DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction 2 Western Developmental Approaches

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction 2 Western Developmental Approaches Notes Introduction 1 Newsweek, 14 September 1998. 2 Russia has now been largely accepted as a member of this organization which is often referred to as the G8. However, it remains financially fragile and politically weak and for our argument here we wish to concentrate specifically on the original G7 members whose power and influence dominates the Western world. 3 The term ‘liberalism’ can cause confusion, particularly in the United States where it has entered the language as a popular term meaning the enhancing of not just individual rights but rights of social groups as well, usually through the medium of government programmes. 4 Wood suggests that the Enlightenment is often seen, wrongly in her view, as being characterized by a ‘totalizing’ view of the world, with a proclivity for the standardization of knowledge, a belief in universal truths and values, and a belief in linear progress. 5 Named after the then US Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, the Marshall Plan was a European recovery programme conceived in 1947. The Plan was based on the US providing raw materials, goods and capital, in the form of credits or even subsidies in the hopes of stimulating Europe’s economy. 6 The formal name of the WB is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 7 The IMF formally ratified a second amendment to its charter in 1978. This formally ratified the change to floating exchange rates, making the IMF’s past role defunct. Although OECD countries rarely use the IMF, Britain did suffer a liquidity crisis caused by a balance of payments problem in 1976. The crisis was short term but the UK did rely on IMF funds. 8 On 23 September 1998 the American Long-Term Capital Management hedge fund almost collapsed due to systemic instability caused by over-extension into Russia’s financial sector. It was exposed to US$900 billion of liabilities and had only US$4 billion in capital stock. The Clinton Administration worked with the US Treasury and heads of several American banks to furnish a US$3.5 billion rescue package (Watson, 1998: 3). 9 Wade and Veneroso claim that since the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Jan- panese and American companies have gone from being minority to majority owners of Southeast Asian firms in exchange for writing down debt. Added to this trend is the devaluation of Asian companies making them a bargain for foreign companies (Wade and Veneroso, 1998: 14). 2 Western Developmental Approaches 1 Fox took Bull’s quote from ‘Force in Contemporary International Relations’, Survival, X (Sept. 1968), 300–2, at 302. The book was David Vital’s (1967), The Inequality of States (Oxford, Clarendon Press). 187 188 Notes 2 Sachs’ transition model (Sachs, 1990; 1994) was based upon a rapid transition from communism to capitalism in which the type of capitalism that would be encouraged would be starkly liberal. This policy quickly became dubbed by others as ‘shock therapy’ a term that Sachs is reputed to dislike. 3 Alice Amsden is a Professor of Political Economy at the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. 4 Dr Ghia Nodia is the Chairman of the Board of the Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development. He is also the head of the Political Philosophy Department at the Institute of Philosophy at the Academy of Sci- ences in Georgia, and a professor in the Department of Sociology at Tbilisi State University. He conducted the research cited above when a visiting fel- low at the International Forum for Democratic Studies which is part of the National Endowment for Democracy in Washington, DC. Dr Nodia’s research focuses on democracy and nationalism, and the post-communist transitions in the former Soviet Union. 5 Poland as a new republic was in crises during 1919 to 1922 when the ‘legion- aires’ who supported the Chairman, Pilsudski, were in conflict with the National Democrats. With military backing Pilsudski was set up as head of state. However, in 1921 there was a ratification of the parliamentary constitu- tion and a 1922 election saw the victory of the National Democrats and the resignation of Pilsudski. 3 Central Europe: Introduction to the Case-Studies 1 Neo-classical economics, as discussed in Chapter 1, is built on the theoretical foundations of classical liberal economics. The mainstay of this school of thought is that governments should not intervene in markets because free- markets are assumed to be self-regulating. Countries involved in free trade need not benefit equally in order for a liberal market system to be a success. All that is required is that individual states accrue some benefit. The goal of this form of economics is that political impediments to the free movement of capital, goods and labour are eliminated. 2 China’s transition has been taking place for over 15 years. Unlike the CEECs, China concentrated on privatizing its agriculture sector first. Liberalization of prices was delayed. Exchange rates were maintained on a multi-tier basis and imports remain restricted. Also privatization of industry has been slow (Adams, 1993). 