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“PORTUGAL” New Developments, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues

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“PORTUGAL” New Developments, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues 2012 NATIONAL REPORT (2011 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point “PORTUGAL” New Developments, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX As the Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), one of the core tasks of the Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction (IDT, I.P.) is the elaboration of this Annual Report, which structure and contents are mandatorily defined by the EMCDDA (to allow comparability of data among National Focal Points). This year report describes the national situation in 2011 as well as new developments and trends regarding 2012. The report is divided in three main parts: summary, new developments and trends and selected issues. The National Focal Point works closely with several other Governmental Departments, namely, Ministérios da Saúde (Health Ministry), Ministério da Educação (Education Ministry), Polícia Judiciária (Criminal Police), Direcção Geral das Alfândegas e Impostos Especiais sobre o Consumo (Customs), Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas (Portugal Statistics), Instituto Nacional Medicina Legal (National Forensics Institute). Authors: Ana Sofia Santos ( [email protected] ) Óscar Duarte ( [email protected] ) Elsa Maia ( [email protected] ) Other Focal Point Experts: Manuel Cardoso –Review and approval of this Annual Report Intervention Treatment and Monitoring, Advisers to the External Community Reintegration Training and Executive Partners Department Department International Board Relations Department Ludumila Alcina Ló Carla Ribeiro Fátima Anália Torres Carapinha Trigueiros Madalena Alcinda Gomes Catarina Paula Marques Angelo de Cruchinho Guerreiro Sousa Mário Martins Domingos Fernanda Feijão Casimiro Balsa Duran Patricia Pissara Fátima Silva Paula Graça Célia Tereso Cristina Mesquita Paula Andrade Graça Vilar Eugénia Gallardo Paula Frango Joana Silva Raul Melo Jorge Negreiros Sandra Simões Mário Barroso Vanda Baptista Susana Cardoso Mendes Vera Ribeiro Suzel Costa The International Relations Unit wishes to acknowledge all the above mentioned experts and partners for their endeavour, support and cooperation. Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction, I.P. Monitoring, Training and International Relations Department International Relations Unit Reitox National Focal Point Avenida da República, nº 61, 1050-189 Lisboa Tel. 21 111 91 00 / 21 111 90 99 www.idt.pt IDT,I.P. 2 [email protected] IDT,I.P. 3 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ...................................................................................................................... 5 Part A ......................................................................................................................... 14 New Developments and Trends ................................................................................. 14 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis ...................................... 16 2. Drug use in the general population and specific targeted-groups ........................... 22 3. Prevention .............................................................................................................. 35 4. Problem Drug Use .................................................................................................. 65 5. Drug-related treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability ..................... 68 6. Health Correlates and Consequences .................................................................... 73 7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences.............................................. 84 8. Social Correlates and Social Reintegration ............................................................. 93 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug related crime and prison .......................... 100 10. Drug Markets ...................................................................................................... 121 Part B ....................................................................................................................... 126 Selected Issues ........................................................................................................ 126 11. Drug Policies of large European cities ................................................................ 127 12. Residential treatment for drug users in Europe ................................................... 134 Part C ....................................................................................................................... 156 Bibliography and Annexes ........................................................................................ 156 13.1 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 157 13.2 List of relevant data bases ...................................... Erro! Marcador não definido. 13.3 List of relevant Internet addresses .................................................................... 161 Annexes ................................................................................................................... 164 IDT,I.P. 4 Summary Summary Part A: New development and trends Drug Policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis The current economic crisis that Europe is experiencing, with direct implications in our country, led to the adoption of measures of rationalization and containment of public expenditure, which resulted in the reduction of human and financial resources compromising the performance of the mission of IDT, I.P. Also, on the second semester of 2011, the activity of IDT, I.P. was defined by the instability caused by the announcement of the governmental decision to extinguish the IDT, I.P. on the context of the PREMAC (Plano de Redução e Melhoria da Administração Central) and the creation of a new structure within the Ministry of Health, SICAD – Directorate General for Intervention on Addictive Behaviours and Dependencies, in charge of planning and monitoring programs of reduction of use of psychoactive substances, prevention of addictive behaviours and reducing dependencies. The implementation of interventions will lie on the competence of the Regional Health Administrations (ARS). The mission of SICAD is to promote the reduction of use of psychoactive substances, the prevention of addictive behaviours and the reduction of dependencies. The external evaluation of the National Plan on Drugs and Drug Addiction 2005-2012 is taking place now and the final report will be presented in December 2012, which will include recommendations for the next policy cycle. The final report of the internal evaluation of both Plans (Drugs and Alcohol) will be presented by the end of 2012 for approval of the Inter-ministerial Council. Drug use in the general population and specific targeted-groups In the Strategic cycle initiated in 2005, were carried out several national epidemiological studies that allowed trend analysis and comparability of the national situation at the European and international context, namely in the general population (2007 and 2012, results not yet available for 2012), in prison population (2007), in school populations (2006, 2007, 2010 and 2011) and in the driving population (2008-2009). In the study conducted in 2007 in the Portuguese General Population (15-64), cannabis, cocaine and ecstasy were the illicit substances preferably used by the Portuguese with lifetime prevalence (at least one use experience) of 11,7% for cannabis, 1,9% for cocaine and 1,3% for ecstasy). Between 2001 and 2007, despite the increase in lifetime prevalence’s (of any illicit drug from 8% to 12%) it was verified a stability in the prevalence of use of any drug in the last month (2,5% in 2001 and 2007) and a decrease in continuity rates of use (of any drug passed from 44% to 31%). In 2007, Portugal was among the European the countries the one with the lowest prevalence of drug use with the exception of heroin. In the context of school populations, the results of national studies have shown that the use of drugs that had been increasing since the 90’s declined for the first time in 2006 and 2007, noting up in 2010 and 2011 again an increase of drug use in these populations, alerting to the need for investment in prevention. In all studies carried out in 2010 and 2011, cannabis remains the drug preferentially used (prevalence of lifetime use ranged from 2.3% in students from 13 years old and 29.7% in 18 years old), with values close to the prevalence of use of any drug (between 4.4% in students of 13 years and 31.2% in 18 years). Followed by IDT,I.P. 5 Summary prevalence of lifetime use far below, cocaine, ecstasy and amphetamines among younger students, and amphetamines, LSD and ecstasy among the older ones. Despite the increases registered in the prevalence of drug use between 2006/2007 and 2010/2011 especially cannabis but also other drugs such as LSD and amphetamines, the prevalence’s of use of any drug among younger students (13-15 years) remain lower (short) than the ones registered in 2001/2003. Despite the increase of drug use in this the end of strategic cycle, the perception of the risk of regular drug use among students increased, considering the Portuguese students more risky that use than the European average. Prevention During 2011, the intervention in the mission area of prevention followed the task to achieve the main strategic goals defined in previous years: prevent the beginning of psychoactive substance use, prevent the continue use and abuse
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