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Resumen Abstract mfrollo.qxp 01/09/2006 13:02 PÆgina 182 Transportes, Servicios y Telecomunicaciones, número 10 [182] MARÍA FERNANDA ROLLO, Resumen Doctor of New Lisbon University’s Faculty of Social and l propósito de este artículo es aportar un breve resumen de Human Sciences (Faculdade de Ecarácter histórico sobre los proyectos intermodales planifi- Ciências Sociais e Humanas da cados, pero no siempre llevados a la práctica, durante la ya pro- Universidade Nova de Lisboa: longada existencia del Metro de Lisboa. Se destacan en su con- FCSH-UNL) in Contemporary texto correspondiente los logros de estos proyectos inter- Economic and Social modales y se evalúan sus contenidos, así como las repercusiones History.Professor at the de su implementación. En otras palabras, se efectúa un Department of History, seguimiento del largo y complejo proceso de la historia de la FCSH–UNL Researcher and Vice- conquista de la intermodalidad, teniendo en cuenta el ejemplo President of the Institute of del metro lisboeta. Contemporary History, FCSH- UNL. The History of the Palabras clave: Intermodalidad; transportes urbanos; Lisboa; Portuguese Economy in the 20th metro; Metropolitano de Lisboa; SARL. century, the participation of Portugal in the movements toward European economic cooperation and the business history. Last publications: Namely, “Memórias da vontade: da implantação da indústria siderúrgica e do desenvolvimento Abstract industrial do País”, in Memórias da Siderurgia, coord. Maria he subject of this paper is to do a brief analysis, of his- Fernanda Rollo, História toric nature, on the intermodal projects that were Publicações, Junho 2005, Tplanned, but not always realized, during the – already “Percursos Cruzados”, in Engenho long – life of the Lisbon underground. The achievement of these e Obra. Uma abordagem à História intermodal projects will be put into its context. At last, the con- da Engenharia em Portugal no tents of the intermodal projects will be evaluated as well as the Século XX, Coord. J. M. Brandão impact of their realization. In other terms, one will follow the de Brito, Manuel Heitor e Maria long and complex process of the history of the conquest of the Fernanda Rollo, Publicações Dom intermodality, taking into consideration the example of the Quixote, Lisboa, 2002; “Inovação Lisbon underground. e produtividade: o modelo ameri- cano e a assistência técnica ameri- cana a Portugal no pós-guerra”, in Key words: Intermodality; Urban Transports; Lisbon, under- Momentos da Inovação e engen- ground; Metropolitano de Lisboa; SARL. haria em Portugal no Século XX, 3 vols., coord. de J. M. Brandão de Brito, Manuel Heitor e Maria Fernanda Rollo, Publicações Dom Quixote, Lisboa, 2004. mfrollo.qxp 01/09/2006 13:02 PÆgina 183 [183] À la conquête de l’intermodalité (1959-1998) María Fernanda Rollo Université Nouvelle de Lisbonne 1. Introduction e sujet de cette communication est de faire une brève analyse, à carac- tère historique, des projets intermodaux qui ont été planifiés, mais pas Ltoujours réalisés, durant la – déjà longue – vie du métropolitain de Lisbonne. La concrétisation de ces projets intermodaux sera remise dans son con- texte. Enfin, le contenu des projets sera évalué ainsi que l’impact de leur réalisa- tion. En d’autres termes, on suivra le long et complexe processus de l’histoire de la conquête de l’intermodalité, à travers l’exemple du métropolitain de Lisbonne. 2. Les défis de l’intermodalité ctuellement, sans aucun doute, le métropolitain de Lisbonne constitue un centre vital de la mobilité urbaine. Avec une étendue de 27,4 km, Acomposée de 4 lignes, doté de 40 stations, le réseau du métropolitain de Lisbonne répond à sa première vocation de réseau de base du système de trans- ports en commun de la ville. Offrant plus de 3700 millions de places par km/an, il transporte plus de 166 millions de passagers par an avec un coefficient d’occu- pation de l’ordre de 32%. Sa part dans l’utilisation des transports en commun de Lisbonne a augmenté tout au long des années et se chiffre actuellement à environ 32%. Aujourd’hui, le réseau du métropolitain donne l’opportunité d’interfaces avec les bus urbains, le chemin de fer et les transports fluviaux. De plus, on peut noter que ce système de transport continu de s’intégrer dans une intense dynamique de développement. À la fin des travaux en cours, le Transportes, Servicios y Telecomunicaciones, julio 2006, Número 10, pp. 182 a 207 mfrollo.qxp 01/09/2006 13:02 PÆgina 184 Transportes, Servicios y Telecomunicaciones, número 10 [184] Métropolitain de Lisbonne1 disposera d’un réseau d’environ 42 km de voies dou- bles et de 52 stations réparties sur 4 lignes. L’extension entre les stations Rato et Estrela (ligne jaune), déjà approuvée, allongera le réseau de 1 km et lui ajoutera une nouvelle station. De futurs prolongements des lignes jaune et rouge sont à l’é- tude. Une fois ceux-ci achevés, le réseau s’étendra sur 52 km et sera doté de 62 stations. Cependant, l’histoire de l’implantation du métro et de sa conquête de l’espace fut longue et même