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A Comparative Analysis of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Liberia and Sierra Leone, 2000-2013

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A Comparative Analysis of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Liberia and Sierra Leone, 2000-2013 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POST-CONFLICT PEACEBUILDING IN LIBERIA AND SIERRA LEONE, 2000-2013 BY AKHAZE, RICHARD EHIS. MATRIC NO: 950104031 B.A., M.A. (LAGOS) BEING A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN HISTORY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS JUNE 2015 SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the Thesis: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POST-CONFLICT PEACEBUILDING IN LIBERIA AND SIERRA LEONE 2000-2013 Submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies University of Lagos For the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) is a record of original research carried out By: AKHAZE, RICHARD EHIS. In the Department of History and Strategic Studies ……………………………. …………………… ………………… AUTHOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ………………………………. ………………….. ………………… 1ST SUPERVISOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ……………………………… …………………. …………………. 2ND SUPERVISOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ………………………………. ………………… …………………. 1ST INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE ……………………………….. ………………… ………………… 2ND INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE ………………………………. ………………… ………………… EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE ………………………………. ………………… ………………… SPGS REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE DATE ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the glory of God and the memory of my Parents Mr. and Mrs. Willie Iseghohi Akhaze. They were my greatest inspiration for academic pursuit. They were an embodiment of intelligence, selflessness, hard work, integrity, perseverance and farsightedness. iii ABSTRACT This study examines the nature and structure of post-conflict peacebuilding in Liberia and Sierra Leone since 2000. It focuses specifically on peacebuilding process in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Previous researches on peacebuilding as a tool of conflict management have generated a lot of questions in academic circles. This is because there is a disagreement among experts on how peacebuilding works. The difficulty has been compounded by the fact that discussions on peacebuilding are often speculative, creating more confusion about the concept. Most of the existing studies on peacebuilding have focused on particular aspect of the subject, such as demilitarization, demobilization and related issues without discussing this in an integrated manner. This realization stimulated the need to understand the entire gamut of peacebuilding. It is against this background that this research examines the entire pillars of peacebuilding in Liberia and Sierra Leone with special reference to their similarities and differences. In addition, the study explores a wide range of issues involving disarmament, demobilization, democratization, economic restructuring and the reconciliation of war victims with the repentant rebels, the role of the local chiefs, individual and non-governmental institutions in peacebuilding in Liberia and Sierra Leone. In addition, the study discusses the problems militating against successful peacebuilding in both countries. The study adopts a historical approach, which relies on both primary and secondary sources of data collected by the researcher from Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone to reconstruct the peacebuilding processes in both countries. Also, it adopts the comparative theory to explain the differences between cases that have striking commonalities. The study adopts ―the progression towards positive peace theory‖ of analysis to explain the complex nature of post-conflict resolution in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The research demonstrates that only collaborative efforts of the government, private sector and civil societies can ensure successful peacebuilding in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The study reveals how several efforts aimed at resolving the crisis by both the governments of Liberia and Sierra Leone were frustrated by personal interest of the main actors, ethnic consideration and the domestic environment. A comparative analysis of the Liberia and Sierra Leone peacebuilding reveals that the intervention of multinational organizations such as the African Union, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and United Nations among others was decisive in achieving the present atmosphere of peace in both countries. The study recommends that governments should be more proactive in addressing issues of bad governance, corruption and greed to avoid a re-occurrence of violent conflicts. