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Download This PDF File Plasma nutfah ikan hias Sumatera (Sudarto) PLASMA NUTFAH IKAN HIAS SUMATERA Sudarto Balai Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias Jl. Perikanan No. 13 Pancoran Mas, Depok E-mail: [email protected] dimasukkan ke dalam grup catfishes. Hingga saat ini sulit ABSTRAK mendapatkan data yang akurat mengenai jenis atau spesies sebagai plasma nutfah yang dieksploitasi dari alam untuk Data yang dikemukakan atau disampaikan oleh dijual ke laur negeri, sehingga tidak diketahui berapa para ekportir ikan hias mempunyai kecenderungan potensinya di alam. Tujuan inventarisasi ini adalah adanya eksploitasi ikan hias air tawar dari alam. mendapatkan data yang akurat tentang keberadaan plasma Banyak jenis yang diekspor umumnya berasal dari nutfah ikan hias asli Sumatera, potensi dan aspek-aspek Indonesia bagian Barat khususnya dari Sumatera biologinya. dan Kalimantan. Data ini dapat dikumpulkan melalui kompilasi dari para stakeholder ikan hias BAHAN DAN METODE dan penelusuran ke sentra penangkapan ikan hias melalui survai lokasi khususnya ikan hias air tawar Pelaksanaan kegiatan dilakukan dengan melakukan Sumatera. Lebih dari 100 spesies, termasuk ke survai ke daerah sumber ikan hias di Sumatera (Jambi, dalam 31 famili telah dikompilasi dari lokasi-lokasi Sumatera Selatan, Riau) dengan melakukan koleksi dari sentra ikan hias. Data ini khususnya merupakan daerah yang dikunjungi. Sampel bisa juga didapat dari gambaran jenis plasma nutfah dan potensi ikan pasar ikan hias atau pengumpul, juga dilakukan dari hias asal Sumatera yang dapat dipakai untuk nelayan langsung. pengembangan di masa mendatang. Ikan yang terkumpul pertama kali dilakukan KATA KUNCI: ikan hias, stakeholder, plasma dokumentasi dengan kamera digital dalam keadaan hidup nutfah segar, atau mati segar agar warna belum mengalami perubahan. Ikan hidup ditransportasi ke Balai Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias Depok untuk domestikasi. Sampel yang mati diawetkan dengan alkohol absolute untuk PENDAHULUAN diidentifikasi berdasarkan buku kunci identifikasi ikan Diketahui bahwa ikan hias di pasar internasional yang (Saanin, 1952; Nelson, Munro dan lain-lain), dan nama berasal dari Asia merupakan hasil ekspor negara lokal berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan buku nama daerah Singapura, padahal ikan ikan tersebut didatangkan oleh berdasarkan daerah di mana ikan didapat (Schuster & mereka dari Indonesia, sehingga negara kita seolah-olah Djajadiredja, 1952). Selain itu, kelengkapan sistematika merupakan penyumbang kecil dalam bisnis ikan hias ikan dilakukan download data melalui internet dunia. Tidak tersedianya data baik jenis maupun potensi www.fishbase.com; www.zipcodezoo.com ikan hias asli Indonesia sehingga sulit untuk pengambil kebijakan untuk melakukan penataan atau pengaturan. HASIL DAN BAHASAN Banyak publikasi tentang ikan hias Indonesia tetapi tidak Dari kompilasi yang dilakukan maka telah dikumpul- secara spesifik menyebutkan ikan Indonesia, seperti rain- kan berbagai jenis plasma nutfah ikan air tawar yang bow asal Papua. Disamping itupun tidak ada statistik yang berpotensi sebagai ikan hias terbagi ke dalam beberapa menggambarkan potensi ekspor ikan hias Indonesia yang famili, yaitu: