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The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution
La Belle et la Bête: The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution La Belle et la Bête: The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution Savanna R. Teague Abstract While the mass consumption of luxury items is oftentimes described as a factor leading the Third Estate to take action against the First and Second Estates in the buildup to the French Revolution, that spending is presented as little more than salt in the open wounds of a starving and ever-growing population that had been growing evermore destitute since the beginnings of the early modern era. However, the causes and contexts of the conspicuous consumption as practiced by the aristocracy reveal how they directly correlate to the social tensions that persisted throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries until they erupted in the 1790s. The isolation and the dictation of taste and style that Louis XIV commanded through Versailles and State-run luxury workshops became commonplace within a generation after the Fronde in which the nobles had engaged during the previous century. Versailles allowed the new generation of the aristocracy to be placated with petty privileges that developed out of the rigorous court etiquette, and their conspicuous consumption only increased as the need to compete with others at Court and those newly ennobled continued. This study examines a materialistic culture alongside its material culture, focusing on explaining the expenditures of the aristocracy without becoming enamored by the spectacle of wealth itself. The goods and services that the French aristocracy indulged in purchasing were not simply marks of luxury; they represented social ideals about order and privilege. -
VLADIMIR PUTIN: an ASPIRANT METTERNICH? by Mitchell A
JANUARY 2015 VLADIMIR PUTIN: AN ASPIRANT METTERNICH? By Mitchell A. Orenstein Mitchell A. Orenstein is Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at Northeastern University in Boston and an affiliate of both the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies and the Minda de Gunzberg Center for European Studies at Harvard University. As Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered his military into Ukraine in 2014, people were quick to compare him to Adolph Hitler, whose annexation of Austria and invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland set off World War II. Hillary Clinton commented in March 2014 that if Putin’s justification for taking Crimea to protect ethnic Russians sounded familiar, it was because, “it’s what Hitler did back in the ’30s. Germans by ancestry were in places like Czechoslovakia and Romania and other places, [and] Hitler kept saying they’re not being treated right. I must go and protect my people.” Since that time Ukrainian Euromaidan supporters have published dramatic images of Putin as “Putler,” mashups that have trended wildly on social media and become a staple of public protests. Yet, Putin’s approach to world affairs is more similar to that of another Austrian, Prince Klemens von Metternich. Like Metternich, the dominant force in post-Napoleonic era diplomacy, Putin is a conservative imperialist who seeks to create a balance or “concert” between the great powers in Europe, while suppressing liberal democratic politics and the aspirations of small nations. By comparing Putin’s worldview with that of Metternich, one can gain more insight into Putin’s approach to world affairs than can be understood from much contemporary debate. -
The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe
The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon had finally been defeated in 1815, the European monarchs breathed a huge sigh of relief. After all, the French Revolution and the development it had triggered had dominated European politics for more than a quarter of a century. Napoleon had not always been a passionate advocate of the French Revolution, yet his con- quest and occupation of Europe had contributed substantially to the spread of its ideas – liberty, equality, and fra- 5 ternity – all over the continent. Having defeated Napoleon, the monarchs of Europe were eager to ensure the restoration of peace and order. They were particularly anxious about the legacy of the ideas of the revolution, and therefore the governments of Europe were determined to follow policies that provided stability and squelch any kind of political turmoil. The Congress of Vienna, a conference of diplomats from all over Europe, tried to settle political and territ- 10 orial questions that had arisen from the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress began in 1814 when Napoleon was still exiled on Elba. In the beginning, delegates could not agree on any solutions which helped Napoleon re-establish his rule in France after his return from exile. However, after Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the Congress of Vienna took up its work again. The countries that had made the most vital contributions to defeat Napoleon were Russia, Great Britain, 15 Prussia, and Austria. Their representatives at the Congress were Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Lord Castlereagh – foreign secretary of Great Britain – King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Prince Klemens von Metternich* – chief minister of Austria and chairman of the conference. -
