Dcrmolepida albohirtum 109 Dolichoderinae 465, 471 Desert locust 447, 451 Dosage of insecticides 496 Deulochrysalis 34 Dorsum 21 Deutonymph 34 Dorylinae 465, 473, 474 Development of insects 7 Dorylus fulvus 474 Development of termites 460 Dragonflies 49 Development rhythm 490 Drustcriiis sp. 358 Dinbrotica 12-pundata 132 Driver ants 473 Diaculandra taitenisis 320 Drosicha stebbingii 242 Diticrisia invcstigntorum 238 Drosophila 496 Diacrisia obliqua 193 Drugs 3,53 Diaphragm pumps 483 Dry baits 453 Diaphorina citri 280 Dry fog 486 Diaprepes tibbrevititus 179, 269 Drying apparatus 51 Diaspididae 18 Dubas 225 Diaspis boisduvidii 319 Dung flies 496 Diaspis bromeliue 221 Dura stemborer 147 Dintraea crambidoides 134 Dustability of pesticides 478 Diatraea sacchandis 174 Dusting machines 481 Index 543

Dusts 478 Equipment for killing insects 49 Dusty brown beetle 66 Equipment for pest control 475, 481 Dwarf disease on rice 161 Ereundis flavistriata 172 Dysdcrcus cingulutus 446 Erinnyis elio 201,399 Dysdcrcus fasciatus 426, 431 Eriodendron anfractuosum (Kapok)441 Dysdcrcus nigrofasciatus 446 Eriophyes gossypii 416 Dysmicoccus brevipes 220 Eriophyes sheldoni 279 Eriophyes theuc 120 Eurius biplaga 95, 419 Eriophyidae 35 Earias ftibia 419 Erosomyia mangiferae 250 Etirins insultimi 418 Erythroneura ctissiwae 202 Earwigs 11, 46 Erythroneura (Typhlocyba) sp. 195 Ecpantheria tdbicornis 197 Estigmene aerea 408 Ecpantheria hambletoni 433 Etiella zinckcnella 197 Ectoparasitic root nematodes 38 Ethyl acetate killing bottle 50 Eelworms 36 (see also Burrowing Eiicalymnatus tessellutus 248 nematode, Meloidogyne, Nematoda, Eucephalous-apode larvae 8, 20 Radopholus) Eucephalous-oligopode larvae 8, 19, 20, Effectiveness of a product 493 21 Effectiveness of insecticides 492 Eucephalous-polypode larvae 8 Egg-pods 449, 450 Eucosma schistaceana 177 Egg sac 17 Euetheola rugiceps 171 Elaeis guineensis (Oil-palm) 305 92 Elasmognathus grecai 380 Euphylura olivina 302 Elasmognuthus hewitti 381 Euprodis variu 391 Elusmopiilpus lignosellus 136, 154, 177, Euprodis producta 335 190 Euprodis rubricostti 334 Eiateridae 19 European corn borer 137 Eleganl grasshopper 79 Eurytoma fellis 262 Elytra 12, 18, 21 Eusarcoris ventralis 330 Emmalocera depressella 170 Euscepes batutae 208 Empoasca dévastons 413 Eulinobothrus brasiliensis 404 Empiitiseli fnbne 349 Euxoti (Agrotis) segetum 66 Empoasca fubnlis 195 Evaporation of solvents 486 Empoasca fticitilis 412 Examination of insecticides 492 Empoasca flavescens 119, 337 Exarate pupae 9 Empoasca lybica 384 Exopholis hypoleuca 106 Empoasca tubaci 370 Experimental stations 492 Emulsifiable solutions 479 Extensive application of insecticides 463 Emulsifiers 479 Exuvia 18 Emulsions 455 Eyes of insecls 1 Endoparasitic nematodes 36 Endoparasitic pests 488, 489, 491 Ephestia cuutella 228 Fall armyworm 180 Ephestia elutellu 374 False budworm 366 Ephestia vapidella 261 False codling moth 422 Epicumpoptera marantica 78 False wireworms 359 Epicauta sp. 162 Fan spray nozzles 483 Epicauta vittata 191 Fat 5, 496, 500 Epilachna 28-maculata 364 Fat body 5, 6 Epilachna chrysomelina 326 Faure's medium 55 Epilachna similis 139 Feeding poison 476 Epilachna varivestis 192 Feltia subterranea 360 Epilachnidae 20 Femur 2, 4 Epithrix hirtipennis 364 Ferrista virgata 414 Equipment for capturing insects 46 FFA-fixative solution 48, 54, 57 544 Index

Fibres 393 Ganglia 6 Field trials 492 Gelatine grub 77 Fig moth 228 Gele topboorder 135 Fire ant 258 Genital outgrowths 4 Flagellum 21, 466 Geometridae 28 Flame throwers 453 Giant mealybug 242 Flea beetles 21, 148 Gigant moth borer 173 Fleotribo 298 Glands 1,24,459,465 Flexibility of body 4 Glenea cantor 442 Flies 32,41 Glenea novemguttata 89 Flight period of insects 44, 489 Glues 481 Florida red scale 290 Glycine mux (Soya bean) 187 Florida wax scale 266 Gold fringed moth 151 Flower beetle 351,434 Gonapophyses 2, 4 Flush worm on tea 114 Gonocephalum acutiingulum 359 Fog solutions 455, 480, 486 Gonocephalum simplex 66 Fog spraying 485 Gossypium sp. (Cotton) 403 Food of termites and ants 460 Goût de pomme de terre (Coffee) 85 Food crops 129 Granada borer 222 Fore-intestine 5 Granulate 478 Fore-leg 2 Granulate cutworm 360 Forewings 2, 4 Graphognathus Icucolomu 312 Forficulidae 