Akysidae, Ambassidae, Anabantidae, Ariidae, dapat dipakai sebagai acuan. Data yang ada merupakan Bagridae, Balitoridae, Chacidae, Channidae, Cobitidae, data acuan dari BPEN yang merupakan kompilasi kegiatan Cynoglossidae, Cyprinidae (32 sp), Dasyatidae, ekspor ikan hias dan banyak dari data itu hanya Datnioididae, Eleotridae, Gobiidae, Helostomatidae, merupakan gabungan beberapa spesies. Mungkin saja Hemirhampidae, Mastacembelidae, Nandidae, beberapa spesies digabung ke dalam 1 grup, misalnya Notopteridae, Osphronemidae (8 spp), Osteoglossidae, golongan ikan seluang (Rasbora spp) masuk ke dalam grup Parakysidae, Polynemidae, Schilbeidae, Siluridae (8 spp), Cyprinids, padahal golongan Cyprinidae terdiri lebih dari Sisoridae, Soleidae, Syngnathidae, Tetraodontidae, dan 80 spesies. Belum lagi jenis ikan lele-lelean yang Toxosidae. 67 Media Akuakultur Volume 5 Nomor 1 Tahun 2010 Beberapa spesies yang sudah dikenal dan berpotensi Paysan, K. 1975. The country life guide to Aquarium sebagai ikan hias diuraikan berupa sinopsis pada Fishes. Country Life Books, 239 pp. Lampiran. Pouyaud, L., Sudarto, & Teugels, G.G. 2003. The diffe- rent colour varieties of the Asian arowana Scaleropages KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN formosus (Osteoglossidae) are distinct species: Mor- Hasil survai mendapatkan lebih dari 100 spesies ikan phologic and genetics evidences. Cybium, 27(4): 287– hias air tawar yang terdapat di Sumatera yang terdiri atas 305. 31 famili. Kebanyakan dari ikan-ikan ini belum Roberts, T.R. 1989. The freshwater fishes of Western dibudidayakan walaupun ada kecenderungan populasinya Borneo (Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia). California menurun dari waktu ke waktu di mana saat-saat tertentu Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, 210 pp. sulit didapat dan untuk penyelamatannya belum ada usaha Rustami, D. & Schuster, V. 1952. Local common names konservasi atau aturan penangkapan sehingga tidak of Indonesia fishes. Jakarta, 200 hlm. terjadi overfishing. Oleh karena itu, disarankan adanya Saanin, H. 1952. Kunci identifikasi ikan. Van Hoeve, upaya aturan penangkapan serta data spesies yang Bandung, 200 hlm. ditangkap dan larangan-larangan guna pelestarian ikan Satyani, D., Priyadi, A., Subandiyah, S., Kadarini, T., & di alam dan usaha budidaya di luar habitatnya agar tidak Subagja, J. 2002. Peningkatan keberhasilan terjadi kepunahan. kematangan gonad dan ovulasi ikan balashark DAFTAR ACUAN (Balashark macracanthus). Laporan Hasil Riset Perikanan Air Tawar tahun 2002. Balai Riset Perikanan Gustiano, R. 2003. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Pangasiidae Budidaya Air Tawar, 6 hlm. catfishes from Asia (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes). Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Sciences Department of Subandiyah, S., Komarudin, O., Yuliati, P., Subagja, J., & Biology, section of ecology and systematics laboratory of Arianti, F.D. 1995. Penelitian kemampuan penam- comparative anatomy and biodiversity B–3000, Leuven, pungan pada air resirkulasi ikan balashark. Prosiding Belgium. Thesis. Seminar Hasil Penelitian Perikanan Air tawar 1993/1994. Balai Penelitian Perikanan Air Tawar, Jakarta, hlm. 82– Kottelat, M., Whitten; A.J., Kartikasari; S.N., & 85. Wirjoatmodjo, S. 1995. Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Edition (HK) Sudarto. 2003. Systematic revision and phylogenetic relation- Ltd. And Ministry of State for Population and ships among populations of clariid species in southeast Environtment. Rep. of Indonesia, 293 pp. Asia. Thesis. University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 271 pp. 68 Plasma nutfah ikan hias Sumatera (Sudarto) LAMPIRAN Famili : Anabantidae – Climbing Gouramies Anabas testudineus Nama Inggris/nama dagang : Climbing perch, walking fish, climbing bass Nama Indonesia/nama daerah : Ikan betok, betik, betok, papuyu, betik, krucilan, puyu-puyu, pepeuyeuh, puyu, oseng, bale belang Deskripsi morfologi : Panjang maksimum mencapai 25 cm. Duri sirip punggung 16–20 buah; jari-jari lunak sirip punggung 7–10 buah; duri sirip dubur 9–11 buah; jari-jari lunak sirip dubur 8–11 buah. Tulang penutup insang (operkulum), suboperkulum, interoperkulum bergerigi; memiliki organ pernafasan tambahan (alat labirin) Habitat dan perkembangbiakannya : Dijumpai di berbagai macam perairan tawar (demersal) potamodromus, seperti rawa, danau, sungai. Juga hidup di daerah payau di mana dijumpai banyak tumbuhan air. Habitatnya perairan lakustrin, dengan suhu 15°C–31°C. Pemakan segala (omnivor), predator bagi ikan-ikan yang lebih kecil Penyebaran : Diketemukan di seluruh Provinsi Sumatera Famili : Aplocheilidae – Killifishes Aplocheilus panchax Nama Inggris/nama dagang : Blue panchax Nama Indonesia/nama daerah : Ikan kepala timah Deskripsi Morfologi : Panjang maksimum mencapai 20 cm Habitat dan perkembangbiakannya : Hidup di dataran rendah yang basah ke arah muara dan gambut. Juga dijumpai di kolam-kolam dan genangan, waduk dan aliran sungai kecil di daerah 69 Media Akuakultur Volume 5 Nomor 1 Tahun 2010 mangrove. Makanan utamanya insekta sehingga bisa dipakai sebagai pengendali nyamuk. Ikan ini popular sebagai ikan hias Penyebaran : Dijumpai di semua daerah di Sumatera Famili : Chacidae – Squarehead Catfishes Chaca bankanensis Nama Inggris/nama dagang : Angler Catfishes, frog mouth catfish Nama Indonesia/nama daerah : Tuka, anka, putting bliong, putting beliung Deskripsi morfologi : Panjang maksimum mencapai 20 cm. Ciri-cirinya seperti batu, bentuk badan menyerupai berudu dengan kepala besar bersegi, mulut besar dengan enam sungut pendek bercabang di sekelilingnya dan sirip ekor memanjang ke arah punggung. Bagian punggung berwarna coklat tua, perut putih. Duri sirip punggung dan duri sirip dada mempunyai alat pengunci. Duri sirip punggung beracun Habitat dan perkembang biakannya : Habitat di sungai bergambut dengan alkalinitas 4–9 mg/L; CaCO3 pH 5,3–7,2; suhu air 23,3°C–27,5°C. Memakan segala makanan (Omnivor) Famili : Channidae – Snakeheads Channa lucius Nama Inggris/nama dagang : Splendid snakehead, forest snakehead 70 Plasma nutfah ikan hias Sumatera (Sudarto) Nama Indonesia/nama daerah : Bujuk, runtuk (Kalimantan) Deskripsi morfologi : Panjang maksimum mencapai 65 cm. Bentuk badan hampir bundar. Mempunyai alat labirin untuk menghirup udara di luar air. Terdapat satu atau dua baris gigi taring pada rahang atas dan bawah bagian depan. Sisik gurat sisi (Ll) berjumlah 58–65 buah. Jari-jari sirip punggung berjumlah 38–41 buah; jari-jari sirip dubur 27–29 buah. Anak-anaknya mempunyai
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