Pembelajaran Dari Pengelolaan Dan Konservasi Sumber Daya

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Pembelajaran Dari Pengelolaan Dan Konservasi Sumber Daya Pembelajaran dari Pengelolaan dan.………....di Danau Empangau, Kalimantan Barat (Kartamihardja, E.S., et al) PEMBELAJARAN DARI PENGELOLAAN DAN KONSERVASI SUMBER DAYA IKAN ARWANA MERAH (Scleropages formosus, Muller and Schlegel, 1844) BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI DANAU EMPANGAU, KALIMANTAN BARAT LESSON LEARNED IN COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF RED AROWANA (Scleropages formosus, Muller and Schlegel, 1844) AT EMPANGAU LAKE, WEST KALIMANTAN Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, Chairulwan Umar dan Aisyah Peneliti pada Pusat Penelitian Pengelolaan Perikanan dan Konservasi Sumber Daya Ikan Teregistrasi I tanggal: 11 Agustus 2014; Diterima setelah perbaikan tanggal: 06 Oktober 2014; Disetujui terbit tanggal: 09 Oktober 2014 ABSTRAK Permasalahan utama yang teridentifikasi terhadap penurunan populasi sumber daya ikan arwana adalah eksploitasi berlebih, alih fungsi lahan dan degradasi habitat akibat penggundulan hutan. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi penurunan populasi ikan arwana adalah konservasi eksitu melalui penangkaran dan konservasi insitu. Konservasi insitu ikan arwana merah (Sclerofages formosus) di habitatnya telah dilakukan oleh penduduk lokal di sekitar Danau Empangau sejak tahun 1980. Hasil pengamatan di lapangan dan kajian pustaka diperoleh keragaan pengelolaan arwana merah baik di tingkat lokal maupun nasional. Pembelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari pengelolaan dan konservasi sumber daya ikan arwana merah berbasis masyarakat ini adalah salah satu pilihan terbaik dalam rangka optimasi pemanfaatan dan konservasi di habitat aslinya. KATA KUNCI: Ikan arwana, Scleropages formosus, konservasi, Danau Empangau ABSTRACT The main problems identified in decreasing of arowana population are over-exploited, habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation due to deforestation. Breeding operations as an exitu conservation and an insitu conservation could be conducted to solve those problems. The insitu conservation of red arowana (Scleropages formosus) has been done by local community around Empangau Lake, one of the natural habitats since 1980. Management of the red arowana in local and national level was reviewed based on the results of field survey and desk study. Lesson learned of community based management of red arowana is the best options for the optimal utilization and conservation of the species at their natural habitat. KEYWORDS: Red Arowana, Scleropages formosus, conservation, Empangau Lake PENDAHULUAN pembatasan aktivitas penangkapan ikan di musim- musim tertentu untuk memberi kesempatan ikan Eksploitasi berlebih sumber daya ikan bertelur sehingga membantu sumberdaya ikan untuk mengakibatkan hasil tangkapan tidak lagi bisa lestari pulih kembali dan bentuk perlindungan spesies (Eaton, 2005). Secara umum mengindikasikan bahwa tertentu dari kegiatan eksploitasi berlebih. Secara adat 25% ikan air tawar telah mengarah pada kepunahan model konservasi tradisional ini juga sering (Vie´ et al., 2009 dalam Olden et al., 2010). Di dilambangkan sebagai mitos yang bersifat Indonesia, beberapa ancaman utama yang mengkeramatkan spesies tertentu, seperti ikan dewa menyebabkan menurunnya keanekaragaman ikan (Tor tambra) di Kabupaten Kuningan, kura-kura belawa adalah laju pertambahan penduduk, berkurangnya (Amida cartilaginea) di Kabupaten Cirebon dan sidat/ hutan, pergeseran peruntukan habitat, eksploitasi gateng (Anguilla spp.) di Kabupaten Wonogiri berlebih termasuk perdagangan illegal baik flora (Oktaviani et al., 2011). Hartoto (2010) maupun fauna, introduksi spesies asing, polusi dan mengkategorikan upaya pengelolaan sumber daya perubahan iklim (Convention on Biological ikan melalui pemacuan stok merupakan aktivitas Biodiversity, 2010). ekonomi yang berbasis konservasi, seperti yang dilakukan penduduk lokal di Waduk Bade dan Gajah Konservasi sumber daya ikan secara tradisional Mungkur (Jawa Tengah), dan ekoturisme serta contoh (misalnya suaka perikanan) merupakan bentuk keberhasilan suaka perikanan di Jambi. ___________________ Korespondensi penulis: Pusat Penelitian Pengelolaan Perikanan dan Konservasi Sumberdaya Ikan Jl. Pasir Putih II, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara-14430 65 J. Kebijak.Perikan.Ind.Vol.6 No.2 Nopember 2014: 65-74 Upaya konservasi baik habitat maupun the Australian arowana). Distribusi ikan Arwana, S. sumberdaya ikan timbul sebagai reaksi alamiah dari formosus meliputi Asia Tenggara, Kamboja, Vietnam, pemanfaat sumberdaya yang menginginkan agar Thailand, Semenanjung Malaysia, Sumatera dan sumberdaya tersebut tetap lestari sebagai penopang Kalimantan (Kottelat et al., 1993 dalam Ng & Tan, kehidupan. Makna konservasi tersebut melatar 1997; Steuer, 2003), sedangkan S. jardinii terdapat belakangi timbulnya pengelolaan