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Kirja-Arvosteluja – Book Reviews Kirja-arvosteluja – Book reviews Alexandra Bergholm: From Shaman text is contained, and the synopsis of the to Saint. Interpretative Strategies in story provides the reader with a necessary the Study of Buile Shuibhne. Hel- tool to follow Suibhne’s convoluted tale. sinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Taking the phenomenon in its widest Academia Scientiarum Fennica sense, the author provides an intriguing 2012. 212 pages. Price 30€. ISBN study into the figures and characters of 978-951-41-1069-6. gelta, both male and female, in Biblical and in medieval traditions, the latter The work by Alexandra Bergholm including Irish, Welsh and Old Norse- opens a new chapter in the study of a Icelandic literatures. medieval Irish text Buile Shuibhne. The The second part is a quadrangle of interpretation of the title is the task that frameworks of interpretation. The nexus cannot be easily resolved. According of historical and Christian frameworks to the author, ‘its title would assign it to of understanding is balanced with the the group of buile/baile, usually trans- pre-Christian and anthropological one. lated as “vision”, “prophetic exctasy” These pairs of mutually complementing or “frenzy”’ (p. 51, fn. 43), yet also hin- approaches help the reader to perceive ting at a view that the title ‘should be an ambiguous and complex figure of taken to refer to a vision or “revelation Suibhne, his rootedness in the native of the otherworld” (baile) rather than Celtic Wild Man tradition, his apposition madness or frenzy’ (p. 160, fn. 180). to the Christian tradition, both as a figure The book is divided into three parts. of deorad Dé ‘exile of God’ and an The first one presents an introduction to analogue of early Eastern monastic boskoi the study: the reader is provided with a ‘grazers’ and deudritai ‘tree-dwellers’ and background and purpose(s) of the study. his ambiguity as a liminal character— A brief survey of the previous research transcending ‘the boundary points available to the author follows, and a between opposites’ (p. 159), coming very particular attention is paid to the problems close to poet-seers, the mna chaointe of textual meaning, literary contexts and ‘wailing women’ of Irish tradition and the social models of reading of early Irish analogous ‘native religious experts’ (p. learned written tradition. Particularly 113) in the Old Irish (Finn mac Cumhal, useful is the introduction to an array of Túan mac Cairill, Derg Corra), Welsh manuscript sources and texts in which the (Lleu Llaw Gyffes, Myrddin), Scottish 113 (Laikoken) and Arthurian (Merlin of Jacqueline Borsje: The Celtic Evil Geoffrey of Monmouth) traditions. Eye and Related Mythological Motifs The third part opens perspectives to in Medieval Ireland. Leuven: Peeters. the future study of the text, replacing 2012. xii + 387 pages. Price 42 €. the view on the text as ‘the completed ISBN 978-90-429-2641-7. accomplishment of a singular authorial figure’ with the methodology considering ‘For the sight, being very vigorous and ‘the text as a product of an ongoing active, together with the spirit upon process of development’ (p. 177). The which it depends, sends forth a strange author insists that the close examination fiery power…’1 Jacqueline Borsje starts of the historical composition of the text her latest book The Celtic Evil Eye and and the complex processes involved in its Related Mythological Motifs in Medie- transmission be given further attention, val Ireland very aptly with this quote acknowledging the role of the anonymous from Plutarch. The notion of the evil Middle Irish author or compiler in the eye, that is, the belief that harm is caus- composition of the text and making the ed by looking at someone or somet- reader aware of the ‘mediating position of hing in a certain way, is more than five the Middle Irish redactors in handling the thousand years old and can be found materials available to them’ (p. 178). in several different cultures around the In conclusion, she proposes (p. 186) world. It is the ‘invisible threats and that The understanding of early Irish dangers’ caused by the evil eye that are narratives in Celtic Studies scholarship the subject of Borsje’s examination. As has long been predicated on several she states in her introduction, ‘[t]he pre- assumptions, but most notably on the sent volume explores mainly medieval belief that there is something readily Irish beliefs on the notion of the evil knowable called tradition which in itself eye, although some reference is made to holds explanatory power. modern Irish views and similar beliefs The author cautions against a in other cultures’ (p. 1). comfortable triangle of interpretation Borsje’s book consists of six essays, that includes familiar notions of tradition, five of which are revised and updated text and context, and, instead, calls the versions of articles that have been readers to appreciate the complexity of published earlier. The essays, which early Irish narrative from an entirely can be read independently in any order, different perspective, in which the focal were originally intended for scholars in points include such concepts as the Celtic studies. Now the aim is at a wider cultural continuity, as well as the intrinsic readership, which makes the substantial authorial function of performance and appendices, comprising more than one creativity. fourth of the book, indeed necessary. 