4Poland 1 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz (1746–1817). Know predominantly as a Polish national hero, he also went to America and served with colonial forces in the Amer- ican Revolution (1775–83), contributing to the decisive American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. In 1784 he returned to Poland to become a major general in the Polish Army. 2 The Curzon Line, name after the British politician, Lord Curzon (1859–1925), was established as the Eastern boundary to Poland by the First World War allies in 1919. The Curzon Line was an attempt to demarcate the Polish Notes 189 boundary according to the geographical location of existing populations of ethnic minorities. 3 Balcerowicz was brought into the government because of his foreign experience and economic expertise. He graduated (1970) from the Central School of Plan- ning and Statistics (now Warsaw School of Economics) where he specialized in foreign trade. He received an MBA from St John’s University in New York in 1974. In 1975 he was awarded his doctorate from the Warsaw School of Eco- nomics. During 1981–82 he was deputy Chairman of the Polish Economic Association. Before the transition Balcerowicz had been awarded two foreign research fellowships, at the Universities of Sussex (1985) and Marburg (1988). 4 Nomenklatura is a term used to refer to people in the post-1989 period who held positions within government but who had also held bureaucratic or party positions during the communist regime. 5 Zbigniew Bujak is the legendary Leader of Solidarity’s Warsaw section and was proposed at one stage as leader of the legalized Solidarity party. During 1990 a serious split in the party occurred. Bujak worked to create the new party (ROAD) which was the political foundation for Mazowiecki’s government (Kowalik, 1995). 6 In actual fact there are very few Jews in Poland. Of the total population 75 per cent are practising Roman Catholics, but a full 95 per cent describe themselves as being Catholic. The remaining 5 per cent are made up of East- ern Orthodox, Protestants and Jews. 7 Throughout the post-war recovery Britain’s economy was heavily dependent on the US. Its trade deficit with the US was extensive and caused currency problems. The British chancellor of the exchequer, Sir Stafford Cripps, con- fided to his cabinet during June 1949 that a complete collapse of sterling within the year was a possibility. This crisis made the US State Department realize reluctantly that additional long-term aid would be needed after 1952 when the US had originally hoped it would no longer have to contribute funds to the post-war recovery. 8 Many figures on the Polish economy are derived from either the Polish Central Statistical Office or the Gdansk Institute who often have close, but not identical figures. 9 A hub-and-spoke trade regime is a term used by trade analysts when refer- ring to an asymmetrical trading relationship. An example could be made using the United States as the hub with Canada and Mexico acting as satel- lite economies. The hub economy has diverse trading relationships, but the satellite economies find their economies strongly dependent on the export trade to the larger hub economy. For transition countries such as Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic trade dependence remains a concernz vis-à-vis their relationship with the EU. 10 A voivodship is a government administrative area similar to a county but can also contain rural towns. 11 Information received from the Polish Statistical Office, 1995. 5 Czech Republic 1 Unlike many other currencies in Central Europe the exchange rate of the Czech koruna has been quite stable. In 1990, 29 koruna = US$1, by 1994, 30 koruna = US$1, and its exchange in 1998 was 35 koruna = US$1. 190 Notes 2 Literature on privatization tends not to give a fixed number of employees for ‘small’ versus ‘big’ firms. In practice, privatized ‘small’ firms tend to be below 50 employees. ‘Big’ firms, however, is a much wider category and may refer to state-owned firms with a few hundred employees or as many as a few thou- sand full-time workers. 6Hungary 1 Janos Kadar was premier of Hungary from 1956 to 1958, and from 1961 to 1965 and First Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party from 1956 to 1988. 7 The EU Effect and the Question of Eastern Enlargement 1 Mr Stavinoha’s interview was one of a series conducted in Prague as part of a research award given by the Seed Foundation, University of Limerick, to the present author. Bibliography Unpublished sources Adams, F.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of the Balcerowicz Plan in the Successful