11 Grasshopper 317, 447 (see also Locust) Formic acid as poison 465 Grasshopper, long horned 12 Formicidae 25, 465 Grasshopper, short horned 12 Formula of Abbott 493 Grasslooper 157 Frankliniella dampfi 375, 420 Greasy cutworm 213, 360, 408 Frankliniella fusai 350, 368 Great millet stem maggol fly 148 Frankliniella tritici 350 Greater coconut spike moth 321 Freckled yellows disease 140 Gregarious phase of locusls 450 Fringed nettle grub 114 Green aphid 266 Fringed scale of coffee 73 Green coffee scale 72, 110, 252 Frisolée on cotton 411 Green fly 337 Froghoppers 15 Green orange bug 264 Fruits 217 Green peach aphid 329 Fruit flies 33, 43 Green plant bug 363, 425 Fruit fly control 477 Green plants preserving 53 Fruit fly (Drosophila) 496 Green rice leafhopper 161 Fruit piercing moth 284, 285 Grey borer of the sugar-cane 177 Fulgoridae 15 Greyback cockchafer 169 Fulgorids 472 Ground beetles 19 Fumigation 480 Ground-nuts 341 Fumigants 477, 480 Groundnut surul 345 Fundella cistipennis 196 Ground spraying 453 Fungicides 477, 479 Grubs 41,43,477 Fungus cultivation by ants 460 Gryllidae 11 Fungus gardens of ants 461, 468 Gryllotalpa africana 65, 358 Fungus infection 37, 489 Gryllotalpidae 11 Funnel method of Baermann 47, 48 Gryllulus domesticus 133 Gryllulus gracilipes 90 Gall formation 17, 24, 32, 33, 35, 41 Guava mealy scale 110 Gall gnats 32 Guinea corn (Sorghum guinecnse and Gall midges 32 .S. bicolor) 145 Gall mites 35 Gulf wireworm 206 Gall wasps 24 Gum exudation 305 Game causing damage 477 Gummosis 222, 223, 224 Index 515

Cusano rosado grande 423 High volume method 482, 485 Gynaikothrips Karny 379 High volume spray 453 Hilda patruelis 344 Habrochila placida 80 Hilipus claripes 98 Haltères 4,32 Hind-intestine 5 Haïtiens tibialis 215 Hind-leg 2, 4 Hand lance 482 Hindwings 2, 4 Hand-operated dusters 481 Hispa armigera 155 Hand-operated knapsack sprayers 482 11 ispa wakkeri 179 Harvesting ants 471 Hodotermes mossambicus 383, 404, 461 Hawaiian sugar-cane borer 172 Holometabolous development 7, 467 Hawaiian sugar-cane leafroller 180 Ilolopothrips ananas! 221 Hawk 31 Holotrichia Helleri 325 Head of insects 1 llomaledra stibalella 312 Head capsule 26 Homona coffcaria 113 Heart of insects 5. 6 Homoptera 7, 13, 15 Helicopters 486 Honeybees 25 Heliothis assalta 373 Honey dew moth 284 Heliothis obsoleta 418 Honeydew 16, 225, 460, 472 Heliothis virescens 373 Hooks, chitinous 25 Heliothrips haemorrhoidulis 287 Hoplolaimus coronatus 167 Heliothrips indicus 348 Hopper bands 450, 451, 454, 455 Helopeltis tintomi 102 Hoppers 447 llelopdtis bergrothi 126 Horn 31 Helopeltis einchonae 388 Horntails 23 Helopeltis schoutedeni 427 Host plant 41,490 Helopeltis theivora 118 Host selection principle 461 Helopeltis westwoodi 386 Houseflies, aerosols against 480 Hemelytra 13, 14 Hovering flies 490 Hemera 227 Howardia biclavis 94, 387 Hemicephalous larvae 32 Humus formation 460 Hemimetabolous development 7, 13 Hydrellia griseola 163 Hcmisphaerical scale 73, 203, 251, 378 Hydrogen cyanide 499 tlcmitarsonemus lata 392 Hylesinus toranio 297 Herbivorous insects 20, 460 Hylobius perforatus 297 Ilcrcothrips fasciatus 194 Hymenoptera 8,22,460 Hcrsc cingulntti 212 Hypena lividalis 436 Hcterodcru 38 Hypertrophy of plant cells 38, 230 Heterodercs luurcnti 168, 206 Ilypomeces squamosus 112 Hcterodercs sp. 358 Ilyponomeutidae 28 Hetcrogamous development 16 Hyponomeutid moths 28 Heterogamy 17 Hysteroneura setariae 184 Heterongchus licas 170 Hderongchus plcbejus 170 Icerya purchasi 267 Heteroptera 7, 13 Ichneumon flies 24, 489 Hdenisia cingala 115 Ichneumonidae 24 Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber) 395 Ichneumons 42 Hexapoda 10 Identification of plant pests 41 Hibiscus (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) 431 Idiocerus utkinsoni 251 Hibiscus mealybug 432 Idiocerus clypealis 250 Hibiscus Sabdariffa (Roselle Idiocerus niveosparsus 251 Hibiscus) 431 Imago 1 Hieroglyphus banian 163 Indian borer 70 Hicroglyphus niyroreplctas 149 Indian sugar-cane leafhopper 182 Hicroxestis subcervinella 234 Incomplete metamorphosis 7 High pressure knapsack sprayer 483 Inert fillers 478,479 546 Index

