I've Been Asked by Several People How the Current Level of Turmoil

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

I've Been Asked by Several People How the Current Level of Turmoil I’ve been asked by several people how the current level of turmoil compares to 1968, which is the year several authorities describe as the historical low point for the republic. Also – for the record – 1965, 1967,1969 and 1970 should be considered in the comparison. In 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated, the United States deployed troops to Vietnam as combatants, not advisors, and the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles went up in smoke, literally, as a week-long race riot destroyed both life and property. You’ve heard the term “Burn, baby, burn,” it’s Watts that was burning – all beginning with a traffic stop. Newark New Jersey would burn in 1967, one of 159 race riots that swept cities in the United States during the "Long Hot Summer of 1967". Over the four days of rioting, looting, and property destruction, 26 people died and hundreds were injured. 1969 and 1970 were years of a different form of violent confrontation, centering on anti- Vietnam War acts of civil disobedience, including student strikes and the seizure of college campus buildings by the student mobs. In New York City, about 200 construction workers were mobilized by the New York State AFL-CIO to attack some 1,000 college and high school students and others who were protesting against the Vietnam War. This hard hat riot took place a few days after four students were shot and killed by Ohio National Guardsmen at Kent State University. So, how does our present condition compare to the unrest of the 60s? No matter how badly delivered, the anti-war objective was clear: stop the war. It’s safe to say that if the war were stopped, the activists would pack up their tents and go home, or back to school, or wherever they came from. Today, we have people in the streets protesting institutional racism and its consequences. The same institutional racism was identified by the Kerner Commission investigating the riots of 1967, over a half century ago; if these findings were acted upon then, perhaps today’s situation might be different. Bringing an end to the offending behaviors is far more complex than ordering a cease-fire to stop a war. A very high contrast to the 60s is the composition of the sides. Back in the day, it was anti- establishment versus establishment, and anti-establishment vs. the police whose mission was to protect the establishment. Today, establishment leaders, particularly in the business world, are accepting responsibility for eradicating racist behavior in their spheres of influence, and the police are joining in the protest against racism in this country. Are there forces at work who would take anti-social action and incite violence in order to keep Americans polarized instead of becoming united? Likely there are, as there have always been, pushing an anti-American agenda. And our history with racial issues makes race the obvious target for those who would cripple our progress as a nation. Our heroes are those who bring us together, and the villains are those who would drive us apart. .
Recommended publications
  • 6 “THE BLACKS SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERING the PHILADELPHIA PLAN” Nixon, the Hard Hats, and “Voluntary” Affirmative Action
    6 “THE BLACKS SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERING THE PHILADELPHIA PLAN” Nixon, the Hard Hats, and “Voluntary” Affirmative Action Trevor Griffey The conventional history of the rise of affirmative action in the late 1960s and early 1970s tends toward a too simple dialectic. The early creation and extension of affirmative action law is often described as an extension of the civil rights movement, whereas organized opposition to affirmative action is described as something that occurred later, as a backlash or reaction that did not fully take hold until Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980.1 In this chapter, I tell a different story. I describe the role that labor union resistance to affirmative action played in limiting the ability of the federal gov- ernment to enforce new civil rights laws well before the more overt backlash against affirmative action became ascendant in U.S. political culture in the 1980s and 1990s. There was no heyday for attempts by federal regulatory agencies to impose