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USA Knowledge Organiser 5 – Reactions to US involvement in the Vietnam War, 1964-75 • In 1970 an unarmed student was shot dead by US soldiers on a Key Words university campus in Ohio. He was shot because of the Vietnam War. Three more students were shot and killed, and nine others were 8. Opinion poll A test of public opinion where the same questions wounded. are asked of a large number of people. The • This section of the unit explains how the USA came to be at war with numbers are then analysed to show public feeling. itself over its involvement in Vietnam. 9. Counter- A demonstration held to show opposition to a • The unit also looks at the reasons for the growing opposition to the demonstration demonstration taking place at the same time. war from students, politicians, the media and the public. • Furthermore the unit looks at reasons for the US failure in Vietnam, 10. Counter-culture Refusing to live by the cultural rules of your including the strengths of North Vietnam, the weaknesses of the US society. For the USA at the time, this was following armed forces and strategy and the opposition to the war in the USA. the accepted rules for success: work hard, earn and spend wages, and obey the government. Key Events 11. The draft The draft was compulsory service in the military 1. 1968 - The My Lai Massacre forces. Those selected for the draft were sent draft cards, telling them where and when to report. Men 2. 4th May 1970, The Kent State Shootings were drafted from the age of 18. 3. 1970 - The ‘hard hat’ riot 12. The living room war The Vietnam War was the first war that was widely watched on television and where reporters were 4. March 1973, The Paris Peace Accords regularly allowed to travel with the troops into the 5. Negotiations up to 1972 – between the US and North Vietnam war zone and were not censored. and their allies. 13. Fear of Communism Immediately after the Second World War, Cold War fears in the USA had led to the ‘RED Scare’. Key Movements The Red Scare had lessened by 1954, but fear of 6. The Student Movement – In opposition to the war in communist takeovers abroad was strong. Vietnam. The movement used similar methods to that of rd civil rights campaigners. They held sit-ins, boycotts and 14. The ‘silent majority’ On 3 November 1969, Nixon made a televised protest demonstrations and marches. They also went on speech about policy in Vietnam. In it he appealed strike, refusing to go to classes. Vietnam protesters often for the support he called ’the great silent majority’. burned their draft cards (as did non-student protestors). These were, he implied, Americans who mainly supported his policies, but did not actively 7. Patriots and ‘hard hats’ – supporters of the war came from campaign for or against the war. many social groups, just as opponents of the war did. They had different reasons for supporting the war. Patriotism is the love of and loyalty to, one’s country. Many American’s were fiercely patriotic. The ‘hard hats’ was a nickname for construction workers. The ‘hard hat’ riot of 1970 was a counter demonstration to those demonstrating over the Kent State University shootings..

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6 “THE BLACKS SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERING the PHILADELPHIA PLAN” Nixon, the Hard Hats, and “Voluntary” Affirmative Action
6 “THE BLACKS SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERING THE PHILADELPHIA PLAN” Nixon, the Hard Hats, and “Voluntary” Affirmative Action Trevor Griffey The conventional history of the rise of affirmative action in the late 1960s and early 1970s tends toward a too simple dialectic. The early creation and extension of affirmative action law is often described as an extension of the civil rights movement, whereas organized opposition to affirmative action is described as something that occurred later, as a backlash or reaction that did not fully take hold until Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980.1 In this chapter, I tell a different story. I describe the role that labor union resistance to affirmative action played in limiting the ability of the federal gov- ernment to enforce new civil rights laws well before the more overt backlash against affirmative action became ascendant in U.S. political culture in the 1980s and 1990s. There was no heyday for attempts by federal regulatory agencies to impose affirmative action on U.S. industry. There was no pristine origin against which a backlash could define itself, because enforcement of affirmative action had accommodated its opponents from the beginning. Affirmative action law emerged out of and in response to civil rights move- ment protests against the racism of federal construction contractors, whose discriminatory hiring policies were defended and often administered by the powerful building trades unions.2 But the resistance of those unions to the 1969 Revised Philadelphia Plan—the first government-imposed affirmative action plan—severely curtailed the ability of the federal government to enforce affirma- tive action in all industries.