Inert materials 487 Labrum 3 Inner organs of insects 5 Lace bug 15,232 Insect boxes 50, 53 Lace wing bug 80 Insect eggs 4 Lachnopus coffeae 83 Insect habitat 44 Lachnosterna citri 258 Insect larvae 9 Luchnostcrna sp. 205 Insecticidal fogs 463, 485 Lacon humilis 168 Insecticidal residues 495, 496 Lacon variabilis 168 Insecticidal solutions 480, 485 Lactophenol 49 Insecticides 476 Lady-birds 20,489 Insect parasites 51 Ladybird beetle 139 Insectivora 490 Lagochirus obsoletus 200 Insects 1, 10 Lagynotomus assimulans 166 Integument 1 Lamellicorn beetles 22 Interference colours 57 Lamellicornia 43 Internal boll disease 426 Lamprosema indicata 196 Intersegmental membrane 4 Lamprosema odosema 233 Invertebrates 19 Lance nematode 167 Ipidae 22 Laphygma exigua 409 Ipomoea batatas () 205 Laphygma frugiperda 180 Iridiomyrmex humilis 471 Large soldiers of termites 458, 474 Ischnaspis longirostris 81,319 Large workers of termites 458 Isolation of insect organs 56 Lasiocampidae 29 Isoptera 12,460 Lasioderma serricorne 373 Lasius 472 Jassidae 15 (see also Empoasca) Laspeyresia glycinivorella 197 Jassids 472 I.uspeyresia leucostoma 114 Jowar mite 149 Lasting effect of insecticides 476 Jowar Phadka 149 Latin square 493 Juar (Sorghum guincense and Lawana candida 71 5. bicolor) 145 Leaf beetle 21,326 June bugs 22 Leaf bugs 15 Jute (Corchorus capsularis and Leaf curl virus 413 C. olitorius) 437 Leaf cutting ants 400,467 (see also Atta) Jute apion 437 Leaf epidermis 27 Jute leaf miner 438 Leaf fleck 141 Jute semilooper 439 Leaf folder 196 Leafhopper 13, 15, 140, 182, 344 Kaffir-corn (Sorghum guineense and Leaf miners 33 5. bicolor) 145 Leaf nematodes 37 Kapok (Eriodendron anfraduosum Leaf roll disease on tobacco 355 Ceiba pentandra) 441 Leafroller 27, 112 Kapok wants 446 Leafskeletonizer 76 Kenya mealybug 72 Leaf virus 275 Killing agents 51 Lecaniidae 17 Killing bottle 49 Lecithocera effera 212 King (termite) 457, 458 Leg rudiments 21 Knapsack atomisers 485 Legs of insects 2, 4 Knapsack hand dusters 482 Leguminous crops 187 Knapsack-type portable mistblower 485 Lcma bilineata 364 Knotty fibre (Jute) 437 Lema oryzae 156 Kola-nut (Cola acuminata) 123 Lemon caterpillar 271 Lemon ribbing virus 81, 275 Labella 4 Lepidiota frenchi 168 Labial palps 3 8, 25 Labium 3, 13 Lepidosaphes beckii 293 Index 547

Lepidosaphes gloverii 292 Maize (Zea Mays) 131 Lepidosaphes pipcris 378 Maize billbug 133 Leptocorisa vuricornis 166 Maize meal as bait 453 Leptoglossus zonatus 288 Maize stalk borer 138 Leptispa pygmaea 156 Major pesls 60 Lesser cornstalk borer 136, 154, 177, 190 Malathion 499 Lethal effect 497 Maleuterpes dentipes 269 Leucopholis rorida 199 Maleuterpcs spinipes 282 Leucoplema dohertyi 76 Malic ether as bait 43 Leucoptera coffeella 74 Mallodon downesi 88 Leucoptera caffeina 75 Malpighian tubes 5, 6 Levantine hornet 286 Mandarian fruit fly 286 Levitanti iridescens 315 Mandibles 3,458 Light traps 44, 45 Mangifera indica (Mango) 241 Lima bean pod borer 197 Mango (Mangifera indica) 241 Limacodidae 31 Mango blister midge 250 Lindane 499 Mango fruit fly 254 Liothrips oleoe 301 Mango hairy caterpillar 246 Lipoids 487, 496, 500 Mangohopper 250, 251 Lipoid-solving properties of pesticides Mango psyllid 249 476 Mango scale 247 Locust 10, 12,41,447 Mango thrips 250 Locusta migratoria migratorioides 448 Mango webworm 244 Locusta pardalina 448 Mango weevil 253 Locust swarms 12, 450, 452, 454 Manihot utilissima (Cassava Manioc) Longhorned grasshoppers 447 199 Longicorn beetles 21 Manioc (Manihot utilissima) 199 Longitarsus nigripcnnis 380 Margarodidae 17 Long scale 292 Margaronia quadristigmalis 300 Longtailed mealybug 246 Maruca testulidis 197, 327, 346 Long-winged planthopper 182 Maxillae 3 Loopers 28 Maxillary palps 3 Lophobaris pipcris 381 May beetle 22, 205, 258 Lower jaws 3 Mealybug 17, 108, 378 (see also Lower lip 3 Pseudococcus) Low volume method 484, 485, 486 Measuring worms 28 Low volume spray 453 Meat flies 496 Lugol's solution 49 Mechanical pest control 475 Luperodes quaternus 344 Mechanical control methods 475 Lycidocoris mimeticus 80 Median values 493 Lycophotia saucia 198 Mediterranean fruit fly 285,491 Lygaeidae 14 Alcgacoelum modestum 198 Fygaeid bug 180 Mcgnstis grandalis 210 Lggus coffeae 82 Mchinauster chinensis 260 Lygus sp. 338 Melunotus communis 131 Lygus viridamis 118 Melanotus Tamsuyensis 168 Lygus vosseleri 411 Mclittomma insulare 305 Lymantriidae 30 Melolonthinae 357 Lyonetiidac 27 Melon aphid 433 Meloidogyne 37 Maceration 56 Meloidogyne incognita 437 Macrolepidoplera 26, 28 Meloidogyne sp. 63, 87, 105, 167, 187, Mucropes excnvatus 180 219, 229, 341, 357, 377, 383, 387, 395 Macrophorn nccentifer 259 Membracidae 15 Macrosiphon solimi 372 Membrana 13 Maggots 7, 22, 467 Mercury vapour lamps as light trap 44 5-18 Index