AP European History Ktcs
AP European History KTCs Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown 1300-1453 Key Terms and Concepts Avignon Papacy Joan of Arc Battle of Crecy John Ball Battle of Sluys John Huss Black Death John Wycliffe Boyars lay investiture Burgundy Lollards Clericus Laicos Marsilius of Padua Conciliar Theory papal bull Council of Constance Papal States Dante Alighieri Peace of Bretigny Decameron Pope Boniface VIII Donatism Roger Bacon Edward III-England scholasticism Estates General-medieval Taille Four Articles of Prague The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer The Divine Comedy Giovanni Boccaccio Unan Sanctum Great Schism vernacular Hanseatic League Wat Tyler Henry V-England William of Ockham Hundred Years War Jacquerie Chapter 10: Renaissance & Discovery Key Terms and Concepts Albrecht Dürer Jan van Eyck Aragon & Castile Johan Huizinga Botticelli Johannes Gutenberg Brittany League of Venice Brunelleschi Leonardo da Vinci Burgundy liberal arts Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros Lorenzo de Medici Cesare Borgia Mannerism Charles VIII-France Manuel Chrysoloras Christian Humanism Michel de Montaigne civic humanism Michelangelo condottieri Miguel de Cervantes Cosimo de' Medici Neo-Platonism Court of Star Chamber Niccolo Machiavelli Desiderius Erasmus Northern Humanism Don Quixote Northern Renaissance Donatello oligarchy Essays Oration on the Dignity of Man Ferdinand of Aragon Petrarch François Rabelais Pico della Mirandola gabelle Platonism Gargantua Raphael Giotto Renaissance Girolamo Savonarola secularism Henry VII-England The -
AP EURO Timeline Project – A
AP EURO Timeline Project – A Put the following in Chronological Order. Put the correct dates, a couple of dashes, and then event below Highlight it with the appropriate colors: o Social – religious, journalists, workers, women, children, social classes, education, poor, food, agriculuture, social commentators, o Politics – kings, leaders, law, war, government, revolts, political writers, o Intellectual – scientists, math, non- fiction, writers, philosophy, astronomers, o Cultural – painters, sculptors, music, fiction, architects o Economics – money , trade, taxes, currency, exploration o Diplomacy – peace, treaties, agreements Email me project at: [email protected] Elizabeth becomes queen Constantinople falls Elizabeth dies Botticelli’s Primavera St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Cervantes Don Quixote Henry of Navarre becomes king El Greco born Edict of Nantes English Civil War begins Peace of Westphalia John Calvin prints Institutes of the Christian Religion Peace of Augsburg Enclosure Acts Henry VIII becomes king Raphael paints School of Athens Henry VIII dies Jan Van Eyck paints Wedding of Arnolfini Da vinci paints Mona Lisa Peter Brughal paints Wedding Feast Da vinci paints Last Supper Erasmus writes In Praise of Folly Michelangelo sculpts the David Thomas More prints Utopia Michelangelo paints Sistine Chapel Thomas More executed St. Peters’ Basilica built French Wars of Religion begin (approximately) France vs. Spain/HRE in the Italian Wars Cortes conquers Aztecs Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis Pizarro conquers Incas Peasants -
Political Developments in Europe During the 19Th Century
Political Developments in Europe During the 19th Century TOPICS COVERED: -The Congress of Vienna -European nationalism -Changes to the Ottoman, Austrian, and Russian empires -The Unification of Italy -The Unification of Germany The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • After Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, European heads of government were looking to establish long-lasting peace and stability on the continent. • The goal was collective security and stability for all of Europe. • A series of meetings known as the Congress of Vienna were called to set up policies to achieve this goal. This went on for 8 months. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • Most of the decisions were made among representatives of the five “great powers”- Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France. • By far the most influential representative was the foreign minister of Austria, Klemens von Metternich. • Metternich distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution and had 3 primary goals: 1. Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries. 2. Restore a balance of power so that no country would be a threat to others. 3. Restore Europe’s traditional royal families to the thrones they held before Napoleon’s conquests. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Results of the Congress of Vienna: • France’s neighboring countries were strengthened (ex: 39 German states were loosely joined to create the German Confederation; the former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Netherlands were united to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands) • Ruling families of France, Spain, and several states in Italy and Central Europe regained their thrones (it was believed this would stabilize relations among European nations) The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Although France had been the aggressor under Napoleon, it was not severely punished at the Congress of Vienna. -