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I've Been Asked by Several People How the Current Level of Turmoil
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Hard Hat Riots of 1970'S
Hard Hat Riots of 1970’s Written by Chris L. Joanet, Retired Union Carpenter, Women & Human Rights Activist since 1970 Written November 10, 2012 by Chris L. Joanet, Forty-three (43) year carpenter and female activist. The late 1960’s and early 1970’s was a period of social growth and change, a time when American citizens searched for their own identity. The “Hard Hat Riot” of May, 1970, clearly showed the new divisions that had emerged in American culture. The middle class labor force, dubbed the “blue-collared” workers, were in opposition to so many of their fathers and sons going to war in Vietnam, while many college students were excluded from the draft. This brought about obvious tensions between the two groups, which were embodied in a riot of construction workers and their confrontation with protestors on the steps of Wall Street in New York City. The “Hard Hat Riot” not only left multiple people injured and arrested, but provided proof of the ever-growing divisions within America. On May 9, 1970, construction workers from all over New York City converged on a peaceful antiwar demonstration taking place on Wall Street. The workers, still wearing their construction helmets, attacked the group of protestors, leaving nearly 70 people in need of medical attention. The mob reached Wall Street at about noon, where students had been calling for the withdrawal of military presence from Cambodia and Vietnam, among other things… In my opinion this was the start of the hatred by 99.99% white middle class male and construction workers of America for people other than what they perceived as American Patriots and the Republicans pandered to this intellect to win most of the Presidencies in the United States for the next thirty years.
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Cathedral Catholic High School Course Catalog
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Snazzlefrag's History of the Vietnam War DSST Study Notes
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Communities of Color Protesting Vietnam, 1965-1975
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The President's Conservatives: Richard Nixon and the American Conservative Movement
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"Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming": Musical Framing and Kent State Hayden Dingman Chapman University
Voces Novae Volume 4 Article 5 2018 "Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming": Musical Framing and Kent State Hayden Dingman Chapman University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae Recommended Citation Dingman, Hayden (2018) ""Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming": Musical Framing and Kent State," Voces Novae: Vol. 4 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae/vol4/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Voces Novae by an authorized editor of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dingman: "Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming": Musical Framing and Kent State “Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming” Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review, Vol 3, No 1 (2012) HOME ABOUT USER HOME SEARCH CURRENT ARCHIVES PHI ALPHA THETA Home > Vol 3, No 1 (2012) > Dingman "TIN SOLDIERS AND NIXON COMING": MUSICAL FRAMING AND KENT STATE Hayden Dingman On May 4, 1970, National Guardsmen in Kent, Ohio killed four students and wounded nine others at an anti-war rally in what was later termed the Kent State "massacre." Kent State University was a hotbed of activity in the week prior to the shootings, with students upset by President Richard Nixon's April 30 announcement of the Vietnam War's expansion into Cambodia. The May 4 protest was the culmination of four days and nights of events, including riots in downtown Kent on May 1 and the burning of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) building on May 2.
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Source C: Evidence Bank: Hardhat Rallies
Source C: Evidence bank: Hardhat rallies Note: Mentioned in the Overview for Supporting Question #2: The Hard Hat Riot of May 8, 1970 (and the Hard Hat rallies, thereafter) came to symbolize the anger many Americans—particularly the working middle class—had for the anti-war protesters who they perceived as entitled and ungrateful for their desecration of American flags and draft cards. EVIDENCE 1 Evidence 1: Garry Winogrand, photograph of a Hard Hat rally in San Francisco, 1969. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. EVIDENCE 2 Source 2: Garry Winogrand, photograph of a Hard Hat rally in San Francisco, 1969. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. EVIDENCE 3 --from the New York Times, May 21, 1970 On May 20, 1970, between 60,000 and 150,000 construction workers and others paraded through downtown New York to show support for President Nixon's Vietnam war policies. The parade was organized by the Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York (led by Peter Brennan) in part to counteract the widespread media images of rampaging construction workers from May 8 with images of peaceful political protest. A blizzard of tickertape drifted down on the marchers from the windows of Wall Street offices. This article is not news coverage of the march but rather "a random sampling of some marchers and their views." This is a valuable historical source for uncovering what the "hardhats" themselves thought and who they were. It is important to keep in mind, though, that the reporter and editors selected the marchers and views they found most newsworthy or representative.