Merfen 54 Mung moth 327, 346 Mesohomotoma tessmanni 97 Musa sapientum (Banana) 229 Mesothorax 4, 18 (see also Métathorax) Muscular system 6 Messor 471 Mussidia nigrivenella 99 Metallic wood borers 19 Myelois decolor 227 Metamusius hemiptcrus 174, 232 Mylabris olaeae 299 Metumusius ritchiei 222 Mylabris pustulata 434 Metamorphosis, complete 7 Myllocerus sp. 345 Metamorphosis, incomplete 7 Myriapoda 35 (see also Centipedes) Metanustria hyrtaca 389 Myrmicinae 465, 467, 470, 472 Metutetranychus citri 278 Mythimna unipunda 134 Métathorax 4, 18 Myzodes persicae 329, 371, 444 Methods for killing insects 50 Methods of insecticide application 481 Naphtolblueblack-Geigy for colouring Methyl-cellulose 57 48, 49 Methylcellulose-creosole medium 55 Narosa conspersa 313 Mexican bean beetle 192 Nasuti (termite) 459 Mexican fruit fly 286 Natada nararia 114 Microlepidoptera 26, 43 Nectar-sucking butterflies 4 Microorganisms for biolog. control 490 Nemalhelminthes 36 Microscope slide mounts 54 Nematoda 36 (see also Burrowing Midis profana 265 nematode, Meloidogyne) Millet as bait 453 Nematodes (mounting of) 56, 57 Millipedes 5, 35, 46 Nematospora coryli 83 Mid-intestine 5 Nemutosporu gossypii 426 Mid-leg 2 Neotermes militaris 106 Mimaulus thesii 365 Nephantis serinopa 312 Mimic bug 80 Nephotdtix bipunctatus 161 Minor pests 60 Nervous system 5, 6 Miridae 15 Nest craters 467 Mistblower 485 Nests (ants) 466 Mites 34 Neutralizing enzymes 500 Mods repanda 157 Nezara viridula 165, 263, 363, 425 Mode of action of insecticides 476, 477 Nicotiana sp. (Tobacco) 357 Mode of application 496 Night traps 44 Mole-crickets 11, 41 (see also Nigra scale 124, 267, 399 Gryllotalpa) Nilaparvata lugens 160 Monalonion atratum 102 Niphadolepis sp. 77 Monochnmus ruspator 90 Nisia ntrovenosa 161 Monolepta australis 350 29 Monophagous insects 41 N'omadacris septemfasciata 449 Morganella longispina 238 Northern mango weevil 253 Moroccan locust 449 Nutaurelia zambesina 245 Morphology 1 Nymphochrysalis 34 Mortality 494 Ngmphula clepiinctulis 157 Mosaic virus on Maize 141, 355 Nysius sp. 375 Mosquito blight of tea 118 Mosquitoes, aerosols against 480 Obtected pupae 9 Moths 25,26 Ocelli 1,2 Motor sprayers 483 Odoiporus longicollis 230 Motor sprayers mounted on wheels 484 Odonestis plugiferu 390 Moulting of insects 7 Odontotermes obcsus 258 Mounting media 55 Odour attractants 43 Mouth parts 2, 3 Odour baits 43, 491 (see also baits) Miidaria variabilis 445 Oecophylla 472, 474 Mulliserial circle of hooks 26 Oecophylla longinoda 96 Index 549

Oecophylla smaragdina 79, 271, 472 Paarsrooder borer 154 Oidaematophoms monodadylus 212 Puchnaeus azurescens 65 Oil concentrates 455 Pachnaeus litus 282 Oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis) 305 Pachydiplosis oryzae 163 Oil palm leaf miner 309 Pachypeltis vittiscutis 392 Oilplants 295 Packing of insects 49, 53 Olea europaca (Olive) 297 Paddy borer 153 Oleander scale 289 Paddy bug 166 Oleocellosis 287 Paddy cantharid 162 Oligonychus coffeae 81, 121 Paddy climbing cutworm 158 Olive (Olea europaea) 297 Paddy thrips 159 Olive bug 302 Paddy white jassid 161 Olive psyllid 302 Payria signata 187 Olive scale 299,303 Palm leaf skeletonizer 312 Olive thrips 301 Palm weevil 43, 225, 307 Olive white fly 301 Palpi 28 Omiodes accepta 180 Pandemis heparana 432 Ommatissus binotatus 225 Pantorhytes plutus 91 Omphisa anastomosalis 210 Papaw (Carica papaya) 237 Ootheca mutabilis 326 Papaya ring spot virus 238 Opatrum sabulosum 359 Papaya scale 111 Ophideres fullonia 284 Paper bag for packing insects 53 Optical attractants 44 (see also Papilio demoleus 271 attractants) Papilionidae 31 Orange moth 283,422 Parabryocoropsis typicus 93 Orange thrips 273 Paralixus truncatulus 361, 435 Orange tortrix 282 Parasti lepida 95, 245, 313 Oregma lanigera 184 Parasti vivida 76, 333 Organic solvents 480 Parasites