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Language Perfection, Propagation, and Practice in France, from Louis XIII to the Third Republic

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Called to Unity: Language Perfection, Propagation, and Practice in France, from Louis XIII to the Third Republic Author: Sarah L. Carmody Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/578 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2006 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. langue • identité • patrie • devoir Dr. Ourida Mostefai, Department of Romance Languages and Literatures Literatures and Languages ofRomance Department Mostefai, Ourida Dr. • français • nation • volontaire • Dr. Virginia Reinburg and Dr. Paul Spagnoli, Department of History of Department Paul Spagnoli, Dr. and VirginiaReinburg Dr. Language Perfection, Propagation, and Practice in France, communication • parler • patois • Paris • révolution • partage • roi • participation • accepter • dire • pouvoir • régions • standardiser • ordre • éclairer • contrôle • choix • pouvoir • liberté • éducation • from Louis toXIII Third the Republic Advanced Independent Research Project Project Research Independent Advanced frontière • polyglotte • imposer • évolution • influence • nécessité • décision • loi • parole• lettres • mot • politique • peuple • langue Sarah Lauren Carmody Carmody Sarah Lauren Called to Unity: Thesis Directors: Directors: Thesis Second Reader: Second Reader: April 2006 2006 April By réunir; elle n’y force pas.”réunir; langue à “La invite se ~ Ernest Renan CONTENTS List of Illustrations ii List of Tables ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 Chapters 1. Authority, Purity, and Influence: L’Académie Française 10 2. La Langue du peuple 44 3. The Revolution: Instability and Linguistic Change 66 4. The Nineteenth Century: Nationalizing French 91 5. Les provinces exceptionnelles: Language in Alsace and Lorraine 130 Conclusion 159 Appendix 164 Works Consulted 167 i ILLLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Reception of an académicien 12 2. The first Dictionnaire, title page 19 3. Lodge’s illustration of “Variation, Change and Standards” 45 4. Jean-Jacques Vadé visits les halles 53 5. Regional dialects of France 56 6. The departments of modern France, shown with capitals 70 7. The regions of France under the Old Regime 70 8. Maggiolo’s map of French literacy (1871-1875) 111 9. The Tunnel from Le Tour de la France 121 10. Annexed Alsace-Lorraine and the linguistic frontier 132 11. Hansi, The Germans in Alsace 152 TABLES Table Page 1. Population growth in French cities, 1801-1851 118 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project has been made possible through the encouragement and contributions of countless individuals. Tracing my project to its origins, I must thank Dr. François Igersheim, professeur and chairperson of the Institut des études alsaciennes at the Université Marc Bloch, Strasbourg, France. His course on Alsatian history first introduced me to the complex historical question of language in the borderlands, and he generously shared his time and expertise in helping me navigate the Institut to locate sources. I also extend my thanks to the faculty of the Institut Phonétique at Marc Bloch. Through their courses I learned the complex rules, structure, and transcription process of French phonetics, without which I could never have tackled the language’s historical development. Investigating complex linguistic issues would have been equally impossible without a proficiency in the language. For their assistance and support as I journeyed toward this goal (stumbling often), I must particularly thank Carol Hill, Nelly Rosenberg, Petra Christov- Bakargiev, Morgane LeCoroller, and Guillemette Joyaut de Couesnongle. No one could have better teachers or friends. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my advisors, Professor Virginia Reinburg and Professor Paul Spagnoli, who introduced me to the field of history (particularly French history) and who supported this project when it was little more than an emergent idea. Your constant guidance, suggestions, and encouragement have made examining three hundred years of French linguistic history an enjoyable (and much less daunting) experience. I would also like to thank Professor Ourida Mostefai, for serving as my second reader. Your constructive translation advice and understanding of the French perspective toward historical and linguistic issues has been invaluable. Thanks are certainly due to Teresa Behr. Only the best friend and roommate imaginable would agree to read and reread countless drafts without complaint, or suffer so many interruptions of writing her own thesis to offer useful advice on German translations. It has been a delight to share this process with you. Finally, I must thank my family. Mom and Dad, you raised me to “always ask