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Universidad De Murcia Departamento De Filosofía UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFÍA Opinión Pública y Opinión Popular en la Francia del Siglo XVIII. El philosophe o el Nacimiento del Intelectual D. Víctor Cases Martínez 2014 Tesis doctoral Doctorando: Víctor Cases Martínez Directores: José Luis Villacañas Berlanga (UCM) y Antonio Rivera García (UCM) Tutor: Emilio Martínez Navarro (UM) Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Filosofía Beca FPI, Fundación Séneca 2014 A mis padres, que como el mar invitan a cerrar los ojos para transportarme al lugar de donde vengo ÍNDICE Agradecimientos …………………………………………………………... 7 Introducción ............................................................................................................. 11 La nueva publicidad burguesa ...................................................................................... 13 El público y la multitud............................................................................................ 19 Opinión pública: realidad sociocultural e invención discursiva......................... 28 El philosophe ................................................................................................................. 33 Capítulo 1. Los ecos de Damiens. La desacralización de la monarquía .................................................................................................................. 45 Mauriceau de la Motte y el secuestro infantil de 1750........................................ 47 Los ecos de Damiens................................................................................................ 61 La desacralización de la monarquía........................................................................ 74 « Un malheureux de la lie du peuple »................................................................... 90 Capítulo 2. Del magister medieval al académico. Hacia una historia negativa del intelectual ......................................................................................... 99 Bajo el signo de Saturno........................................................................................ 107 Philosophastri .............................................................................................................. 115 La comédie des académistes .......................................................................................... 121 Contra los puristas.................................................................................................. 135 Marie de Gournay y la denigración de las mujeres savantes ............................... 142 5 Las instituciones de la vida literaria ............................................................................. 154 La emergencia del escritor..................................................................................... 169 Capítulo 3. El caso Palissot. Los philosophes y la opinión pública ...................................................................................................................... 187 La moda de los «pretendidos philosophes »............................................................. 188 Las intrigas del mundo literario............................................................................ 194 La ascendencia de los hombres de letras............................................................. 200 «Todo escrito satírico es indigno de ti»................................................................ 208 El hombre de letras según Voltaire...................................................................... 219 La creciente población literaria............................................................................. 227 Autores sans état . El sueño de ser escritor........................................................... 235 El manifiesto de d’Alembert................................................................................. 243 El philosophe es un animal sociable........................................................................ 249 La Nouvelle Héloïse y sus febriles lectoras............................................................. 257 Los philosophes y la opinión popular...................................................................... 276 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 297 Bibliografía ……………………………………………………………… 307 Índice de ilustraciones ………………………………………………… 359 Résumé …………………………………………………………………... 