    60 The Romanian Journal of Society and Politics Andrzej Fąfara and Agata Kleczkowska Andrzej Fąfara HOW TO ATTAIN THE GOLDEN AGE – Warsaw School of Economics THE ROLE OF THE BALCEROWICZ PLAN [email protected] IN THE SUCCESSFUL TRANSFORMATION Agata Kleczkowska Polish Academy of OF POLAND IN THE 1990S* Sciences [email protected] ABSTRACT KEYWORDS In the early 1990s Poland went through a major political transformation • transformation in Poland that completely reshaped the country. One of the key pillars of these changes • Balcerowicz Plan was the so-called ‘Balcerowicz Plan’ - an ambitious process that enabled a • economic reforms significant shift in the economic and social landscape through the introduction • Poland of fundamental changes in the Polish legal system. The thesis advanced in this • centrally planned economy paper is that the successful transformation of the state’s system of government • democracy in post-Soviet countries depended not only on democratization and political • free market changes but also required an effective program of economic reforms. This will be demonstrated by reference to the ‘Balcerowicz Plan.’ The first part discusses the transition from the former economic order in Poland to the free market order by means of the new legal norms, describing briefly the eleven legislative acts which brought wide-ranging and fundamental changes to the Polish legal system. The second part explains the impact that these reforms had on Polish society both in the short and long-term. Despite the initial problems associated with the change of the economic system, they eventually brought significant improvements to the quality of individuals’ lives. The conclusion reiterates the thesis that the successful transformation of the state’s regime in post-Soviet countries depended not only on political changes, but also on effective economic reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Growth in the European Union
    LISBON COUNCIL E-BOOK Economic Growth in the European Union By Leszek Balcerowicz (principal author), Andrzej Rzonca,´ Lech Kalina and Aleksander Łaszek Growth and Competitiveness Commission* Leszek Balcerowicz (chair) Alessandro Leipold, chief economist, the Lisbon Council William W. Lewis, director emeritus, McKinsey Global Institute Pier Carlo Padoan, chief economist, OECD Holger Schmieding, chief economist, Berenberg Bank *The Growth and Competitiveness Commission is a board of senior economists working independently to produce ideas and encourage debate on growth and jobs in Europe. The work of the commission will revolve around a series of policy papers – independently authored and peer-reviewed – which will be published in 2013 and 2014. Membership in the commission does not constitute endorsement of any other member’s views or comments. LISBON COUNCIL E-BOOK Economic Growth in the European Union By Leszek Balcerowicz (principal author), Andrzej Rzonca,´ Lech Kalina and Aleksander Łaszek Leszek Balcerowicz is former finance minister (1989-1991) and deputy prime minister (1997-2000) of Poland, where he also served as the principal architect of Poland’s successful economic transformation after the collapse of communism, now commonly known as the “Balcerowicz plan.” He later served as president of the National Bank of Poland (2001-2007). The author of dozens of books and articles, he is head of the International Comparative Studies Department at the Warsaw School of Economics and chair of the Growth and Competitiveness Commission of the Lisbon Council. Andrzej Rzo´nca is a member of the monetary policy committee of the National Bank of Poland and adjunct professor at the chair of international comparative studies at the Warsaw School of Economics.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 November 2019 Ten Lessons from Thirty Years of Postcommunist Economic Transformation Anders Åslund, Senior Fellow, Atlantic
    November 2019 Ten Lessons from Thirty Years of Postcommunist Economic Transformation Anders Åslund, Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council, Washington, DC Email: [email protected] Abstract The dominant idea in the early postcommunist economic transition was that an early and comprehensive radical economic reform program was needed. This program was accompanied with a clear program of political economy of reform, which included a clear understanding that the old system was finished, a political breakthrough, new political leaders, new economic policymakers, the swift elaboration of a reform program, a functioning parliament, sufficient international financial support, fast implementation, public understanding, and the overruling of any need for consensus. In hindsight, all these factors worked when they were present. Critics warned of too sharp output fall, which did not come to pass, lagging institutional development, and neglect of social reforms. The biggest problem has become the absence of real property rights in the postcommunist countries not belonging to the European Union because of captured judicial systems. Keywords: Political economy, Eastern Europe, former Soviet Union, economic transition, economic institutions, property rights 1 Introduction Thirty years of postcommunist transformation allows us to draw broad lessons. In 1989, the old communist order broke down in Eastern Europe, and at the end of 1991 the Soviet Union broke up. This was a truly liberal revolution akin to 1848. This was a time of optimism and liberalism. The two leading slogans in Eastern Europe were “We want a normal society” and “We want to return to Europe.” These slogans were not specified, but together they meant a liberal democracy with a free market economy based on private ownership of the means of production and the rule of law.