difficilement entreprise. Comme cela arrive pour toute grande réalisation, avant de prendre forme, ce métro de Lisbonne fut une idée et une utopie. D’abord projet qui prit plus ou moins forme à la fin du XIXe siècle, les travaux du métro commencèrent en 1955 et le processus de sa construction fut lent affrontant diverses vicissitudes depuis lors jusqu’à nos jours. Depuis ses premiers projets et ébauches, il a toujours été attribué au métropol- itain de Lisbonne le rôle de réseau de base des transports urbains, lui conférant ainsi une responsabilité de structuration et de réorganisation dans le service de transports en commun qui lui était historiquement antérieur. Naturellement, la construction du métro à Lisbonne ne pouvait être menée à bien qu’avec la coopération active des pouvoirs publics. Ceux-ci avaient compris l’intérêt de l’implantation du nouveau moyen de transport souterrain en corréla- tion avec ceux de surface. Ainsi, le pouvoir central permit que l’administration de la ville fasse le pas décisif pour la constitution de la société à laquelle fut remise clairement la concession. Cependant, ceci fut tout de suite préjudiciable à cause du manque de moyens financiers nécessaires à une réalisation de cette nature et de cette dimension, mais aussi faute de définition d’un encadrement garantissant la conciliation efficace entre les diverses modalités de transports urbains, évitant les superpositions de services, dans le contexte d’un difficile arbitrage d’intérêts. Bien que née à la fin du XIXe siècle, la question de la mise en place d’un mét- ropolitain dans la ville de Lisbonne a entraîné une polémique qui ne s’est atténuée qu’à la fin des années 40. S’est alors ouverte une autre histoire complexe et agitée, celle qui a accompagné sa construction. Il faut souligner l’importance de l’effort qui a été fourni, dans les années 80, dans le but de promouvoir l’extension du réseau du métropolitain à Lisbonne, lui conférant un caractère structurant et régulateur du système de transports en com- mun, le dotant des ressources et moyens nécessaires pour garantir une intermodal- ité efficace avec les autres moyens de transports et offrant ainsi une réelle mobil- ité à la population du Grand Lisbonne. L’année 1998 laisse dans l’histoire du métropolitain de Lisbonne une trace indélébile qui symbolise la consécration de son projet de service à la population de l’Aire Métropolitaine de Lisbonne2. Ses quarante stations réparties sur quatre 1 Metropolitano de Lisboa. NdT : aussi noté ML, (Société du) Métropolitain de Lisbonne. 2 Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. NdT: Zone territoriale incluant 18 municipalités. Notée aussi AML. mfrollo.qxp 01/09/2006 13:02 PÆgina 185 MARÍA FERNANDA ROLLO À la conquête de l’intermodalité (1959-1998) [185] lignes, qui garantissent la liaison avec les autocars de banlieue, le chemin de fer et les services maritimes, doivent animer son expansion actuelle et future. Les résultats obtenus sont une récompense méritée et justifient pleinement que l’on considère que le métropolitain constitue aujourd’hui le réseau de base du sys- tème de transport de la ville. Ils sont aussi la preuve évidente de l’importance qui doit être attribuée à la poursuite d’un projet qui est encore à compléter. Le système de transports de l’Aire Métropolitaine de Lisbonne, dans lequel le réseau métropolitain constitue une pièce essentielle, doit être développé dans le but de favoriser une meilleure utilisation des différents modes de transport qui le composent, dans une complète compréhension d’une dynamique interactive qui comprend la ville et les transports en commun qui la desservent, afin de promou- voir un niveau de mobilité qui soit signe de qualité de vie. Il semble incontestable que le métropolitain, moyen de transport régulier, sûr et efficace qui n’utilise pas l’espace urbain de surface de valeur et n’est pas pol- luant, représente, en liaison étroite avec le chemin de fer, un atout précieux pour la qualité de vie de la ville. C’est un instrument de valeur et déterminant, s’il est intégré dans une politique de transports urbains appropriée, dans la définition d’un nœud d’intermodalité entre les transports publics et entre ceux-ci et les transports privés, pouvant de cette façon contribuer de manière importante à une meilleure structuration de l’espace urbain ; contribuer, dans le but d’un modèle adéquat de gestion urbaine, à la correction des différences de niveau et des inégalités sociales qui ont pénalisé une importante frange de la population de notre espace métropol- itain. 3. De la construction à l’inauguration du métropolitain de Lisbonne ’aimerais tout d’abord mentionner que l’histoire du métropolitain actuel fut précédée d’un ensemble de projets donnant lieu à des tracés de réseau Jdifférents et antérieurs à celui qui allait devenir définitif et approuvé en 1949 – donnant lieu dès lors à des préoccupations relatives à son implantation dans le tissu urbain et offrant divers formats respectant la définition des perspec- tives d’intermodalité avec les autres moyens de transports.
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