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A study of this nature requires the material, intellectual, financial, emotional and psychological support of others to accomplish. Therefore, I owe my deepest gratitude to all those who contributed in no small measure to the successful completion of this study. Equally worthy of appreciation are institutions and organizations that assisted me in one form or another in securing materials and other logistical support for the conduct of this research. I consider it an honour to have worked with my supervisors, Prof. Rufus Taiwo Akinyele and Dr. Paul Osifodunrin, I thank them most sincerely for their supervisory roles as well as for keeping me on my toes to ensure that the work was completed. Their suggestions and perspectives provided the impetus for the successful completion of the work. I honestly appreciate their support, assistance, patience, encouragement and advice. I cannot find words to express my gratitude to my pioneer supervisor Prof. Blankson Eno Ikpe who made things very easy for me at the beginning of this research. This thesis would have remained a dream had it not been for her willingness to assist and the readiness to reduce administrative bottleneck in my favour. I am eternally grateful for this gesture of goodwill. I also thank the incumbent Head of Department of History and Strategic Studies, Prof. 0. A. Adeboye for providing me with the necessary environment to work as well as for her personal encouragement. I thank other lecturers in the department for their support, especially Professors Ayodeji Olulcoju, A. A. Lawal, O. A. Akinyeye, Ademola Adeleke (Associate Professor), J. G. N. Onyekpe (Associate Professor), P.O.M. Njemanze, Obi Iwuagwu, Irene Osemeka, Mr. M. O. Junaid, Mrs. O. T. Olawoyin. I also thank the Non-Teaching staff of the department as well as those of the School of Postgraduate Studies (SPGS), UNILAG for their v support. Special thanks to the incumbent Dean of the SPGS for his support. I am grateful to Dr. C.C.P. Nnorom, Prof. S.O. Akinboye for their intellectual contributions to this study. I am indebted to my extended family members for their support and encouragement. The same appreciation goes to all the Postgraduate students in the department-past and present, especially Drs. ‗Yalo Idaewor, Uche Okwokwo, and Mr. John Nweze-Oluka, Mr. Eiguedo, O. Hysaint, Friday Aworawo, Mr. Ariyo Ayobade, and others too numerous to be mentioned. I also acknowledge the support received from the various research centres I visited, such as the National Archives, Ibadan (NAI), the Nigeria Institute of International Affairs, Lagos. In particular, I must thank my loving wife, Mrs. Olufunmilayo Akhaze, most sincerely and affectionately for her patience and understanding. Also, my children Nehita Ricky Akhaze, Ehinome Ricky Akhaze and Esele Ricky Akhaze who had to contend with my absence from home. The assistance of the following friends cannot go unmentioned. They are Mrs. Bisi Olowogboye and Omolola Shadia for typing this work. vi LIST OF SELECTED ABBREVIATION NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia INPFL Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia IGNU Interim Government of National Unity ULIMO United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy NPRC National Provisional Ruling Council SLPP Sierra Leone Peoples Party AFRC Armed Forces Revolution Council RUF Revolutionary United Force DDRR Disarmament Demobilisation Rehabitation and Reintegration UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNO United Nations Organizations AU African Union ACS American Colonization Society TWP True Whig Party MOJA Movement for Justices in Africa ECOMOG Ecowas Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States APC All Peoples Congress UFV United Front Volunteers OAU Organization of African Unity SLLC Sierra Leone Labour Congress DRC Democratic Republic of Congo vii SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Liberia AFSL Armed Forces of Sierra Leone CDF Civil Defence Force GOL Government of Liberia MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund SSS Special Security Services CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement USAID United States Agency for International Development DFID Department for International Development TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission SLTC Sierra Leone Truth Commission MARWOPET Mano River Women‘s Peace Network AFELL Association of Female Lawyers of Liberia GoSL Government of Sierra Leone viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: DDRR weapons collection in Sierra Leone 94 Table 2: DDRR weapons collection in Liberia 95 Table 3: Results of Parliamentary Election in Sierra Leone 139 Table 4: Results of the Parliamentary Election by Region in Sierra Leone 140 Table 5: Results of the presidential election in Sierra Leone 143 Table 6: Results of the run-off regional presidential election in Sierra Leone 144 Table 7: Results of Run Off Presidential Elections of November 8, 2005 in Liberia 152 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Certification ii Dedication iii Abstact vi Acknowledgements v-vi List of Abbreviations vii-viii List of Tables ix Table of Contents x-xviii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
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