of insects 42, 490 Organization of phytosanitary Parasitic flies 42 campaigns 488 Parasol ants 467 Organochlorine compounds 497, 499 Paratetranychus afrasiaticus 228 Organophosphorous compounds 499 Paratetranychus exsiccator 185 Orgyia mixta 336 Paratetranychus indicus 149 Orgyia postica 78, 399 Paratetranychus simplex 228 Oriental red mite 277 Paremydica insperata 127 Ormcnis sp. 80 Paria viridicyaneus 207 Orosius argentatus 370 Parlatoria blanchardii 226 Orthaga cxvinacea 244 Parlatorio olcae 303 Orthoptera 10 Parlatoria pcrgandii 275 Orthorrhapha 32 Parlatoria ziziphi 292 Oryctes boas 306 Parnara guttata 158 Oryctes rhinocems 306 Parthenogenetic generations 16 Oryza glaberrima (Rice) 151 Parthenogenelic reproduction 7, 18 Oryza sntiva (Rice) 151 Particle size 478, 479, 480, 482, 484, Osmilia flavolineata 400 485, 486 Ostia 6 Particle weight 478 Otiorrhynchus cribricollis 298 Pastes 479 Outer margin (wing) 27 Paurocephala gossypii 413 Ovary 5, 6, 457 Peach moth 136 Oviparous reproduction 16, 34 Pea-nuts (Arachis hypoyaea) 341 Oviposition period 489 Pedicel 24, 25. 465 (see also Ovipositor 2, 4, 11, 12, 22 Petiolus) Owlet moths 29 PegaPega 365 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis 426 Penellipse 25 Oxycetonia versicolor 351 Penetrating insecticides 487, 489 550 Index

Penetration rate of insecticides 487 Piston pumps 483 Pentalonia nigronervosa 233 Planococcus citri 288 Pentatomidae 14 Plant bug 328, 338, 411 (see also Pepper (Piper nigrum) 377 Heteroptera) Pepper bug 381 Planthoppers 15 (see also Jassids) Pepper flea beetle 380 Plant lice 16 Pepper maggot 386 Plant nematodes 36 (see also Burrowing Pepper scale 378 nematode, Meloidogyne) Pepper weevil 385 Plant parasitic nematodes 48 Peregrinus maidis 140 Plant protection organizations 492 Perforation disease of tobacco 371 Platyedra gossypiellu 422 Pergandeida robiniae 349 Plesispa Reichet 310 Peridroma saucia 198 Fionda diduda 313 Period of toxicity 494 Plume moth 212 Perkinsiella succharicida 181 Plasia 198 Permanent preservation of insects 56 Pneumatic knapsack sprayers 483 Petiolus 465 (see also Pedice!) Pod husk borer 99 Petrol-engine driven dusters 482 Poecilocoris latus 122 Phaseolus sp. (Bean) 187 Poccilophila maculatissimu 142, 421 Phaseolus vulgaris 188 Podagrica puncticollis 405 Pheidole 471,472 Pod bug 352 Phenacaspis cockerelli 249, 323 Pod husk borer 99 Phenacoccus hirsutus 432 Pogonomyrmex 471 Philotrodis eutraphera 254 Poison apparatus of ants 466 Phloeotribus oleae 298 Poison baiting 453 Phoenix dactylifera (Date-palm) 225 Poison gland 22, 24 Phosphorus gabonator 123 Poisonous hairs 333 Phragmitiphila francata 178 Poisonous sting 24, 25 Phricodus sp. 331 Poison-resistant insects 500 Phthorimaea gudmanella 385 Pollu beetle 380 Phthorimaea heliopa 362 Polyrhachis 472 Phthorimaea operculella 365 Polyphagous insects 41 Phycita infusclla 407 Polyvalent resistance of insects 500 Phyllocnistis citrella 270 Polyvinyl-lactophenol 55 Phyllocoptrupa oleioorus 294 Ponerinae 465 Physiological functions of insect Potassium nitrate (source of oxygen) organs 5 480 Physomerus grossipes 190, 214 Potato aphid 372 Phytalus smithi 168 Potato stalk weevil 362 Phytonomus nigrirostris 189 Potato thrips 367,410 Phytosanitary campaigns 488 Powder post beetles 20 Phytoscaphus dissimilis 109 ppm parts per million 496 Piercing-sucking mouth parts 3 Pratylcnchus brachyurus 199 Pimelephila ghesquierei 316 Pratylenchus coffeae 63, 106 Pineapple (Ananas sativus) 219 Pratylenchus sp. 341 Pineapple caterpillar 224 Pratylenchus zeae 131 Pineapple mealybug 220 Prays citri 281 Pineapple scale 221 Prays oleae 303 Pineapple wilt disease 220 Predators 32, 474, 489, 490 Pink bollworm 422 Preserving insecls 49, 51 Pink sugar cane mealybug 173 Pressure cylinders 470 Pink tea mite 120 Preventive control measures 462, 488, Pink wax scale 252 491 Pinnaspis buxi 320 Proceras argyrolepidus 145 Pinnaspis sp. 268 Procerus polychrysa 153 Piper nigrum (Pepper) 377 Proceras sacchariphagus 176 Index 551