Cardinal Richelieu. Greek Lysander, Knight of Mauprat, Who Was a Boy That Where the He and I Got out of the Boat and DUELING in EUROPE
DECORATION DAY. gish tongue warily styled the rever- She will not be the first to sting THE TERRIBLE KIIOPJTE snake's attention from the sword to himself. eould feel the slight vl-b- ra Bleep, tonmlfs eleep urd' rest. end Capuchin father, Joseph da that apathetic blood. But have I not I On this Bed of the rouadedaxmi. Tremblay. This alter ego of the from all such fair shoots plucked the .ion again and I knew that the Where foe no more iao( snake was preparing to strike. Nor mo try t ahot alarars! cardinal was an enigma, perhaps insidious ivy of his love?" he added even to him whose friendship he confidently. "Yet shall it creep DEADLY THAN THE COB.iA. And then like a flash of lightning Ye have aiept on the Tocnd before, went blade past my eyes a hissed And M.irted lo jour ever cherished as that of a kind of around my blossoming tree, where the At tli caon I?t Allah" driven through clenched n' iiiddm row divinity. There is no doubt Du innocent thoughts make music that or Brown Death ; Or the tlrum'g that Vndrr the Kpll the redoubliai best e teeth, my half stupeSed Tremblay was sincerely religious at spirits in heaven might hear? No, Martini Kiprriem-- l a ientlemao j penetrated senses. But in thM camp of Death the outset of his career, but never brother, must have oo mis- la Karoiull Savnl by the I'irm Hand j Io sound four slumber breaks: had his superior found a more faith- tress but the state." of a Native fcervaut. -
Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642
Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642 DAVID PARROTT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Richelieu's Army War, Government and Society in France, 1624±1642 The conduct of European war on an unprecedented scale is central to an understanding of the ministry of Richelieu (1624±42), and there has been no previous study of the French army during this period. This book provides a detailed account of the organization of the army, and examines the challenges posed by war to government and society in a period associated with the creation of the `absolutist state'. By making extensive use of archival material, the study cuts through myths concerning military and administrative evolution, and confronts typical assumptions about progressive centralization and more effective control of the war-effort by the crown and its agents. Although the European war imposed huge burdens upon the French people, Richelieu's ministry struggled to control the army through traditional administrative and ®nancial mechanisms. Far from strengthening the absolutist authority of government, the waging of war eroded the ministry's control over army of®cers and troops and incited tensions between soldiers and civilians across French society which in turn contributed to the undermining of existing structures of authority and control. The book also makes an original and sceptical contribution to the debate about a `military revolution' in early modern Europe by examining the conduct of war in early seventeenth- century France. In addition, it seeks to contextualize the inadequacy of the war-effort during Richelieu's ministry by providing a view of the military context of French foreign policy after 1625 which challenges many of the orthodoxies about Richelieu's aims and objectives in involving France in the Thirty Years War. -
I11 the Origin and Development
I11 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEWSPAPER HE printing press, the railway, the telegraph, and the Twireless have “put a girdle around the earth in forty minutes,” as Puck boasted he could do in Shakespeare’s day. But even before the discovery of printing, even in the Middle Ages, news sometimes traveled with remarkable rapidity. When Charles the Good of Flanders was murdered in 1127 at Bruges, the fact was known in London on the second day after the deed, being carried thither by merchants who fled the country at once. The same information reached Laon in Champagne by the evening of the second day, in this case through Flemish students resorting to the French schools. The mediaeval French poet, Chriten de Troyes, writing about 1150, tells us of a sudden quarrel between two knights which resulted in a challenge, and that word of the forth- coming conflict between them was so rapidly spread that the field was crowded with onlookers from miles around. The vagrom monk, the wandering friar, but above all, the pilgrim was a great dispenser of news in the Middle Ages. “The pilgrim was a recognized transmitter of news and letters were written in expectation of one of these stray travellers. The guest-house or hospitium, attached to a monastery was one of the chief channels by which intelligence of passing events was disseminated through the more se- questered parts of the country. Jerome in his epitaph on Fabiola observes : ‘In one summer Britain has learned what 14 1 142 Social History the Egyptian and Parthian have known in the spring.’ Theo- doret speaks to a similar purport. -