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Labor Market
    Marcin Karlik “Polish labor market - a summary of 25 years of socio-economic reforms on the road from centrally Journal planned economy to the fi rst decade of the European Union membership (1989-2015)”, of International Journal of International Studies, Vol. 8, No 3, 2015, pp. 224-233. DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2015/8-3/18 Studies c Papers c Polish labor market - a summary of 25 years of socio-economic © Foundation fi of International reforms on the road from centrally planned economy to the fi rst Studies, 2015 © CSR, 2015 decade of the European Union membership (1989-2015) Scienti Marcin Karlik University of Occupational Safety Management in Katowice Poland [email protected] Abstract. Th e article tackles the issue of changes that have taken place in the Polish labor Received: June, 2015 market in the period 1988-2015. It also shows political conditions and Polish mac- 1st Revision: roeconomic situation at the beginning of system transformation in 1988 and 1989. September, 2015 Th e author also presented the Polish labor market in the years 1989 - 2015, the source Accepted: December, 2015 of the crisis on the labor market and its impact on the socio-economic situation of Poland. DOI: Keywords: labour market, transformation, Poland 10.14254/2071- 8330.2015/8-3/18 JEL classifi cation: J40, P23 INTRODUCTION SITUATION OF POLAND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY POLITICAL AND MARKET REFORMS IN 1989 In the early 1939 Poland entered into an alliance with France and Great Britain. In September 1939 Poland was invaded by Germany (Th ird Reich) and the Soviet Union (USSR).
    [Show full text]
  • Shock Therapy in Poland: Perspectives of Five Years
    Shock Therapy in Poland: Perspectives of Five Years JEFFREY SACHS THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at University of Utah April 6 and 7, 1994 JEFFREY SACHS is Galen L. Stone Professor of Interna- tional Trade at Harvard University, Faculty Fellow at the Harvard Institute for International Development, and a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. He was educated at Harvard University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1980. Sachs serves as an economic advisor to several governments in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Asia, and has also been a consultant to the IMF, the World Bank, the OECD, and the United Nations Development Program. He is a member of the Harvard Society of Fellows and the Fellows of the World Econometric Society. His numerous pub- lications include Poland’s Jump to the Market Economy (1993), Macroeconomics in a Global Economy, coauthored with Felipe Larrain (1992), Peru’s Path to Recovery, co- authored with Carlos Paredes (1991), Global Linkages: Macroeconomic Interdependence and Cooperation in the World Economy, coauthored with Warwick McKibbin (1991), and Economics of Worldwide Stagflation, coau- thored with Michael Bruno (1985). The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 and in the Soviet Union in 1991 are watershed events in world history. Naturally, the real import of these monumental events has been especially hard to judge in their immediate aftermath. Each suc- ceeding year, we gain important new perspectives on their mean- ing. This is certainly true in the economic realm, where debates about the transition from communism to market economy have been especially lively and contentious.
    [Show full text]
  • Charting a New Path for Poland Or Turning Its Back on More Than a Quarter Century of Progress? Archives of Business Research, 5(2), 20-30
    Archives of Business Research – Vol.5, No.2 Publication Date: February. 25, 2017 DOI: 10.14738/abr.52.2699. Hunter, R. J. (2017). Charting a New Path for Poland or Turning Its Back On More Than a Quarter Century of Progress? Archives of Business Research, 5(2), 20-30 Charting a New Path for Poland or Turning Its Back On More Than a Quarter Century of Progress? Richard J. Hunter, Jr. Professor of Legal Studies Seton Hall University ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the Morawiecki Plan for the Polish economy in light of its emphasis on encouraging domestic, rather than foreign, development in Poland. It discusses the critique of the current government relating to foreign ownership of assets in Poland and what the government intends to do about reversing this trend from both historical and practical perspectives. The paper includes both positive and negative assessments of these proposed changes in policy and emphasis. KEYWORDS: Balcerowicz Plan; Foreign Direct Investment; Incentives; Morawiecki Plan INTRODUCTION From the perspective of nearly twenty-eight years, it is now possible to state with certainty that despite a “propaganda of success” trumpeted by adherents to the former system of central planning (also called the command-rationing method or CRM), the economy of Poland had literally imploded by 1988-1989 because of a combination of four interrelated factors, which Hunter and Ryan (2006) have termed the “Grand Failures” of the communist system as it existed in Poland. These factors included: • Failure to create economic value or to improve