Prodenia litura 334, 423 Queensland fruit fly 255 Product formulation 478 Quinine (Cinchona succirubra) 387 Prolegs 25 Promecotheca Cumingi 311 Sadopholus oryzae 151 Promecotheca Reichei 311 Radopholus similis 63, 105, 151, 167, Pronotum 13 205, 219, 229, 257, 333, 377, 383 Propellents 480 (see also Nematoda) Protective substances 487 Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) 435 Protein-hydrolysate as bait 43 Reaction to light of termites and ants Proteins 5 460 Prothorax 2, 4, 13 Red-banded thrips 246 Protonymph 34, 415 Red branchborer 92 Protoparce sexta 366 Red coffee borer 71 Prontista moesta 182 Red cotton bollworm 424 Psallus seriatus 420 Red cotton bug 426, 431 Psora jieriusalis 365 Red locust 449 Pseudacanthotermes militaris 396 Red hairy caterpillar 345 Pseudaonidia trilobiti/'oralis 94 Red palm weevil 307 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 111 Red Pepper (Capsicum sp.) 383 Pseudococcidae 17 Red ring disease of coconut-palm 305 Pseudococcus adonidum 246 Bed shouldered leaf beetle 350 Pseudococcus bukobensis 94 Bed slug 115 Pseudococcus comstocki 233 Red spider mite 81, 121, 376, 385, 490 Pseudococcus njalensis 94 Remetabolous development 13 Pseudococcus sp. 108, 226 Reproduction 7, 34 Pseudostem 230 Reproductive forms of termites 457 Pseudotheraptus wayi 321 Reproductive organ 5, 6 Psilopholts vestita 396 Repellents 51, 477 Psyllidae 16 Residual effect of insecicides 476, 487, Ptedicus elongatus 239 496 Ptyelus grossus 336 Resistance to insecticides 499 Pulvinaria iceryi 184 Resistan! strains of insects 499 Pulvinaria psidii 110 Respiration 6, 34 Pumping stations 483 Resting swarms (locusts) 453, 455 Pupa coarctata 9 Rhabdocncmis obscura 172 Pupa libera 9 Rhina barbirostris 308 Pupa obtecta 9 Rhino beetles 43 Pupation 9 Rhinoceros beetle 306 Purple lined borer 135 Rhinotermes intermedius 220 Purple mite 120 Rhoecocoris sulciventris 264 Purple scale 293 Rhopalosiphon maidis 141 Pygidium 275 Rhopalosiphon sacchari 183 Pyrale du caféier 77 Rhynchaenus mangiferac 243 Pyrale du palmier 316 Rhynchocoris humerulis 263 Pyralididae 26 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus 307 Pyralids 26 Rhynchophorus phoenicis 307 Pyrausta nubilalis 137 Rhynchota 13 Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariae- Rhytidodera simulons 242 folium) 353,375 Ribbed cocoon makers 27 Pyrilla perpusilla 182 Rice (Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima) Pyroderces simplex 421 151 Pyrophyllite as inert filler 478 Rice borer 491 Pyrrhocoridae 14 Rice bran as bait 453 Rice bug 164 Queen (ant) 468 Rice case worm 139, 156, 157 Queen (termite) 457, 458, 466 Rice chaff as bait 453 552 Index

Rice fulgorid 161 Scirpophaga nivella 175 Rice gall fly 163 Scirtothrips aurantii 287 Rice leaf beetle 155, 156 Scirtothrips citri 273 Rice leaf miner 159 Scirtothrips tlorsalis 384 Rice stem maggot 159 Scirtothrips mnngiferae 250 Rice sting bug 166 Scirtothrips munihoti 201 Ricinus communis (Castor) 333 Scirtothrips signipennis 235 Ring-barking beetle 91 Scotia segetum 66 Rodents causing damage 477 Scotia ypsilon 213, 360, 408 Boot cyst nematodes 38 Scotinophora lurida 164 Boot knot nematodes 48, 63, 87, 105, Scutellum 13, 14, 18 167, 187, 219, 229, 311, 357, 377, Scyphophorus interstitialis 429 383, 387, 395 Secretion (organs) 6 Boot nematodes (free living) 49 Selective insecticides 477 Root rot 39 Selcnaspidus articulutus 291 Rose beetle 87 Sclcnolhrips rubrocinctus 97 Rose chafers 43 Sense organs 6 Boselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) 431 Serpentine mines 41 Bosette disease (ground-nuts) 349 Sesame (Sestimum indicum) 325 Bostrum 458 Scsamia eretica 147, 157 Rotary fan 482 Scsamiu inferens 154 Rotylcnchus multicindus 230 Scsamia vutcria 138, 178 Roundworms 36 Sesamum indicum (Sesame) 325 Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) 395 Scsarma africanum 151 Runways (ants) 467 Sctomorpha margalaestriata 374 Rusty plum aphid 184 Sctoru nitens 114 Rutelinae 357 Scxava coriacea 317 Sexual generations 16 Sexual organs 4, 457 Sacndodes pyralis 423 Shedder bug 343, 405 Saccharicoccus sacchari 173 Shield of scale insects 17, 18 Saccharosydne saccharivora 181 Shot-hole borer 92, 108, t79 Succharum officinarum (Sugar cane) Shrivelling of leaves 37 167 Silicogel as hygroscopic substance 51 Sahlbergella singularis 101 Siphn flava 183 Saissetia coffeae 73, 203. 