STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTIONS of COMMUNITY FIRE BRIGADES (Mpas): an ASSESSMENT USING SWOT – AHP in INDONESIAN PEATLAND FRONTIER
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STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTIONS OF COMMUNITY FIRE BRIGADES (MPAs): AN ASSESSMENT USING SWOT – AHP IN INDONESIAN PEATLAND FRONTIER By METIA FEBRITA PUTRI LEMBASI A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Metia Febrita Putri Lembasi To my parents and family, for their unconditional and never ending support ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With tremendous gratitude, I wish to highlight the crucial role of my advisor, Dr. Karen A. Kainer, in this research, for her tremendous support throughout the research process. Karen has generously supplied a constant source of guidance, encouragement and positive morale that has enriched this research throughout all of its stages. Similarly, my thesis committee members, Dr. Amy Duchelle, Dr. Rachel Carmenta, and Dr. Robert Buschbacher, greatly supported this work with their profound knowledge, experience and perspective in their respective fields. I thank my committee for their endless patience and direction throughout this process. Additionally, I would like to thank both CIFOR and USAID for their contribution of financial, logistic, and human resources. I am also incredibly grateful for the hospitality and warmth from people who participated in my interviews and who I met during my field visit to the sites study. I have been surrounded by an inspiring community of colleagues at the University of Florida, especially within the School of Forest Resources and Conservation, the Department of Latin American Studies and members of the Tropical Conservation and Development program. Many individuals have volunteered diverse forms of assistance to this research, and this community has fueled my graduate school experience with unmatched intellectual energy, emotional support and fun. Finally, I am eternally indebted to my wonderful family, Suhairul, Zubaidah, Nana, and Dwi Septi, for always encouraging me, trusting me, and never stopped caring even though we live far away from each other. I have learned the meaning of hard work and determination, humor, compassion, and joy. With love, I thank them for their constant and unconditional love and support. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 PEATLANDS AND FIRE OCCURENCES IN INDONESIA ..................................... 12 Importance of Indonesian Forests and their Uniqueness Worldwide ...................... 12 Land Use Change on Peatlands: Rapid Transformation ........................................ 14 Causes of Fires ....................................................................................................... 16 Impacts of Indonesian Peat Fires ........................................................................... 17 Socioeconomics ............................................................................................... 18 Human Health .................................................................................................. 19 Biodiversity Losses ........................................................................................... 19 Contribution to Climate Change ....................................................................... 20 Efforts to Control Fires ............................................................................................ 21 International Cooperation ................................................................................. 21 National Level ................................................................................................... 22 Local Enforcement and Empowerment ............................................................ 23 2 STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTIONS OF COMMUNITY FIRE BRIGADES / MASYARAKAT PEDULI API (MPA), A GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION TO ADDRESS FIRES IN PEATLAND, USING THE SWOT-AHP METHOD ................ 25 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 25 Community Fire Brigades – Masyarakat Peduli Api (MPAs): A Local Intervention to Mitigate Mega Fires ............................................................... 25 SWOT – AHP Framework ................................................................................ 28 Study Sites .............................................................................................................. 31 Methods .................................................................................................................. 33 Preliminary Interviews and Identification of Critical SWOT Factors .................. 33 Meetings with Stakeholder Group Representatives and Pair-Wise Comparisons ................................................................................................. 35 Follow-up Meetings and Second Round of Pair-Wise Comparisons ................ 38 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 40 Stakeholders Perceptions of MPAs ........................................................................ 43 MPA Group Perceptions ................................................................................... 43 5 Government Group Perception ......................................................................... 46 NGO Group Perceptions .................................................................................. 49 Industry Group Perceptions .............................................................................. 50 Stakeholder Consensus: Increased partnerships would strengthen MPAs ............ 54 Implications for Future MPA Effectiveness ............................................................. 55 3 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE ...................................................... 58 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 59 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 70 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Riau and West Kalimantan Provinces by key land-use and fire features ............ 32 2-2 Pairwise comparison scale for AHP preferences ................................................ 38 2-3 Priority of MPA SWOT factors and overall priority scores. The scores marked in italics describe the highest factor scores. The strengths and opportunities scores are considered as positive values of MPA, and the weaknesses and threats are considered negative values. ............................................................. 41 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Study area map of Riau province (in red) and West Kalimantan (in green) ........ 33 2-2 SWOT factors relating to Masyarakat Peduli Api (MPA).. ................................... 35 2-3 Interview with MPA to implement SWOT – AHP analysis ................................... 37 2-4 Example of a pairwise comparison between two strength factors. ..................... 38 2-5 Perception maps of four stakeholder groups asked to prioritize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Masyarakat Peduli Api (MPA).. ............................................................................................................... 42 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BRG Peatland Restoration Agency (Badan Restorasi Gambut) CO2 Carbon Dioxide MPA Community Fire Brigade (Masyarakat Peduli Api) MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry NGO Non-governmental Organization 9 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTIONS OF COMMUNITY FIRE BRIGADES (MPAs): AN ASSESSMENT USING SWOT – AHP IN INDONESIAN PEATLAND FRONTIER By Metia Febrita Putri Lembasi August 2018 Chair: Karen A Kainer Major: Forest Resources and Conservation Fire events on peatland in Indonesia occur almost every year and have become more extensive in recent decades. These uncontrolled peat fires have an alarming impact on ecosystems, human health, and the economy. Various efforts have been made by the Indonesian government to address the issue, including regulations on the establishment of community fire brigades (Masyarakat Peduli Api – MPA). Although MPAs are required through government regulations, villagers’ membership is voluntary, mobilized through concern about fires. MPA members aim to control fires, patrol their designated areas, and raise awareness about the negative impacts of fires within their communities. Previous studies have shown that MPAs might play an important role in implementing local land and forest fire prevention, but they have not been able to carry out their duties properly. Challenges facing MPAs include: inadequate facilities and infrastructure; lack of guidance/aegis from government and influential actors; a lack of financial resources;