    [Show full text]
  • Enterprise Reforms in Chinese and Polish State-Owned Industries
    1 ?C3 o --JL'/ 1cq 1l Public Disclosure Authorized ResearchPaper Series Number CH 8 Comments welcome July 1991 Public Disclosure Authorized Enterprise Reforms in Chinese and Polish State-Owned Industries Qi rao Fan and Mark E. Schaffer Suntory-Toyota International Center Center for Economics Performance for Economics and Related Disciplines London School of Economics Public Disclosure Authorized Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE This paper represents the individualviews of the authors and not those of the sponsoring agencies or institutionsor their affiliated agencies. Commentsand suggestionsare welcomeby the authors. Public Disclosure Authorized Abstract The paper compares three separate state-owned industrial enterprise reforms: China 1978-90, Poland 1982-89, and the "Balcerowicz Plan" reforms in Poland that began in 1989. The authors argue that the first two "socialist" reforms were very similar, both in the measures enacted and in the results achieved. The third reform already surpasses the first Polish reform in its achievements, despite the fact that the formal set of "Balcerowicz Plan" reform measures were inherited largely unchanged from the preceding socialist reform. The authors contend that a critical ingredient in the success of the Polish reform in 1989-90 was the credibility of the new regime; conversely, the weakening of the credibility of the Chinese regime in 1989-90 further undermined its reforms. This is the revised version of a paper preparedfor the conference on Management and Economic in China Today: Simiarities with Eastern Europe?,Maastricht, the Netherlands,15-16 November 1990. We are extremelygrateful to Saul Estrin, Stanislaw Gomulka, Athar Hussain, Stephen Howes, Brigitte Granville, and an anonymous refereefor many helpful comments and discussions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polish Growth Miracle: Outcome of Persistent Reform Efforts
    IZA Policy Paper No. 40 The Polish Growth Miracle: Outcome of Persistent Reform Efforts Hartmut Lehmann P O L I C Y P A P E R S I E S P A P Y I C O L P April 2012 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor The Polish Growth Miracle: Outcome of Persistent Reform Efforts Hartmut Lehmann University of Bologna and IZA Policy Paper No. 40 April 2012 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] The IZA Policy Paper Series publishes work by IZA staff and network members with immediate relevance for policymakers. Any opinions and views on policy expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of IZA. The papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the corresponding author. IZA Policy Paper No. 40 April 2012 ABSTRACT The Polish Growth Miracle: * Outcome of Persistent Reform Efforts Since the beginning of transition in 1990 from a centrally planned to a market oriented economy, the performance of Poland’s economy has been outstanding if we take GDP growth as our measure. It is not specific reforms that can explain this performance but the radical (“big bang”) reforms at the beginning of transition in conjunction with persistent efforts during the two decades by all governments to keep on a reform path, no matter what their political orientation.
    [Show full text]
  • Leszek Balcerowicz
    Poland’s path to economic development and success 1989 - 2015 Kyiv, September 18, 2015 PRL (Polish People’s Republic) • 1945 -1989 - Poland is under the control of the Soviet Union • Massive protests, especially in: 1956, 1970, 1980 and 1988 • Difficult economic situation – so called Shortage Economy (the amount of the good demanded exceeded the amount supplied at a given price) - lack of many basic products on the market • Weakness of the government and public institutions, which were dependent on the Soviet Union, and had to enforce the obedience of the citizens by the use of brutal force – for example Martial Law imposed on December 13, 1981 • Inefficient and weak economy with a very low standard of living when compared to the countries of Western Europe Polish Round Table Talks The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw from February 6 to April 5, 1989 Source: http://wolna-polska.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/okr%C4%85g%C5%82y-st%C3%B3%C5%82-2.jpg Polish Round Table Talks • Participants: . representatives of the communist party and government . opposition players (representatives of the Solidarity trade union and other opposition groups) . Catholic Church representatives • 2 months of negotiations • April 4, 1989 - the Round Table Agreement was signed – a political agreement that allowed for political and economical transformation • June 4, 1989 – the first semi-free elections took place – the victory of Solidarity Economic situation in the early 1990’s • The majority of state-owned monopolies and holdings were largely inefficient,
    [Show full text]
  • 15 Years of Poland in the European Union