251, 378 Siricidae 23 Saissetia nigra 124, 267, 399 Sisal (Agave sisalana) 428 Saissetia oleae 299 Sisal weevil 43,429 Saliva 3, 4, 24, 101, 355 Skeleton, external 1 Salivary gland 5 Skin irritation 30, 31, 35, 76, 124, 333, Salt marsh caterpillar 408 334, 335, 336, 391 (see also Urticaria) Saprophilous species 48 Slender rice bug 165 Sauvas 96, 467 Slide mounts 54 Sawflies 22,23 Slug-caterpillar moths 31 Scale insects 13, 15, 18 Slugs 31,46 Scales 18, 25, 57 Smaller brown planthopper 155 Scape 466 Smaller rice leaf miner 163 Scnpteriscus vicinus 358 Small gelatine grub 313 Scarabaeidae 20, 22 Small leaf psyllose 413 Scarlet mite 121 Small soldiers of termites and ants Schistocerca gregaria 447, 451 458, 474 Schistocerca paranensis 448 Small tussock moth 78, 117, 399 Schizaphis gruminum 149 Small workers of termites 458 Schizonychu africana 341 Snazuma tlorsalis 162 Schoenobius bipundifer 153 Snout moths 26 Scirpophaga innotata 152 Soldiers of ants 467, 468 Index 553

Soldiers of termites 457, 458 Stem borer 88 Soft scale 276 Stem nematode 37, 48, 133, 363 Soil desinfection 477 Stem-pitting disease on citrus 274 Soil fauna 39 Slem sapper 101 Soil injector 463 Stem tip borer 95 Solcnopsis geminata 258, 470, 471 Stenodontes downesi 397 Solid formulations of insecticides 478 Stephanitis typicus 232 Solitary phase of locusts 450 Stcphanoderes hampei (coffette) 83 Solubea poecila 164 Sternites 457 Sorghum (Sorghum guinecnse and Sticky bands for pest control 475, 481 S. bicolor) 145 Stictococcinae 17 Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum, Kaffir-corn, Stictococeus uliberti 103 Juar, Guinea corn) 145 Stictococeus sjöstedti 103 Sorghum guinecnse (Sorghum, Kaffir- Sting of insects 22, 36. 465 corn, Juar, Guinea corn) 145 Stinging caterpillar 76 Sorghum midge 150 Stink bug 14, 330, 331 Sorghum shoot fly 147 Stink locust 96, 234, 400 Sorghum webworm 150 Stinking grasshopper 410 Source of oxygen 480 Stomach poisons 476, 490, 498 Southern cornstalk borer 134, 146 Stornata 37 Soya bean (Glycine max) 187, 188 Stomopteryx subsccivella 345 Spanioza erythreae 272 Store-boxes for insects 51 Spargnnothis pilleriana 113 Straight-seamed flies 32 Sparganothis stultuna 270 Streak virus on maize 140, 182 Sphcnophorus striatus 90 Striped blister beetle 191 Sphenoptera perotdti 343 Stripe disease on rice 155 Sphcnoptertt sp. 403 Stub moth of citrus root-stock 261 Sphingidae 31 Stylets 3, 13, 17, 18 Sphinx moth 193, 212, 300 Suboesophageal ganglion 6 Spices 353 Suck fly 369 Spider mites 34 Sucking insects 41 Spiders 5 Sucking tube 25 Spilococcus simulator 301 Sucrose in honeydew 16 Spilosoma strigatula 344 Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) Spiracles 2, 6, 32, 34, 35 167 Spiralborcr 431 Sugar-cane beetle 171 Spiral nematode 230 Sugar-cane borer 174 Spodoptera mauritia 158 Sugar-cane bud moth 172 Spores of fungi (mounting) 57 Sugar-cane froghopper 169 Spotted borer 176 Sugar-cane hispid miner 179 Spotted locust 317 Sugar-cane leafhopper 181 Spotted maize beetle 132 Sugar-cane mosaic 141 Spot-treatmenl method 44 Sugar-cane mosaic virus 183 Spray booms 454, 484, 485, 486 Sugar-cane moth borer 178 Spray guns 484 Sugar-cane root borer 269 Spraying equipment 482 Sugar-cane weevil 43. 171 Spray lance 483, 484, 485 Sugar-cane white fly 183 Spray nozzle 454, 482, 483 Surface channel of termite nests 463 Spring bollworm 419 Surface nests (ants) 466 Spring-grain aphis 149 Suspensions 455 Springlails 7 Swallowtail butterflies 31 Squamiira tetraonis 241 Sweeping net 46 Squash bugs 14 Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) 205 Stainers 14 Sweet potato bug 210 Stuthniopoda sp. 244 Sweet potato fleabeetle 211 Stcirastoma breve 89 Sweet potato leaf beetle 207 551 Index

