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The 1960S: a Transformational Decade

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The 1960S: a Transformational Decade 2018–2019 SOCIAL SCIENCEResource Guide Northwest Pa. Collegiate Academy - Erie, PA The 1960s: A Transformational Decade The vision of the United States Academic Decathlon® is to provide all students the opportunity to excel academically through team competition. Toll Free: 866-511-USAD (8723) • Direct: 712-326-9589 • Fax: 651-389-9144 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.usad.org This material may not be reproduced or transmitted, in whole or in part, by any means, including but not limited to photocopy, print, electronic, or internet display (public or private sites) or downloading, without prior written permission from USAD. Violators may be prosecuted. Copyright ® 2018 by United States Academic Decathlon®. All rights reserved. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . .5 Nuclear Proliferation in Europe . 19 The Bay of Pigs Invasion . .20 SECTION I: THE DAYS OF CAMELOT . 6 The Cuban Missile Crisis . 20 America in the 1950s: The Origins of The Turn Toward Non-Proliferation . 20. Transformation . 6 A New Approach to the Developing World . 21 America Volunteers: The Peace Corps . 21 Prosperity and Liberalism . 6 Kennedy and the African Post-Colonial Legacies of the New Deal State . 6 Movement . 21 The Fruits of War . 7 An Alliance for Progress: Kennedy and Latin The Postwar Economy . 9 America . 22 A Consumers’ Republic . 9 Flexible Response and Counterinsurgency . 22 The Suburban Middle Class . .10 Kennedy and Indochina: Stepping into the Conformity and Discontent . 10 Quagmire . 22 The Vital Center . 11 Suburban Womanhood . 11 New Frontiers at Home . 23 Youth Culture and Sexuality . .12 Civil Rights: From the Courts, to the Streets, to the The Other America: African Americans, Ballot Box . .23 Latinos, and the Poor . 12 A Lackluster Leader in the White House . 23 Eisenhower’s Cold War . 14 Going Public: The Sit-Ins of 1960 . 23 Massive Retaliation . .14 Hitting the Road: The Freedom Riders . .24 Stalling in the Arms Race? . 15 Blood on the Pavement: Facing Bull Connor in The Military Industrial State . .15 Birmingham . 25 Northwest Pa. Collegiate Academy - Erie, PA A New Frontier: Kennedy and the World . 16 White Backlash: Civil Rights Opposition . .25 Still a Dream: The March for Jobs and The Rise of John F . Kennedy . 16 Freedom . .26 Nixon vs . Kennedy . 16 Domestic Policies: Economic Growth . 26 A Catholic President . 17 Economic Policy: Keynesian Fine-Tuning . 26 The Inauguration of John F . Kennedy . 17 Kennedy’s Domestic Reform Efforts . 27. Kennedy and the Image of Vitality . 17 The Assassination of John F . Kennedy . 27 Kennedy and the Cold War . 18 November 22, 1963 . 27 Racing the Soviets to Space . .18 The Warren Commission . 27 The Berlin Wall . 18 Section I Summary . 28 2018–2019 Social Science2 Resource Guide SECTION II: THE APEX OF Section II Summary . 42 AMERICAN LIBERALISM . .29 Indomitable Will: The Johnson Presidency . 29 SECTION III: THE CENTER DOES NOT HOLD......................43 President Johnson . .29 Texas Roots . 29 Social and Cultural Dissent in the Mastering the Ropes of D C. 29 Early 1960s . 43 Dreams of a new New Deal . 29 The New Left—and Right . .43 The Johnson Treatment . 30 Students for a Democratic Society . 43 A Vice President in the Wings . 30 The Berkeley Free Speech Movement . .43 Legislating the Kennedy Legacy . 31 Young Americans for Freedom . 44 The Kennedy-Johnson Tax Cut . 31 The Sexual Revolution and the Women’s The Civil Rights Act . 31 Movement . .45 Women and the Civil Rights Act . .32 Birth Control . 45 The Election of 1964: Johnson vs . Cohabitation . .45 Goldwater . 32 The Liberal Women’s Movement The Great Society . 33 and Politics . 45 The War on Poverty . 34 The United States and the World, Education . .34 1964–68 . 46 Housing and Urban Development . .34 Medical Care . 34 Vexing Vietnam: The Quagmire Deepens . 46 Immigration Reform . .35 The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . .46 The 1965 Voting Rights Act . 35 The Policy of Gradual Escalation . .47 The Warren Court . 36 The Best and the Brightest: Managing a Civil Rights . 36 War of Annihilation . 47 The Rights of the Accused . 36 The Draft: Race and Class . 48 Preserving Democracy . .36 The American Soldier in Vietnam . .48 From Civil Rights to Black Power . 37 The Tet Offensive and its Political Fallout . 49 My Lai . 49 The Limits of Nonviolent Resistance . 37 The United States, Europe, and the Developing Northwest Pa. Collegiate Academy - Erie, PA The Mississippi Freedom Summer . 37 World . 50 Dead End in Selma . .37 The Dominican Republic . .50 The Black Separatism of Malcolm X . 38 Israel and the Six-Day War of 1967 . .50 The Urban Crisis . .38 The Long Road to Détente: U .S -Soviet. The Black Urban Experience . 38 Relations . 50 The Watts Riots, August 1965 . 