sumber daya ikan di perairan sungai dan rawa di Kabupaten Merauke, arwana merah (Scleropages formosus) berbasis Mappi, Boven Digul dan Asmat (Kartamihardja et al., kearifan lokal di Danau Empangau pada sekitar tahun 2013). Jenis S. formosus terdiri atas 4 varietas warna, 1980. Arwana merah yang endemik dan terkenal meliputi hijau, merah, emas dan emas ekor merah. sebagai ikan hias, baik di Indonesia maupun di luar Pouyaud et al. (2003) menyatakan bahwa selain S. negeri telah mendatangkan manfaat secara ekonomis formosus berdasarkan warna, data molekuler dan bagi penduduk di sekitar Danau Empangau (Eghenter karakter morfometrik tubuhnya terdapat tiga spesies et al., 2012). Bagian terpenting dalam membentuk baru, yaitu S. legendrei, S. aureus dan S. macrocephalus. kawasan konservasi adalah melindungi kawasan Namun demikian, hal tersebut dibantah oleh Van Oijen konservasi dari penangkapan ikan secara illegal. & Van Der Meij (2013) karena deskripsinya tidak lengkap sehingga hanya merupakan sinonim saja. Di Pengelolaan perikanan berbasis masyarakat Indonesia ikan arwana S. formosus hanya tersebar (Community Based Fisheries Management/CBFM) di Sumatera (di sungai-sungai di Palembang, didefinisikan sebagai suatu proses pemberian Lampung, Jambi, Bangka dan Riau), Kalimantan wewenang, tanggungjawab dan kesempatan kepada (Kalimantan Barat meliputi perairan di Kabupaten masyarakat untuk mengelola sumberdayanya sendiri Sintang, di Danau Sentarum dan Danau Empangau; dengan terlebih dahulu menentukan kebutuhan dan Kalimantan Selatan meliputi anak Sungai Mahakam, keinginan, tujuan serta aspirasinya sehingga mereka di perairan Kota Sampit) (Sudarto, 2005). dapat mengambil keputusan untuk menentukan kesejahteraannya (Nikijuluw, 2002). Pengelolaan Dewasa ini, ikan arwana merah telah dimasukkan berbasis masyarakat yang bekerjasama dengan dalam CITES Appendix II, yang harus dilindungi dan pemerintah lokal umumnya lebih efektif dalam perdagangannya hanya diperbolehkan dari hasil mencapai hasil yang diharapkan. Partisipasi dan budidaya. Ikan arwana sebagai ikan hias diekspor ke keterlibatan masyarakat menjadi faktor penting dalam Singapura, Hongkong, Taiwan, Jepang, Brunei dan menentukan keberhasilan pengelolaan kawasan Malaysia. Permintaan pasar ikan arwana yang tinggi konservasi dan keberlanjutan sumber daya ikan. disebabkan oleh tradisi masyarakat terutama pengikut Tujuan konservasi dan proteksi sumberdaya ikan akan feng shui yang percaya tentang keberuntungan menjadi kenyataan jika terjadi komitmen dan memelihara ikan arwana serta menjadi simbol status partisipasi aktif masyarakat setempat (Wong & dan kebanggaan (terutama oleh bangsa Cina dan Sujang, 2009). Jepang) di akhir tahun 1970-an. Perkembangan ekspor ikan arwana di Indonesia maupun di beberapa Makalah ini membahas tentang konservasi arwana negara produsen arwana tertera pada Gambar 1. merah di Danau Empangau yang dilakukan oleh Perkembangan perdagangan ikan arwana yang secara masyarakat lokal dengan aturan budaya lokal nyata di dunia merupakan ancaman bagi populasi sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai pembelajaran bagi spesies ini. Peningkatan jumlah ekspor ikan arwana keberhasilan konservasi sumber daya ikan lainnya, di Indonesia dan beberapa negara tersebut seiring baik yang kondisinya terancam punah maupun yang dengan berkembangnya perusahaan penangkaran mengarah pada kepunahan. arwana yang memiliki legalitas dagang (Steuer, 2003). KONDISI TERKINI SUMBERDAYA IKAN ARWANA KONDISI DANAU LINDUNG EMPANGAU MERAH Danau Empangau merupakan salah satu danau Ikan arwana atau yang disebut juga ikan siluk, lindung dari 22 danau lindung yang terdapat di payangan, kayangan, tengkelesa, kaleso atau ikan Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu (Lampiran 1.). Danau lindung naga merupakan ikan asli perairan Indonesia, Empangau merupakan danau yang ditetapkan habitatnya di air tawar dan tergolong ikan hias karena berdasarkan Surat Keputusan (SK) Bupati Kapuas penampilannya yang indah. Di Asia dikenal 6 jenis Hulu Nomor 6 tahun 2001, untuk menjadi kawasan ikan arwana, dua jenis di antaranya terdapat di konservasi perairan yang dikelola berdasarkan kearifan Indonesia, yaitu jenis Scleropages formosus (the lokal dengan tujuan untuk menjaga kelestarian sumberdaya Asian bonytongue atau Asian arowana atau disebut ikan dan lingkungannya. Luas total danau lindung mencapai juga golden dragon fish) dan S. jardinii (Saratoga atau 2% dari total luasan danau di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. 66 Pembelajaran dari Pengelolaan dan.………....di Danau Empangau, Kalimantan Barat (Kartamihardja, E.S., et al) 40,000 40,000 35,000 35,000 30,000 30,000 Kanada 25,000 25,000 Hongkong 20,000 20,000 Indonesia 15,000 15,000 Malaysia Volume (ekor) Volume 10,000 (ekor) Volume 10,000 Singapura 5,000 5,000 0 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Gambar 1.Perkembangan ekspor ikan arwana Indonesia (kiri) dan beberapa
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