Major pests situations on cocoa in

Wegbe K. and Agbodzavu K. M.

Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Plan

• Introduction • pests • Diseases • Conclusion

Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Introduction

• Cocoa: 3rd agricultural product exported after cotton and coffee. • It is grown in the south-west of the ‘‘ Region des Plateaux’’ by approximately 27,000 smallholders (DSID, 2001). • Between 1999-2000: contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 0.4% in average (BDPA, 2000).

Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Introduction Today cocoa plantations are facing many constraints due to many factors: • Total liberalization of the sector in 1996 • No renewing of plantations ageing of existing plantations • Abandoned plantations • Decrease of soil fertility • Resurgence of pests and diseases

Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Introduction

• Concerning the latter constraint, several insect pests and diseases are recorded in cocoa farms

• Damages and losses they cause are hindering seriously the development of cocoa production in Togo

Nous assurons les bases technologiques d'un développement agricole durable Hauteur de pluie (mm) pluie de Hauteur 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Pluviométrie d'individus Nombre

pement agricole agricole pement durable ( (Lepidoptera JASONDJFMAMJ 0

80 60 40 20

120 100 Unité plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop : ) : myrmeleon myrmeleon Eulophonotus 1.1. Population dynamics dynamics Population 1.1. • annual cyclesseparated from Two each other by a long period coincidingwith the dry season (embryonic diapause). • Each cycle lastsabout 4-5 months et al,(Wegbe 1997; Wegbe, 1997). I. 1.2. Area of distribution

Taux d’attaque 75 -100% 50 -75 %

25 -50% 0-25 %

An 1 An 2

•In 1995, 50% of plantations in Agou district were attacked, while 23% and 24% occurred respectively in Kpalimé and Litimé.

• In 1996, these rates increased to 100% in Agou and 87.5 and E. Myrmeleon area of distribution and attack et evolution 73.5% in Kpalimé and Litimé (Wegbe et al., 1997) pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations E. myrmeleon E. Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop Entrance / ofholeEntrance exit 1.3. Damages pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop than 50% when a tree has more than 5 5 than more has tree a when 50% than 1997). (Wegbe, holes active annually 40% and 30 1.4. Losses 1.4. • more at estimated are losses Production • Lavabre between losses estimated (1977) pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in ICS 32,ICS IMC67 64SNK x IMC67 x CS 100

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop – Gawa (imidacloprid) – T86/799 Na x 32,Na T60/887 32,x 100Na x •as: such materials plant tolerant of Use 1.5. Control methods Control 1.5. •insecticides: chemical of use the on Based pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in Population dynamics

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop Cocoa mirids Cocoa . Climate anomalies over the past 10 years years 10 past the over anomalies Climate appearances sporadic observed during drought periods (October (October periods drought during observed February) to II. 2.1 •Togo; in established not are Dynamics • are damages the that isknown it However, • pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop farms drying their causing pods, twigs, or greedy 2.2. Area of distribution of Area 2.2. • cocoa togolese all in present are Mirids Damages 2.3. • of tissue, soft of bites by Characterized pement agricole agricole pement durable Litimé (Togo) Litimé plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in Plot of cocoa trees showing mirids’ attacks in in attacks mirids’ showing trees cocoaof Plot

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop 2.3.Damages pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop caused by miridby caused done. yet been has severely trees cocoa of death the cause they losses the that realize we attacked, negligible. be not can cause 2.4. Losses 2.4. •losses the on study quantitative No • can these that know we if But pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop given by LAVABRE (1977) who estimated estimated who (1977) LAVABRE by given heavy of case in 25-30% between it attacks. 2.4. Losses 2.4. • isthat losses yield for reference only The pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in producers) and the existenceaof network of information)

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop – When the need be (as isoften done bythe – Or on threshold (Based on good organization 2.5. Control methods Control 2.5. •Imidacloprid Control: Chemical pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in leached (InfestationRate) holding mirids (Proliferation Rate)

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop – IR = Nb. killedof miridsNb. /Cocoa trees – PR = Nb. miridsof killedNb. /Cocoa trees to standards to 2.5. Control methods Control 2.5. •threshold on based control Chemical compared and rates of calculation Pretests: pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop If IR is greater than or equal to 0.7 or if the the if or 0.7 to equal or than greater is IR If area the 3, to equal or than greater isPR be to has post alert the by represented treated. 2.6. Control methods Control 2.6. •threshold on based control Chemical pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop If IR is less than 0.7 and the PR greater greater PR the and 0.7 than lessis IR If mirids of pockets are there then 3, than of Risk treated be should pockets only zone. in this outbreak 2.6. Control methods Control 2.6. •threshold on based control Chemical