affirmative action on U.S. industry. There was no pristine origin against which a backlash could define itself, because enforcement of affirmative action had accommodated its opponents from the beginning. Affirmative action law emerged out of and in response to civil rights move- ment protests against the racism of federal construction contractors, whose discriminatory hiring policies were defended and often administered by the powerful building trades unions.2 But the resistance of those unions to the 1969 Revised Philadelphia Plan—the first government-imposed affirmative action plan—severely curtailed the ability of the federal government to enforce affirma- tive action in all industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Hard Hat Riots of 1970'S
    Hard Hat Riots of 1970’s Written by Chris L. Joanet, Retired Union Carpenter, Women & Human Rights Activist since 1970 Written November 10, 2012 by Chris L. Joanet, Forty-three (43) year carpenter and female activist. The late 1960’s and early 1970’s was a period of social growth and change, a time when American citizens searched for their own identity. The “Hard Hat Riot” of May, 1970, clearly showed the new divisions that had emerged in American culture. The middle class labor force, dubbed the “blue-collared” workers, were in opposition to so many of their fathers and sons going to war in Vietnam, while many college students were excluded from the draft. This brought about obvious tensions between the two groups, which were embodied in a riot of construction workers and their confrontation with protestors on the steps of Wall Street in New York City. The “Hard Hat Riot” not only left multiple people injured and arrested, but provided proof of the ever-growing divisions within America. On May 9, 1970, construction workers from all over New York City converged on a peaceful antiwar demonstration taking place on Wall Street. The workers, still wearing their construction helmets, attacked the group of protestors, leaving nearly 70 people in need of medical attention. The mob reached Wall Street at about noon, where students had been calling for the withdrawal of military presence from Cambodia and Vietnam, among other things… In my opinion this was the start of the hatred by 99.99% white middle class male and construction workers of America for people other than what they perceived as American Patriots and the Republicans pandered to this intellect to win most of the Presidencies in the United States for the next thirty years.
    [Show full text]
  • Cathedral Catholic High School Course Catalog
    Cathedral Catholic High School Course Catalog Course Title: History of Vietnam War ​ Course #: 1638 ​ Course Description: This semester long course will cover French and American involvement in ​ Vietnam during the second half of the 20th century. From colonization to independence, students will examine America’s intervention in Vietnam from various perspectives including the French, American, Communist Vietnamese fighters, Vietnamese people and the Communist superpowers supplying North Vietnam. The course will include a look at the geography, society, economy and history of Vietnam. UC/CSU Approval: “g” approved ​ Grade Level: 11-12 ​ Estimated Homework Per Week: None ​ Prerequisite: None ​ Recommended Prerequisite Skills: ● Analytical Writing Skills - CDW style paragraph writing ● Map reading skills ● Note-taking skills Text: “Vietnam: A History” by Stanley Karnow https://www.amazon.com/Vietnam-History-Stanley-Karnow/dp/0140265473 Course Grade Scale: ● 35% Homework/Classwork ● 30% Projects ● 25% Tests/Quizzes ● 10% Presentations Units: I. US and Communism: Introduction to Communism and the Cold War Unit 1 focuses on Ho Chi Minh’s personal conflict between the ideologies of capitalism and nationalism, the influence of China and the Soviet Union in aiding North Vietnam’s military expansion and spread of Communist ideology and the role the Cold War played in causing America to fear ‘losing Vietnam’ to Communism as Truman had lost China, preventing Kennedy and Johnson from disengaging from wars they otherwise may have avoided. Assessments Chart: American Anti-communist policies of the 50’s & 60’s Selected Readings from Karnow - Chapter 1: The War Nobody Won ● Annotate and answer critical thinking questions ● Class Discussion. Critical Thinking: Karnow's objectivity, goals in charting a course for the book, statements made about Vietnam's place in the Cold War.
