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Literature Review the Benefits of Wild Caught Ornamental Aquatic Organisms

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Literature Review the Benefits of Wild Caught Ornamental Aquatic Organisms LITERATURE REVIEW THE BENEFITS OF WILD CAUGHT ORNAMENTAL AQUATIC ORGANISMS 1 Submitted to the ORNAMENTAL AQUATIC TRADE ASSOCIATION October 2015 by Ian Watson and Dr David Roberts Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology [email protected] School of Anthropology and Conservation http://www.kent.ac.uk/sac/index.html University of Kent Canterbury Kent CT2 7NR United Kingdom Disclaimer: the views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of DICE, UoK or OATA. 2 Table of Contents Acronyms Used In This Report ................................................................................................................ 8 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 10 Background to the Project .................................................................................................................... 13 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................................................. 13 Approach ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Literature Review Annex A ............................................................................................................ 13 Industry statistics Annex B .................................................................................................................... 15 Legislation on the ornamental fish trade Annex C ............................................................................... 16 CITES and the ornamental fish trade Annex D ...................................................................................... 17 The ornamental fish trade and livelihoods Annex E ............................................................................. 18 Fishing methods used in the wild caught ornamental trade Annex F .................................................. 19 Animal welfare issues in the ornamental trade Annex G ..................................................................... 19 The longevity of aquarium fishes Annex H ........................................................................................... 20 Threats to the ornamental fish trade Annex I ...................................................................................... 20 The wild-caught ornamental trade, conservation and development Annex J ..................................... 21 The ornamental fish trade in perspective Annex K ............................................................................... 22 Annex A: Literature Research Protocol ................................................................................................. 23 Results of standardised scientific literature review search .............................................................. 23 ISI Web of Science (WoS) .............................................................................................................. 23 SciVerse SCOPUS ........................................................................................................................... 24 Discussion on extent of scientific literature relating to the ornamental aquatics trade .................. 24 Annex B: Industry Statistics................................................................................................................... 26 Industry statistics .............................................................................................................................. 26 Worldwide exports ........................................................................................................................... 27 Worldwide imports ........................................................................................................................... 30 Re-exports ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Internal trade .................................................................................................................................... 33 The worldwide value of trade ........................................................................................................... 34 References ........................................................................................................................................ 34 Annex C: A review of legislation on the ornamental fish trade ............................................................ 35 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 35 National legislation in South America ............................................................................................... 35 South and South East Asian legislation ............................................................................................. 37 South Pacific legislation .................................................................................................................... 37 3 Australian legislation ......................................................................................................................... 38 Maldives legislation .......................................................................................................................... 40 EU legislation..................................................................................................................................... 40 UK legislation .................................................................................................................................... 41 OIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 IATA ................................................................................................................................................... 43 References ........................................................................................................................................ 43 Annex D: CITES and the ornamental aquatics trade ............................................................................. 45 CITES Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 45 CITES Significant Trade Review ......................................................................................................... 45 The EU and CITES .............................................................................................................................. 45 Other trade mechanisms .................................................................................................................. 46 Ornamental aquatics species and CITES ........................................................................................... 46 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 47 Arapaima gigas (Arapaima) .......................................................................................................... 47 Scleropages formosus (Asian arowana) ........................................................................................ 50 Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) ..................................................................................................... 53 Corals of significance to the ornamental aquatics trade .................................................................. 60 Helioporidae spp. (Blue corals, specifically Heliopora coerulea) .................................................. 60 Tubiporidae spp. (Organ-pipe corals) ........................................................................................... 62 Scleractinia spp. (Stony corals) ..................................................................................................... 64 References ........................................................................................................................................ 68 Annex E: The ornamental fish trade and livelihoods ............................................................................ 70 The ornamental trade and livelihoods .............................................................................................. 70 Employment in the ornamental industry .......................................................................................... 70 Estimated number of people employed in the aquarium fish sector in South America .............. 70 Estimated number of people employed in the aquarium fish sector in the South Pacific ........... 71 Estimated number of people employed in the aquarium fish sector in South East Asia ............. 72 Estimated number of people employed in the aquarium fish sector in South Asia ..................... 72 Estimated number of people employed in the aquarium fish sector in Africa ............................. 72 The socio-economic relevance of ornamental fisheries ............................................................... 72 The collectors in Peru........................................................................................................................ 73 The Rio Negro fishery .......................................................................................................................
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