P.njalensis P.citri F.virgata P.longispinus

30/10/2012

25/09/2012

31/08/2012

24/07/2012

26/06/2012

29/05/2012

24/04/2012

27/03/2012

28/02/2012 agricole pement durable 24/01/2012

Date

29/12/2011

22/11/2011

28/10/2011

29/09/2011

23/08/2011

27/07/2011 29/06/2011

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Nombre d'insecte/pied Nombre plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in Population Planococcoïdes njalensis njalensis Planococcoïdes kenyae Planococcus Ferrisia virgata longispinus Pseudococcus Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop . – – – – dynamics densities High january – observed in march Majorspecies III- Mealybugs 3.1 • • pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations are Insect Insect pests cocoa in

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop present in all togolese cocoa farms vectors CSSV distribution Mealybugs • III- Mealybugs of Area 3.2. • pement agricole agricole pement durable plantations plantations Insect Insect pests cocoa in Control methods Control trees, Cola Cola palm lemon trees,etc.). trees,trees,trees

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop – Decis 10 (deltamethrin): 1 liter per hectare – Gawa (imidacloprid): per 30g ha. – new Protection of by plots barrier cropping (Coffee •control Chemical •practices Agronomic III- Mealybugs 3.2. pement agricole agricole pement durable plantation Diseases Diseases affecting cocoa

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop Togo. one (roughly disease this by attacked were -1/3- third area) total the of I. Swollen Shoot Disease Shoot Swollen I. distribution of Area 1.1. • in areas growing cocoa all in Present • ha 5,000 than more that estimated is It pement agricole agricole pement durable plantation Manifestation of Manifestation CSSVD Diseases Diseases affecting cocoa

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop I. Swollen Shoot Disease Shoot Swollen I. Symptoms 1.2. 1.3. Damages 1.3.1. Attack rate of swollen shoot disease by canton 1.3. Damages 1.3.2. Severity of swollen owing a light hole) light a owing b

pement agricole agricole pement durable plantation Evolution of Swollen Shoot’s damages Shoot’s of Swollen Evolution Diseases Diseases affecting cocoa Damages

(ab plantation, :Attacked sh plantation Destroyed : Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop 1.3. 1.3. a pement agricole agricole pement durable plantation Diseases Diseases affecting cocoa

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop never been evaluated been never - 3 after dies it attacked, is tree cocoa 4 years 1.4. Losses 1.4. • have CSSVD to due losses Quantitative • a when that isestimated it However, pement agricole agricole pement durable plantation Diseases Diseases affecting cocoa

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop Based on an IPM approach IPM an on Based (attacked trees all of uprooting complete plot the on plants) host and trees cocoa 1.5. Control methods Control 1.5. • Breeding • a by re-infection Delay : practices Cultural •vectors against crops barrier of Using •vectors against control Chemical Espèces responsables responsables Espèces Phytophthora palmivora palmivora Phytophthora Phytophthora megakarya megakarya Phytophthora Répartition géographique géographique Répartition Etude de la maladie Etudemaladie la de pement agricole agricole pement durable Plante Cabosses Cabosses Dégâts Dégâts

spp. plantation Progression P. megakarya P. P. palmivora P. Diseases Diseases affecting cocoa

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop disease due to to due disease Phytophthora Agou Kloto Kpele Litimé Adele II. Black pod pod Black II. 2.1. Area Area of distribution 2.1. • • • • • pement agricole agricole pement durable Damages Severe disease Severe attack pod black of

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop 1.2. 1.2. pement agricole agricole pement durable plantation Diseases Diseases affecting cocoa

Nous assurons les technologiquesbases d'un dévelop treatment is carried out. iscarried treatment methods Control 2.4. 2.3. Losses 2.3. • any if 80% at estimated is Losses • •sanitation Crop •(Metalxyl control Chemical oxide) copper + •materials tolerant of Selection Conclusion • Cocoa growing in Togo is facing many biotic constraints – Insects: mainly mirids, stem borer and some emerging pod borers

– Diseases: the CSSVD, Black pod disease due to Phtophthora spp. Conclusion • To ensure the survival of this speculation – Continue research activities – Strengthen the links between research, extension services, plant protection services and producers to better contain these pests, – Transfer of proven technologies to farmers, – Exchange of tolerant materials within the framework of regional cooperation. Thank you for your attention