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Literature Cited Abbott JC (2013) OdonataCentral: an online resource for the distribution and identification of Odonata. The University of Texas at Austin. Electronic version accessed Apr 2013. http:// www.odonatacentral.org Acharya PR, Racey PA, Sotthibandhu S, Bumrungsri S (2015) Feeding behaviour of the dawn bat (Eonycteris spelea) promotes cross pollination of economically important plants in Southeast Asia. J Pollination Biol 15(7):44–50 Adijaya M, Yamashita T (2004) Mercury pollutant in Kapuas river basin: current status and strate- gic approaches. Ann Disaster Prev Res Inst 47(B):635–640 Agenda 21 (1992) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. Agenda 21, section II, chapter 15: Conservation of biological diversity. Electronic version accessed Feb 2011. http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_ agenda21_15.shtml Aicher B, Tautz J (1990) Vibrational communication in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. 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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T17975A7640635. Electronic version accessed Dec 2015. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Anderson JAR (1983) The tropical peat swamps of western Malesia. In: Gore AJP (ed) Ecosystems of the world 4B: mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 181–199 Anshari G, Kershaw AP, van der Kaars S (2001) A Late Pleistocene and Holocene pollen and charcoal record from peat swamp forest, Lake Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 171:213–228 Arowana.co.uk (2016) Electronic version accessed Jan 2016. http://www.arowana.co.uk/arowana- information.php ARUP – Public Works Department, Ministry of Development Negara Brunei Darussalam (2013) Proposed Temburong Bridge Project. Electronic version accessed Feb 2016. http://www.pwd. gov.bn/ © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 95 G. Polgar, Z. 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  • Review of the Organismal Biology of Hill Stream Loaches

    Review of the Organismal Biology of Hill Stream Loaches

    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 27 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0322.v1 1 Review of the organismal biology of hill stream loaches. 2 Jay Willis (corresponding author), Oxford University , Department of Zoology 3 Theresa Burt De Perera, Oxford University , Department of Zoology 4 Adrian L. R. Thomas, Oxford University , Department of Zoology 5 6 Correspondence to be sent to: 7 Dr Jay Willis ([email protected]) 8 1 © 2019 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 27 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0322.v1 9 10 Abstract 11 Hill stream loaches are a group of fish that inhabit fast flowing shallow freshwater. The family has 12 radiated over Asia. For some species their range is limited to single catchments; they provide an ex- 13 cellent example of biogeographical speciation on multiple scales. Hill stream loaches have a range of 14 adaptations which help them exploit environments where competitors and predators would be 15 washed away. They have streamlined bodies and keeled scales reminiscent of Mako sharks and po- 16 tentially many other as yet undiscovered drag reducing features. They adhere to rocks, crawl over 17 shallow films of water, glide over hard surfaces using ground effects and launch into currents to at- 18 tack prey or evade predation. They offer a test of modern approaches to organismal biology and a 19 broad range of biomimetic potential. In this paper we analyse what behaviour is associated with 20 their physical adaptations and how this might relate to their evolution and radiation.
  • Cytotoxic Sesquiterpenoid from the Stembark of Aglaia Argentea

    Cytotoxic Sesquiterpenoid from the Stembark of Aglaia Argentea

    Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment_______________________________Vol. 22(Special Issue II) August (2018) Res. J. Chem. Environ. Cytotoxic Sesquiterpenoid from the Stembark of Aglaia argentea (Meliaceae) Harneti Desi1, Farabi Kindi1, Nurlelasari1, Maharani Rani1, Supratman Unang1* and Shiono Yoshihito2 1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadajaran, Jatinangor 45363, INDONESIA 2. Department of Food, Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, JAPAN *[email protected] Abstract reducing fever and for treating contused wound, coughs and Aglaia argentea also known as langsat hutan in skin diaseases16-18. Previous phytochemical studies of A. Indonesia is a higher plant traditionally used for argentea have revealed the presence of compounds with moisturizing the lungs, reducing fever and treating cytotoxic activity including cycloartane-type triterpenoids against KB cells19 and 3,4-secoapotirucallane-type contused wound, coughs and skin diseases. The triterpenoids against KB cells20, but there are no reports of stembark of A. argentea was successively extracted sesquiterpenes of this species before. with methanol. The methanolic extract then partitioned by n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The n-hexane Herein we isolated, determined the chemical structure and extract was chromatographed over a vacuum-liquid tested at P388 murine leukemia cells of one sesquiterpenoid chromatographed (VLC) column packed with silica gel compound from n-hexane extract of A. argentea. 60 by gradient elution. Material and Methods The VLC fractions were repeatedly subjected to General: The IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer normal-phase column chromatography and spectrum-100 FT-IR in KBr. Mass spectra were obtained with a Synapt G2 mass spectrometer instrument.