39 The Antiwar Movement . .51 Ghettos in Flames Nationwide . 39 Teach-Ins and Campus Protests . .51 Black Power . 40 Catholic Priests and Draft Resisters . 51 Stokely Carmichael’s Black Power . .40 Opposition to the War Comes to Congress . 52 The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense . 41 Vietnam Topples Johnson . 52 Black Pride in Culture and Society . 41 Student Protests and Antiwar Sentiments Black Power’s Global Influence . .42 around the World . 52 2018–2019 Social Science3 Resource Guide Social and Cultural Dissent in the The Nixon Presidency . 64 Late 1960s . 53 Nixon at Home: The Accidental Liberal . .64 Counterculture: Sex, Drugs, and Rock ‘n’ Roll . 53 Welfare and the Great Society . 64 “Dropping Out”: Youth Culture and Drugs . 53 The Environment, Workers’ Safety, and The British Invasion: From San Francisco to Consumer Protection . 64 Woodstock . 54 Civil Rights and Affirmative Action . 65 Flower Children: Communes and Alternative Roots of Stagnation: The Seeds of the Societies . 54 Seventies . 66 Modern Environmentalism . .55 Nixon’s Strategy of Vietnamization . 67 Silent Spring . 55 Nixon and Kissinger: Traitors or Clever The Population Bomb . 56 Politicians? . 67 Earth Day . .56 Troop Withdrawals and the End of The Rights Revolution . .56 the Draft . 67 The Chicano Movement . .56 The Invasion of Cambodia . .68 The American Indian Movement . 57 Kent State and Jackson State . .68 Second Wave Feminism . 57 The Pentagon Papers . .69 NOW . 57 Soldiers and Veterans against the Vietnam Women’s Liberation Emerges . .58 War . 69 The Resurgence of the Equal Rights Nixon’s Foreign Policy . .70 Amendment . 58 Nixon’s Recognition of Beijing . 70 The Stonewall Riots and the Birth of Détente with Moscow . .71 Gay Pride . 59 The Nixon Doctrine in South America . .71 Section III Summary . 59 Nixon’s Landslide and His Path toward Resignation . .71 Nixon’s Bombing Campaigns: “Peace Is at SECTION IV: THE RISE AND UNDOING Hand” . 71 OF A LAW-AND-ORDER PRESIDENT . .60 The Election of 1972 . 72 The Watergate Break-in: The Making of a The Age of Aquarius . 60 National Crisis . 72 Northwest Pa. Collegiate Academy - Erie, PA 1968: The Conflict Erupts . 60 Section IV Summary . 73 The Crime of Memphis . .60 Another Kennedy Assassination . 61 CONCLUSION ...................74 Police Run Riot: The Democratic National Convention . 61 TIMELINE .......................75 The Chicago Seven . .62 The Election of Richard Nixon . .62 GLOSSARY......................79 The Richard Nixon the Cold War Made . 62 Lessons in Media and Resentment . .62 NOTES . .88 The Election of 1968 . .63 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .91 2018–2019 Social Science4 Resource Guide Introduction Few historical periods are as evocative in today’s popular with diverse views on social justice, cultural expression, the culture as the 1960s . In our shared national imagination, role of government, and the nation’s place in the world, hippies with long hair and tie-die shirts dance barefoot Americans in the 1960s pursued change, even if they did to psychedelic rock, the nation’s university students march not always agree on what the future should look like 1. in protest with political manifestos in hand, black urban residents challenge police on city boulevards, and suited On the other hand, much of American life in the 1960s men with thick-rimmed glasses monitor rocket launches on stayed the same as it had been before—and much of it bulky black-and-white monitors . The sixties also invoke continued in the same vein afterward . Historians typically political images for most Americans: John F . Kennedy hesitate to organize the past by decades since clear turning in an open limousine moments before his assassination, points are hard enough to come by and rarely coincide Martin Luther King Jr . in the midst of a speech at the foot with round dates on the calendar . Like any historical period, of the Lincoln Memorial, American G .I .s disembarking the sixties reflected the trends and events that preceded it . from a helicopter in the jungles of Vietnam . As is true for Only if we understand what came before can we hope to all memories, these fragments both mislead us about the see how transformative this decade really was . Similarly, historical trends of the time and at the same time speak to finding an endpoint for the sixties is more complicated essential truths about the sixties . than closing the book at the end of 1969 . Many of the events and trends we associate with “the sixties” occurred On the one hand, our popular imagination of the sixties or continued in the 1970s . Most historians see the sixties captures the decade’s overarching theme of change and ending with Richard Nixon’s Watergate scandal and the transformation . In national politics, lawmakers enacted withdrawal from Vietnam, and that is where this resource significant reforms shaping most aspects of.
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