Dr. Jon Cowans Office: Conklin 305; 973 353-3893 Class Meets: Mon & Wed
Dr. Jon Cowans Office: Conklin 305; 973 353-3893 Class meets: Mon & Wed. 6-9:30, Conklin 342 email: [email protected] Office Hours: Mon & Wed. 5:30-6:00pm WESTERN CIVILIZATION II 21:510:202 Sec. H6, index #02744 Summer 2017 This course examines Western Civilization since 1700. The main requirements are to attend class regularly, to do every reading by the day we discuss it, and to participate in class discussions. Summer courses are intensive: we do in five weeks what would take fourteen weeks in fall or spring. You will need to allot several hours for homework each week. READINGS Course reader, available only at Porta Print, Affordable Copies, 33 Halsey St., 973 622-1828 Note: The reader is not available at the campus bookstore or at New Jersey Books. GRADING Students are bound by the university’s academic integrity policy, which appears here: http://www.ncas.rutgers.edu/office-dean-student-affairs/academic-integrity-policy. TESTS: There will be a midterm on Wed. July 27 and a COMPREHENSIVE final exam on Wed Aug. 17, 6-9pm. The format for these tests will be a series of short essays (1/2 to 1 page). You should read the exam instructions in the reader very carefully before each exam. LECTURE QUESTIONS: At the end of each lecture, you must hand in one or two brief questions or comments on the material covered in the lecture. Grades are based on the number of sessions when you attend class and hand in a card; each unexcused absence will lower the attendance grade by five points. -
Unifications Balance of Germany Italy
LEGACY OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE . UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO UNIFY EUROPE UNDER FRENCH DOMINATION . AWAKENED FEELINGS OF NATIONALISM AND NATIONAL PRIDE . NAPOLEONIC CODE (SINGLE LAW CODE FOR ALL OF FRANCE/EUROPE) CONGRESS OF REVOLUTIONS . ANGER OVER THE NEW VIENNA CONGRESS OF VIENNA (MEETING TO . ESPECIALLY IN: o ITALY CLEAN UP AFTER o GERMANY NAPOLEON) . UNSUCCESSFUL 1848 UNIFICATIONS BALANCE OF GERMANY ITALY . OTTO von BISMARCK led . COUNT CAVOUR UNIFIES PRUSSIA in UNIFICATION THE NORTH . REALPOLITIK . GARIBALDI UNIFIES THE o JUSTIFIES ALL MEANS TO SOUTH HOLD POWER . PAPAL STATES ARE THE . CULMINATES IN THE LAST TO JOIN POWER FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR RETURN OF NEW MAP MEANWHILE IN GREAT BRITAIN… VS Conservative Liberal TO LEADS NATIONALISM EXPANDED POLITICAL RIGHTS ENDED SLAVERY INTRODUCTION TO NAPOLEON th Using pp. 204-212, find out more about the 19 century’s most influential leader. November 9, 1799 Describe how Napoleon got involved in the Military (p.204). __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Why would Napoleon have_______________ earned an award in October of 1795? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ -
The Voice of Conservatism: Metternich of Austria
Eli Hersberger Western Civilization November 17, 2004 The Voice of Conservatism: Metternich of Austria In a time when Ludwig van Beethoven composed his Ninth Symphony, when William Wadsworth wrote beautiful poems about nature, and when Delacroix painted canvases with vivid color, a prince by the name of Klemens von Metternich was establishing a political doctrine known as “conservatism.” One must understand that the beginnings of conservatism are not very similar to “conservatism” as we know it today. This conservatism advocated a strong-handed government upon human rights, hindering equality, and controlling the economy. Begun by Edmund Burke in the 1790’s, Metternich was able to put conservatism into action. He was the foreign minister of the Austrian Empire and headed the Congress of Vienna when it met from September 1814, to June 1815. After Napoleon Bonaparte’s defeat, those he attacked desired to reestablish order in Europe. Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met in Vienna, Austria to try and prevent any further revolutions from occurring (Kissinger). Revolutions were awful for their people, and social and political order needed to be reestablished. Metternich was a strong- willed and persuasive leader and convinced the attending leaders that returning to the “Old Regimes” of monarchy and strong central government would be the best route. This stance made him a reactionary, “one who wishes to return to previous conditions” (Diem). One returned, he advocated a form of conservatism he hoped would thwart any revolution in Europe. However, his efforts were no match for the enlightenment and the ideologies of liberalism and nationalism. We see in his memoirs that Metternich was in favor of a form of empire.