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Politics, Higher Education, and the First Amendment
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Educational Policy Studies Dissertations Department of Educational Policy Studies Spring 5-15-2020 More than Free Speech: Politics, Higher Education, and the First Amendment Kristina Clement Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/eps_diss Recommended Citation Clement, Kristina, "More than Free Speech: Politics, Higher Education, and the First Amendment." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2020. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/eps_diss/224 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Educational Policy Studies at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Policy Studies Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ACCEPTANCE This dissertation, MORE THAN FREE SPEECH: POLITICS, HIGHER EDUCATION, AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT, by KRISTINA MICKEL CLEMENT, was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s Dissertation Advisory Committee. It is accepted by the committee members in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy, in the College of Education & Human Development, Georgia State University. The Dissertation Advisory Committee and the student’s Department Chairperson, as representatives of the faculty, certify that this dissertation has met all standards of excellence and scholarship as determined by the faculty. ________________________________
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A New Nation Struggles to Find Its Footing
1971 1973 The Seventies, 1970-1979 Evel Knievel sets a world record and jumps 19 cars March 29 – last American soldier (non-pow) leaves Vietnam he hallenge of ecentering ociety Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education – The Congress passes the Education of the Handicapped Act T C R S Supreme Court rules unanimously that busing of students mandating Special Education programs nationally. (A Chronology; Page 1 of 2) may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation. The US Drug Enforcement Administration is founded. New York Times Co. v. United States: The Supreme Court Serial murderer Dean Corll with 2 others murder 27 boys rules that the Pentagon Papers may be published, rejecting Oil crisis – OPEC refused to sell oil to western countries in 1970 government injunctions as unconstitutional. response to the American support of Israel in the 1973 Yom First Boeing 747 jumbo jet revolutionizes air travel and The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution Kippur War. Nixon imposes price controls, which caused peoples movements. lowers the voting age from 21 to 18. shortages and led to gasoline lines. Demonstrates US “MacDonald Family Massacre” – father kills his pregnant wife Nixon announces that the US will no longer convert dollars vulnerability to foreign powers. and daughters at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and clams that to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Roe v.Wade “drugged out Hippies did it.” Woods system. He also imposes a 90-day freeze on wages, The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion is Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, prices and rents.
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CFP: “1970-1971: Nixon, Discord, and the US Withdrawal from Vietnam” Vietnam Center, TTU
H-Announce CFP: “1970-1971: Nixon, Discord, and the US Withdrawal from Vietnam” Vietnam Center, TTU Announcement published by Justin Hart on Friday, November 20, 2020 Type: Call for Papers Date: February 1, 2021 Location: Texas, United States Subject Fields: American History / Studies, Diplomacy and International Relations, Military History, Southeast Asian History / Studies, Asian History / Studies Conference Call for Papers and Panels "1970-1971: Nixon, Discord, and the US Withdrawal from Vietnam" April 8-10, 2021, Lubbock Texas (At this time, this conference will be a hybrid event featuring both in-person and remote presentations) The Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive (VNCA) and the Institute for Peace & Conflict (IPAC) at Texas Tech University are pleased to announce a Vietnam War conference focused on the years 1970 and 1971. This conference will approach a wide range of historical events and topics by hosting presenters who examine diplomatic, military, international, regional, and domestic aspects of the Vietnam War. We also seek presentations that reflect the recent and emerging scholarship on the policies, strategies, and decisions of President Nixon, General Abrams, and their advisors and deputies as they sought to bring about a successful conclusion to the Vietnam War. At the same time, 1970 and 1971 were years of major domestic discord inside the United States, including the shootings at Kent State University, the Hard Hat Riot in New York City, the Mayday Action in 1971, among various antiwar and anti-draft protests. Additional areas of interest include major combat operations such as the Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord as well as the political, strategic, and tactical decision-making to expand the war into Cambodia with the Cambodian Incursion and into Laos with Operation Tailwind and Lam Son 719.
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