questions,” and this work is a testament to that advice. You also read my drafts, allowed me to usurp entire areas of the house with research materials, and even read French to me over the phone in emergencies. Michael, you showed me the outside of the box, where this project certainly had its origins. I owe special thanks to Gram as well, whose countless lessons in l’orthographe instilled in me a passion for language. None of this would have been possible without the environment of love and support created by all of you. iii INTRODUCTION De moy, lecteur, ne fay pas jugement, Par le milieu, fin, ou commancement. Je t’apprendray (si tu as patience) Du bon François et faux la difference. Mais en parlant d’un tas de mots nouveaux, Il m’a falu parler de ces cerveaux, Ausquels en tout la nouveauté est belle, Tant qu’ils nous font une France nouvelle.1 Henri Estienne, 1578 Sixteenth-century author and grammarian Henri Estienne addressed the above words to readers of his linguistic commentary, Deux dialogues du nouveau langage françois italianizé (Two Dialogues of the New, Italianized French Language).2 The complex study of language history, according to Estienne, requires patience and an open mind. The historian (or linguist) undertaking such studies merely serves as a medium, tracing and conveying to readers the path which language has forged through history. Estienne could not envision, in 1578, the development of his native French over the next three hundred years, but he recognized in the language a great power, already at work, to create “a new France.” The ensuing centuries would confirm Estienne’s linguistic predictions, as language developments gradually transformed the French country and its people. This investigation will explore why and to what extent the French identity has historically relied on the French language, as well as how this dependence shaped France from 1600 to 1900. 1 “Do not judge me, reader, / At the middle, end, or beginning./ I will teach you (if you have patience) / The difference between genuine and false French./ But in discussing many new words, / It was necessary for me to mention those minds / for whom this novelty of new words is so attractive / that they make a new France for us.” Quote taken from Henri Estienne, Deux dialogues du nouveau langage françois italianizé (Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1885), in Gallica: la bibliothèque numérique, [http://gallica.bnf.fr], notice number FRBNF37234796, 31. 2 In this work, Estienne sharply criticized the tradition of italianisme (adopting elements of the Italian language into French speech) in vogue at the Paris court in the sixteenth century. Defending French, he parodied the Italianized speech through mock dialogues. 1 What is language? Few definitions of the term can adequately capture language’s power and influence over nations and peoples. In France, definitions are a science, an art, and an institution of sorts. Enter a librairie in search of “a dictionary,” and clerks will most likely meet the inquiry with a confused reaction. One requests a dictionary by name—le Larousse, le Robert, or simply le Dictionnaire (of the Académie française)—and discerning customers always have a preference when it comes to their language. Renowned French dictionaries, past and present, have attempted to define “language.” Jean Nicot, who published the first monolingual French dictionary, Thrésor de la langue françoise, in 1606, identified language (langue) simply as “le parler & langage particulier de chaque pays (the particular speech & language of each country).”3 But much more than geography connects the French nation and people to their idiom. Paul Cohen, who wrote a comprehensive history of early modern French, calls French, “a political idiom” and “a form of civic glue.”4 A strong legacy binds the French to their language, demonstrating the idiom’s instrumental role in France’s cultural, social, and political development. A variety of approaches exist for examining the history of French, though most historians agree on at least one basic notion: the linguistic situation in early modern France differed drastically from the current environment. Mere centuries ago, France could not claim a national language. Aristocrats, political authorities, and intellectuals in the capital spoke and wrote Parisian French, but their idiom lacked codification and standardization; that process would require centuries. Any modern map provides “multiples repères chronologiques (multiple chronological reference points)” in France’s linguistic history; names of cities and towns 3 Jean Nicot, Thrésor de la langue françoise tante ancienne que moderne (Paris: Editions A. et J. Picard et Cie, 1960), 367. 4 Paul Cohen, “Courtly French, learned Latin, and peasant patois: The making of a national language in early modern France,” PhD dissertation
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