    Our Europe: 15 years of Poland in the European Union Main conclusions and supplementation to the CASE Report Stanisława Golinowska al. Jana Pawla II 61/212, 01-031 Warsaw, Poland tel.: +48 222 062 900, fax: +48 222 062 901 [email protected] | case-research.eu Our Europe: 15 years of Poland in the European Union Introduction The presented text, designed as an Executive Summary of the “Our Europe. 15 years of Poland in the European Union” report, differs from the classic form of a summary. On one hand, it adds a lot of contextual historical and institutional information which functions as an introduction to the solutions presented in the following chapters. On the other hand, it is based firmly on the results and conclusions presented by the authors of these chapters. Even if they are formulated in a different manner, it does not change their contents. However, out of necessity, it presents the matter in a synthetic manner, and many times simplifies the described problems. The need to prepare a synthetic text arose in response to suggestions of the first readers, who said that 250 pages of expert texts require a great deal of time to read. In the current moment of a heated European debate that is too much. This text is considerably shorter, consisting of 25 pages, but does not replace the report. It serves to encourage reading the entire text and selected chapters, according to the reader’s interests. The scope of the report is proof that European integration is taking place in many areas and penetrates the everyday life of Poles to the extent that it has become an obvious, and thus unperceived, dimension of life.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketization and Privatization: the Polish Case
    MARKETIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION: THE POLISH CASE Tadeusz Kowalik Introduction The fall of Tadeusz Mazowiecki's government - nearly as spectacular as its emergence - marks a break in the first stage of change of the economic system in Poland. The country which pioneered radical reforms now learns a pioneering lesson; its experience may be the lot of any country undertaking a profound change of its economic system. According to both domestic and foreign observers, the govern- ment's fall and the collateral defeat of Solidarity will retard the processes of change in Poland as well as in all of Central and Eastern Europe. The press reacted by criticizing the defeated government's elitism, its "inside" style of governing and insufficient information about its activities. Walesa and his camp were criticized for imulicating Solidarity in factional fights, many of them personal. These concerns must not be dismissed. But they do not touch the heart of the matter, and mistake the symptoms for the causes. In my view, the reason for the government's defeat is a recession of unprecedented dimension, caused by the economic stabilization programme (popularly known as the Balcerowicz Plan). Two contradictory value systems confronted each other: that of the population at large, and that of the "political class". The same discord surfaces in the present discussion about privatization. Toward Economic Liberalism The eighties witnessed a turn to the right in all of Central and Eastern Europe. Poland was especially well conditioned for a triumphal re- entry into the domestic political arena of free-market ideology and for its subsequent expansion, as well as for the accompanying conservative sentiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Development Strategies: Poland, Serbia, and Ukraine
    University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2017 Comparative Analysis of Development Strategies: Poland, Serbia, and Ukraine Lubba Wintzer University of Central Florida Part of the Eastern European Studies Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Wintzer, Lubba, "Comparative Analysis of Development Strategies: Poland, Serbia, and Ukraine" (2017). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 229. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/229 Comparative Analysis of Development Strategies: Poland, Serbia, and Ukraine BY LUBBA WINTZER Spring Term, 2017 Thesis Chair: Houman A. Sadri Table of Contents I-Introduction: Explains background, argument, topic significance, literature review, gap in research, research design, and organization, 2-11. II-Poland, 12-22: A. Economic pre-existing factors, 12-15 B. Political pre-existing factors, 15-16 C. Social pre-existing factors, 17-18 D. Reforms and effects of the reforms, 18-22 III-Ukraine, 23-33: A. Economic pre-existing factors, 23-25 B. Political pre-existing factors, 25-26 C. Social pre-existing factors, 27-29 D. Reforms and effects of the reforms, 29-33 IV-Serbia, 34-42: A. Economic pre-existing factors, 34-35 B. Political pre-existing factors, 35-37 C. Social pre-existing factors, 37-38 D. Reforms and effects of the reforms, 38-42 V-Conclusion: Explains results of the research, 43-52 VI-Annex, 53-56 V-References, 57-58 1 INTRODUCTION Background After the Second World War, the world was dominated by two superpowers fighting for influence and supremacy.
    [Show full text]