361 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Si como escribía Michel de Certeau los lectores son viajeros, no lo somos menos quienes nos embarcamos en una tesis doctoral, aquéllos que como Ismael necesitamos de cuando en cuando hacernos a la mar tanto para dejarnos arrastrar en la búsqueda de nuestra particular Moby Dick como para escapar de la inevitable melancolía. Por fortuna no abordamos solos esta larga travesía, que en este caso ha sido posible gracias en buena medida a la beca predoctoral concedida por la Fundación Séneca, la Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia. Durante cuatro años pude contar con la financiación y los recursos necesarios para desarrollar este trabajo dentro del Grupo de Investigación Biblioteca Saavedra Fajardo, al lado de unos espléndidos compañeros que han participado de manera activa en el dilatado proceso de maduración de las hipótesis que aquí se presentan. Este largo viaje no habría llegado a buen puerto sin la inestimable ayuda de mis excelentes directores, José Luis Villacañas y Antonio Rivera, a quienes no sólo debo agradecer sus enjundiosas lecciones impartidas en la licenciatura, en los cursos de posgrado, en numerosos encuentros y congresos, sino también su comprensión, su 7 generosidad. No sólo han tenido una fuerte presencia en la investigación acerca de la opinión pública en la Francia del siglo XVIII, sino también en la formación del joven investigador, en su bagaje intelectual y en la aventura humana inherente a una tesis doctoral. La beca me ha permitido asimismo realizar diversas estancias externas, la última de las cuales me condujo al Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, bajo la tutoría de Javier Moscoso y Juan Pimentel, dos destacados exponentes de la historia cultural en España. Los tres años anteriores me había marchado a París, donde quedaba adscrito a la École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales y tenía la oportunidad de disfrutar del magisterio de Roger Chartier, cuyos sensacionales textos, seminarios y conferencias han sido una de las más importantes fuentes de inspiración de esta tesis, que ha crecido en las grandes salas de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Con todo, la soledad del doctorando no desaparece por completo, y sin duda habría resultado mucho más penosa si no hubiera contado con el apoyo incondicional de mi extensa familia, y de mis padres en particular. Entre unos y otros me sostuvieron cuando parecía que la realidad se tambaleaba y me empujaron con determinación hacia delante una vez que hube tomado fuerzas. Quisiera también dedicar unas palabras de agradecimiento a Francisco Jarauta, por su amabilidad, sus cariñosos consejos y sugerentes seminarios, y a los amigos que me han acompañado durante este tiempo, contra quienes no 8 puede la distancia. A Fernando Pérez Martínez, Maite García, Pablo Jarauta, Carmen Cascajosa, Oriol Brugarolas, Patricia López López-Gay, Octavi Rumbau, Pilar Quiñonero, David López Sandoval, Miguel Ángel Marín Bonaque, Álex Veneros Magne, Javier Murcia Pinto, Álex González Silvera, Sarah Cordero Nicole y Pierrette Gherbi Nicole. Y a Paola, por supuesto, que cuida de mi melancolía terrestre y se aventura conmigo hacia el mar. 9 INTRODUCCIÓN En el segundo de los seminarios dictados por Michel Foucault en 1983 acerca del opúsculo kantiano Was ist Aufklärung? , el profesor del Collège de France comenzaba su análisis del texto de 1784 proponiendo al auditorio un ejercicio de imaginación: si aún hoy contáramos con la Berlinische Monatsschrift y ésta planteara a sus lectores la pregunta «¿qué es la filosofía moderna?», «quizá – afirma Foucault- se le podría responder como en eco: la filosofía moderna es la que intenta responder a la pregunta lanzada, hace dos siglos, con tanta imprudencia: Was ist Aufklärung? »1 1 Michel FOUCAULT , «¿Qué es la Ilustración?» [1984], Daimon, revista de Filosofía , 7, 1993, traducción de Antonio Campillo, p. 7. Este segundo seminario en torno al texto kantiano fue impartido por Foucault en Estados Unidos y publicado en primer lugar en inglés: «What is Enlightenment?», in Paul RABINOW (ed.), The Foucault Reader , New York, Pantheon Books, 1984, pp. 32-50. El primer seminario, dictado en el Collège de France, apareció también en 1984 ( Magazine Littéraire , 207, pp. 35-39) y fue traducido poco después al castellano: «Seminario sobre el texto de Kant Was is Aufklärung? », in Francisco JARAUTA (ed.), La crisis de la razón , Universidad de Murcia, 1986, trad. de Eduardo Bello, pp. 13-24. En su introducción a la selección de textos de Kant En defensa de la Ilustración , José Luis Villacañas critica la aproximación foucaultiana al artículo del filósofo de Königsberg publicado en la Berlinische Monatsschrift en 1784. A juicio del profesor de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Foucault se equivoca al establecer una vinculación tan estrecha entre Ilustración y Revolución, ya que se trata de dos acontecimientos de distinta naturaleza (José Luis VILLACAÑAS , «Crítica y presente. Sobre las bases de las Ilustración kantiana», in Immanuel KANT , En defensa de la Ilustración , Barcelona, Alba, 1999,
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