    [Show full text]
  • Snazzlefrag's History of the Vietnam War DSST Study Notes
    Snazzlefrag’s History of the Vietnam War DSST Study Notes Contact: http://www.degreeforum.net/members/snazzlefrag.html Hosted at: http://www.free-clep-prep.com Han/Tang Dynasty ruled Vietnam for 1000 years. Buddhism 939 Independence from China (1279 Repelled/1407 Invaded(Ming)/1428 Free) 1620 Vietnam divided b/n Trinh (North-Hanoi) Nguyen (South-Hue[fertile Mekong]). 1858 French invade. 1862 (treaty) Protectorate of CochinChina (Capital: Saigon, SV). 1887 Vietnam (Tonkin/Annam)/Cambodia=French Indochina. Catholicism. 1893 Laos added into Indochina. 1919 France ignores Ho Chi Minh’s demands at Versailles Peace Conference. Rep in Fr Parliament. Free speech. Political Prisoners. 1926 Bao Dai becomes last Vietnamese Emperor (supported by French). 1927 Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD). Vietnam Quoc Dan Dang. "Nguyen Thai Hoc" 1930 Ho founds Indochinese Communist Party (PCI) 1940 Japan occupies Vietnam (keeps Fr. bureaucracy in place to run Fr. Indochina). 1941 Ho Chi Minh founds Viet Minh League for Viet Indep. (Comm/soc/nats). 1941 King Sihanouk of Cambodia given throne by French. Overthrown in 1970 coup. 1945 Japs take complete control but Viet Minh takes Hanoi in August Revolution (not a rev). China moves into NV (as planned by allies). Set up adminstration down to 16th Parallel. Sept 2, Emperor Bao Dai abdicates in favour of Ho Chi Minh. Japan surrenders WWII Ho takes power (president), establishes Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) Truman rejects DRV’s request for formal recognition. 1945 Sept 26: OSS Lt Col Peter Dewey (repating US POWs) shot. 1st US Casualty in Vietnam. 1945 Oct: British/Indian troops move in to SV.
    [Show full text]
  • Communities of Color Protesting Vietnam, 1965-1975
    LESSON PLANS GLOBAL ISSUES: FREEDOM AT HOME, FREEDOM ABROAD: Communities of Color Protesting Vietnam, 1965-1975 Image Caption (Detail) [ Link ] OVERVIEW COMMON CORE STATE Students will learn about the anti-Vietnam war movement and its STANDARDS intersections with the black freedom struggle and the Asian American CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.5.2 movement by investigating primary sources to uncover these diverse Determine two or more main ideas of a text perspectives. and explain how they are supported by key details; summarize the text. STUDENT GOALS (Grade 5) Students will be able to contextualize the Vietnam War as a long war for the Vietnamese, situating it within an extended struggle for CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.4 independence and national autonomy. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including Students will learn about how the Vietnam War helped to catalyze vocabulary specific to domains related to Asian American identity formation. They will examine the role of key history/social studies. activists like Yuri Kochiyama, exploring her political perspective in a (Grades 6-8) number of movements. They will also learn about the experiences of Vietnamese and other Southeast Asian refugees who resettled in CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.6 cities like New York after being displaced by the Vietnam War. Evaluate authors’ differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by Students will make connections between the American antiwar assessing the authors’ claims, reasoning, movement and the black freedom struggle by understanding the and evidence. uneven effects of conscription, which disproportionately drafted (Grades 11-12) African American men during the Vietnam War.
    [Show full text]
  • The President's Conservatives: Richard Nixon and the American Conservative Movement
    ALL THE PRESIDENT'S CONSERVATIVES: RICHARD NIXON AND THE AMERICAN CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT. David Sarias Rodriguez Department of History University of Sheffield Submitted for the degree of PhD October 2010 ABSTRACT This doctoral dissertation exammes the relationship between the American conservative movement and Richard Nixon between the late 1940s and the Watergate scandal, with a particular emphasis on the latter's presidency. It complements the sizeable bodies ofliterature about both Nixon himself and American conservatism, shedding new light on the former's role in the collapse of the post-1945 liberal consensus. This thesis emphasises the part played by Nixon in the slow march of American conservatism from the political margins in the immediate post-war years to the centre of national politics by the late 1960s. The American conservative movement is treated as a diverse epistemic community made up of six distinct sub-groupings - National Review conservatives, Southern conservatives, classical liberals, neoconservatives, American Enterprise Institute conservatives and the 'Young Turks' of the New Right - which, although philosophically and behaviourally autonomous, remained intimately associated under the overall leadership of the intellectuals who operated from the National Review. Although for nearly three decades Richard Nixon and American conservatives endured each other in a mutually frustrating and yet seemingly unbreakable relationship, Nixon never became a fully-fledged member of the movement. Yet, from the days of Alger Hiss to those of the' Silent Majority', he remained the political actor best able to articulate and manipulate the conservative canon into a populist, electorally successful message. During his presidency, the administration's behaviour played a crucial role - even if not always deliberately - in the momentous transformation of the conservative movement into a more diverse, better-organised, modernised and more efficient political force.