1 Plutarch, Symposiacs, Book 5, Maxim Fomin, University of Ulster. Question 7. 114 The first of these, ‘An Old Irish Law evidence does indeed seem to shed light Fragment on the Evil Eye’, taken from an on numerable issues concerning the article co-authored by Borsje, is by Prof. medieval evil eye. Fergus Kelly. The two other appendices The author acknowledges in the provide two medieval Irish sagas, Cath ‘Introduction’ that the articles have been Maige Tuired (The Battle of Mag Tuired) left more or less intact; and this seems and Togail Bruidne Da Derga (The to be true. The first essay of the book Destruction of Da Derga’s Hostel) in their does not differ notably from the original entirety. Borsje uses adapted versions of article, and a reader with a special interest the translations by Whitley Stokes—for and knowledge of Celtic studies will be copyright reasons (p. 2). quite happy to read either. Nothing has The first essay in the book, ‘The been omitted in the book, and the changes Evil Eye in Medieval Irish Literature’2, are mainly stylistic (altered word order explains the concept of the evil eye and and different choice of individual words, discusses various examples of the motif. for instance). Some quotes in Old Irish Borsje refers to the occurrence of the have, in the book, been moved to the evil eye in several cultures, but focuses footnotes, the names for the Irish texts are mainly on ‘the terms used for it in Ireland provided in both Old Irish and in English, and a description and analysis of textual and words that were originally in Greek references’ (p. 5). The essay is further script have been transcribed into the Latin divided under five headings which discuss alphabet (similarly, Roman numerals dangerous eyes in early Irish literature. have been changed into Arabic numerals). The first of these is ‘the destructive eye’, The general reader will benefit from súil milledach, as found for example the explanations given for individual with Balor, king of the Fomoire, a race terms (e.g. Fomoire, p. 12, Femen p. 23, known from Irish mythology. The second cailleach p. 25), whereas a Celticist will heading, ‘the angry eye’, introduces a be happy to note the few references that discussion of angry eyes and eyes with have been added to the footnotes (e.g. multiple pupils in connection with the footnotes 53, 54 and 55 on pages 17- evil eye. The other parts of the essay deal 18; fn 75 on p. 23 and fn 85 on p. 25, to with ‘casting the evil eye’, ‘envy and the mention but a few). evil eye’, and ‘protection against the evil The second essay, ‘The Evil Eye in eye’. The author has drawn significantly Medieval Irish Law’3, discusses belief in on modern folklore studies in dealing with these three topics; this suits the 3 Originally published by Borsje examination well, since the modern in Dutch as ‘Het “boze oog” in middeleeuwse Ierse wetteksen’, in I. Genee, B. Jaski, and B. Smelik (eds), 2 Borsje, Jacqueline & Kelly, Fergus Arthur Brigit, Conn, Deirdre…: ‘The Evil Eye in Early Irish Verhaal, taal en recht in de Keltische Literature and Law’, Celtica 24, wereld. Liber amicorum voor Leni 2003, 1-39. van Strien-Gerritsen. Nijmegen: 115 the evil eye as it is found in the context classification of unilaterity5, Borsje pays of medieval Irish law. After a short special attention to three different types of introduction to early Irish law (which one-eyedness: 1) being literally one-eyed, is most welcome again for the general 2) mediated one-eyedness (although one reader), Borsje analyses the fragment has two eyes, there is something wrong translated in the Appendix I by Kelly. The with one of them) and 3) figurative one- fragment, which opens with the Old Irish eyedness (having a one-eyed appearance words no etlae tre fhormat, ‘Or stealing temporarily, for example because the away through envy’ continues with a other eye is closed), through four different commentary in Middle Irish which has characters in the text: 1) Ingcél Cáech, 2) been dated to around the 12th century. Fer Caille, 3) Nár Túathcháech, and 4) The best way to approach this essay is by Cailb. The characters are well known to reading it together with Kelly’s treatment a Celticist audience, but again the non- on the text.
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