Sweet potato stem borer 210 Theraptus dévastons 402 Sweet potato weevil 208 Thcretra japonica 213 Swing log apparatus 486 Thermal fog 480,486 Swollen shoot disease of cocoa 93, 94, Thighs 21 355 Thliptoceras odoguttale 84 Syagrus rugifrons 406 Thoracic muscles 5 Syllepta derogata 407, 432 Thoracic shield 26 Syllepta prorogata 95 Thorax 1, 2, 4 Syllepta retrudalis 124 Thoseu asignu 314 Sympiezomias frater 74 Thosea cervina 115 Synergism 477 Thoseu sinensis 193, 314, 379 Synergist 477 Thrips 12, 327, 347, 348, 379 Syngrupha (Plusia) egena 198 'Thrips oryzue 159 Systemics 476, 487, 490 Thrips sp. 327 Thrips tabaci 367, 410 lliysanoptera 12 Taeniothrips distalis 348 Thysanura 7 Tueniothrips setiventris 117 Tibia 2,4 Takken boeboek 70 Tiger moth 30, 238 Talc as inert filler 478 Timing of phytosanitary campaigns 490 Tank mixtures 479 Tineidae 26 Tarache notabilis 424 Tineids 26 Taragtima diplocyma 333 Tingidae 15 Tarsonemus Bancrofti 184 Tipulidae 32 Tarsoncmus translucens 401 Tirathaba rufivcna 321 Tarsus 2, 4 Tmolus echion 224 Tea (Camellia sp.) 105 Tobacco (Nicotiana sp.) 353, 355, 357 Tea green fly 119 Tobacco aphid 371,444 Tea red spider mite 121 Tobacco bud worm 373 Tea seed bug 122 4'obacco capsid 328, 369 Tea tortrix 113 Tobacco flea beetle 364 Tea twig caterpillar 116 Tobacco hornworm 366 Teleiochrysalis 34 Tobacco leaffolder 365 Tcleonemia tiustralis 302 Tobacco leafminer 365 Temperature 491, 496 Tobacco mosaic 355 Tent caterpillar moth 29, 333 Tobacco moth 374 Tenthredinidae 23 Tobacco ringspot virus 371, 372 Tenuiptdpus obovntus 121 Tobacco rosette disease 371, 372 Tergites 457 Tobacco severe etch-virus 371, 372 Termes obcsus 167 Tobacco slug 364 Termite 12, 4L 342, 457, 460 Tobacco thrips 350, 368 Termite castes 457 Tobacco yellow dwarf disease 370 Termite nesls 460 Tolerance values of insecticides 495 Termite roads 461 Tomaspis sacchnrina 169 Test chamber for insects 497 Tomaspis varia 169 Test plot series 493 Tomnoschoita nigroplagiata 231 Tetramorium 471 Tongue 4 Tetramorium caespitum 470 Top borer 153, 175 Tetranychidae 34 Torch as light trap 45 Tetrnnychus sp. 385 Tortoise scales 17 Tetrnnychus urticae 415 Tortricidae 27 Tctmryolius bucleni 376 Toxicity 494 Tettigclla spectra 161 Toxicity coefficient 494 Tettigoniidae 12, 447 Toxic residues of insecticides 495 Thecla busilides 223 Toxoptera aurantii 81,275 Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) 87 Toxoptera citricida 274 Index 555

Toxoptera rotundiventris 98 Wasps 22, 24 Tracheae 6,34,477 Wax scale 318 Trachys pacifica 438 Weevils or snout beetles 18, 21, 43, 343 Tragischoschema nigroscriptum 441 West Indian cane fly 181 Tragocephala nobilis 91 West Indian mole cricket 358 Traps 45, 46 West Indian red scale 291 Transmission of virus 355 West Indian sugar-cane borer 174, 232 Transpiration of plants 476, 488 West Indian sugar-cane root borer 179 Treehoppers 15 Wet baits 453 Tree nests of ants 466 Wettable powders 479 Trialeurodes tubaci 371 Wetting agents 479 Trichobaris trinotata 362 White ants 459 Trinerviterm.es sp. 458 White-back planthopper 160 Trirhithrum inscripta 85 White coffee borer 67 Tristeza disease of Citrus 274 White flies 15, 16 Trochanter 2, 4 White fringed weevil 342 Trombidiformes 34 Whitegrubs 22,357 Tropical citrus aphid 274 White rice borer 152 Tropidacris latreillei 317 White tip 162 Tropinota vittula 280 White tip borer 175 True bugs 13 White woolly aphid 184 Trypetidue 33 Withering of leaves 37 Tussock moths 30, 336 Wilt disease on tobacco 355 Two striped sweed potalo beetle 211 Windsor-bean (Vicia faba) 187 Tylenchulus semipenetrans 257 Wing rudiments 4 Typhlocyba 195 Wings 2,4,57 Wireworms 19, 41, 43, 168, 358 Wood leopard moth 298 Ultra-fine droplets of insecticides 485 Wood lice 46 Ultra violet rays as insect attractants 44 Workers of ants 457, 459 Unaspis citri 277 Workers of termites 466, 468, 474 Unaspis yanonensis 293 Underground chambers (ants) 468 Xanthodes 409 Uniserial circle of hooks 26 gradisi 64 Upper lip 3 Xiphinema insigne 397 Upper jaws 3, 4 Xyleborus affinis 70 Urticaria 30,334,391 Xyleborus coffeae Xyleborus fornicatus 108 Xyleborus morstatti 92 Valanga nigricornis 117,194 Xyleborus perforons 179 Vapour lamps 44, 45 Xylotrechus quadripes 70 Variegated cutworm 198 Vectors of viruses 355 Yanon scale 293 Ventilating channels in termite nests 43 461 Yeast hydrolysate as bait mite 392 Vesicle of poison apparatus of ants 465 Yellow 183 Vespa orientalis 286 Yellow sugar-cane aphid Vespidae 24 Vicia faba (Windsor-bean) 187 Zea Mays (Maize) 131 Vinegar flies 43 Zeuzera coffeae 71 Vinsonia stellifera 318 Zeuzera pyrina 298 Virachola bimaculata 84 Zig-zag-striped leafhopper 162 Virgin soil 461 Zones of convergence 452 Virulence 355 Zonocerus elegans 79 Virus diseases 41, 355 Zonocerus variegatus 96, 234, 400 Viviparous reproduction 6, 16, 34 Zonosemata electa 386 Volumnus obscurus 82 Zyrcosa brunnea 124