    [Show full text]
  • "Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming": Musical Framing and Kent State Hayden Dingman Chapman University
    Voces Novae Volume 4 Article 5 2018 "Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming": Musical Framing and Kent State Hayden Dingman Chapman University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae Recommended Citation Dingman, Hayden (2018) ""Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming": Musical Framing and Kent State," Voces Novae: Vol. 4 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae/vol4/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Voces Novae by an authorized editor of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dingman: "Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming": Musical Framing and Kent State “Tin Soldiers and Nixon Coming” Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review, Vol 3, No 1 (2012) HOME ABOUT USER HOME SEARCH CURRENT ARCHIVES PHI ALPHA THETA Home > Vol 3, No 1 (2012) > Dingman "TIN SOLDIERS AND NIXON COMING": MUSICAL FRAMING AND KENT STATE Hayden Dingman On May 4, 1970, National Guardsmen in Kent, Ohio killed four students and wounded nine others at an anti-war rally in what was later termed the Kent State "massacre." Kent State University was a hotbed of activity in the week prior to the shootings, with students upset by President Richard Nixon's April 30 announcement of the Vietnam War's expansion into Cambodia. The May 4 protest was the culmination of four days and nights of events, including riots in downtown Kent on May 1 and the burning of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) building on May 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Source C: Evidence Bank: Hardhat Rallies
    Source C: Evidence bank: Hardhat rallies Note: Mentioned in the Overview for Supporting Question #2: The Hard Hat Riot of May 8, 1970 (and the Hard Hat rallies, thereafter) came to symbolize the anger many Americans—particularly the working middle class—had for the anti-war protesters who they perceived as entitled and ungrateful for their desecration of American flags and draft cards. EVIDENCE 1 Evidence 1: Garry Winogrand, photograph of a Hard Hat rally in San Francisco, 1969. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. EVIDENCE 2 Source 2: Garry Winogrand, photograph of a Hard Hat rally in San Francisco, 1969. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. EVIDENCE 3 --from the New York Times, May 21, 1970 On May 20, 1970, between 60,000 and 150,000 construction workers and others paraded through downtown New York to show support for President Nixon's Vietnam war policies. The parade was organized by the Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York (led by Peter Brennan) in part to counteract the widespread media images of rampaging construction workers from May 8 with images of peaceful political protest. A blizzard of tickertape drifted down on the marchers from the windows of Wall Street offices. This article is not news coverage of the march but rather "a random sampling of some marchers and their views." This is a valuable historical source for uncovering what the "hardhats" themselves thought and who they were. It is important to keep in mind, though, that the reporter and editors selected the marchers and views they found most newsworthy or representative.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics, Higher Education, and the First Amendment
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Educational Policy Studies Dissertations Department of Educational Policy Studies Spring 5-15-2020 More than Free Speech: Politics, Higher Education, and the First Amendment Kristina Clement Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/eps_diss Recommended Citation Clement, Kristina, "More than Free Speech: Politics, Higher Education, and the First Amendment." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2020. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/eps_diss/224 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Educational Policy Studies at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Policy Studies Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ACCEPTANCE This dissertation, MORE THAN FREE SPEECH: POLITICS, HIGHER EDUCATION, AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT, by KRISTINA MICKEL CLEMENT, was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s Dissertation Advisory Committee. It is accepted by the committee members in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy, in the College of Education & Human Development, Georgia State University. The Dissertation Advisory Committee and the student’s Department Chairperson, as representatives of the faculty, certify that this dissertation has met all standards of excellence and scholarship as determined by the faculty. ________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • A New Nation Struggles to Find Its Footing
    1971 1973 The Seventies, 1970-1979 Evel Knievel sets a world record and jumps 19 cars March 29 – last American soldier (non-pow) leaves Vietnam he hallenge of ecentering ociety Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education – The Congress passes the Education of the Handicapped Act T C R S Supreme Court rules unanimously that busing of students mandating Special Education programs nationally. (A Chronology; Page 1 of 2) may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation. The US Drug Enforcement Administration is founded. New York Times Co. v. United States: The Supreme Court Serial murderer Dean Corll with 2 others murder 27 boys rules that the Pentagon Papers may be published, rejecting Oil crisis – OPEC refused to sell oil to western countries in 1970 government injunctions as unconstitutional. response to the American support of Israel in the 1973 Yom First Boeing 747 jumbo jet revolutionizes air travel and The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution Kippur War. Nixon imposes price controls, which caused peoples movements. lowers the voting age from 21 to 18. shortages and led to gasoline lines. Demonstrates US “MacDonald Family Massacre” – father kills his pregnant wife Nixon announces that the US will no longer convert dollars vulnerability to foreign powers. and daughters at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and clams that to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Roe v.Wade “drugged out Hippies did it.” Woods system. He also imposes a 90-day freeze on wages, The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion is Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, prices and rents.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Organiser
    USA Knowledge Organiser 5 – Reactions to US involvement in the Vietnam War, 1964-75 • In 1970 an unarmed student was shot dead by US soldiers on a Key Words university campus in Ohio. He was shot because of the Vietnam War. Three more students were shot and killed, and nine others were 8. Opinion poll A test of public opinion where the same questions wounded. are asked of a large number of people. The • This section of the unit explains how the USA came to be at war with numbers are then analysed to show public feeling. itself over its involvement in Vietnam. 9. Counter- A demonstration held to show opposition to a • The unit also looks at the reasons for the growing opposition to the demonstration demonstration taking place at the same time. war from students, politicians, the media and the public. • Furthermore the unit looks at reasons for the US failure in Vietnam, 10. Counter-culture Refusing to live by the cultural rules of your including the strengths of North Vietnam, the weaknesses of the US society. For the USA at the time, this was following armed forces and strategy and the opposition to the war in the USA. the accepted rules for success: work hard, earn and spend wages, and obey the government. Key Events 11. The draft The draft was compulsory service in the military 1. 1968 - The My Lai Massacre forces. Those selected for the draft were sent draft cards, telling them where and when to report. Men 2. 4th May 1970, The Kent State Shootings were drafted from the age of 18.
    [Show full text]
  • CFP: “1970-1971: Nixon, Discord, and the US Withdrawal from Vietnam” Vietnam Center, TTU
    H-Announce CFP: “1970-1971: Nixon, Discord, and the US Withdrawal from Vietnam” Vietnam Center, TTU Announcement published by Justin Hart on Friday, November 20, 2020 Type: Call for Papers Date: February 1, 2021 Location: Texas, United States Subject Fields: American History / Studies, Diplomacy and International Relations, Military History, Southeast Asian History / Studies, Asian History / Studies Conference Call for Papers and Panels "1970-1971: Nixon, Discord, and the US Withdrawal from Vietnam" April 8-10, 2021, Lubbock Texas (At this time, this conference will be a hybrid event featuring both in-person and remote presentations) The Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive (VNCA) and the Institute for Peace & Conflict (IPAC) at Texas Tech University are pleased to announce a Vietnam War conference focused on the years 1970 and 1971. This conference will approach a wide range of historical events and topics by hosting presenters who examine diplomatic, military, international, regional, and domestic aspects of the Vietnam War. We also seek presentations that reflect the recent and emerging scholarship on the policies, strategies, and decisions of President Nixon, General Abrams, and their advisors and deputies as they sought to bring about a successful conclusion to the Vietnam War. At the same time, 1970 and 1971 were years of major domestic discord inside the United States, including the shootings at Kent State University, the Hard Hat Riot in New York City, the Mayday Action in 1971, among various antiwar and anti-draft protests. Additional areas of interest include major combat operations such as the Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord as well as the political, strategic, and tactical decision-making to expand the war into Cambodia with the Cambodian Incursion and into Laos with Operation Tailwind and Lam Son 719.
    [Show full text]