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French Antisemitism in the Press from 1894 to 1945
Bastions or Brutes: French Antisemitism in the Press from 1894 to 1945 Nathan J. Johnson Texas Tech University 1 Abstract: Modern Era Europe, a time strife with power struggle, nationalistic growth, and scarred people and landscapes. France, a country unsheltered from the era’s terrors, faced a great struggle not unique to the rest of Europe; a country, a political mechanism, and populations of people supporting and accelerating Antisemitic beliefs. The once brave bastions of freedom once again fell into tyranny - a self-tyranny in a sense - where racism and antisemitism ruled their agendas. Beginning with Alfred Dreyfus and his exile and still propagating to this day, the Free French have become less about freedom and more about oppression and purification. At the root of this evil stood several major French publications, pushing a political mechanism. How were these publications controlled, were they under ideological control of the government? Are the journalists of these publications under guise of the propaganda machine or are they free thinking individuals who whole heartedly see the Jewish population to blame for major French downfalls? Are the “freedom fighters”, who are writing in protection of the Jewish population, doing so by way of clear conscious or career incentivization? What personal risks do these journalists take from the burden of speaking their truths? Also, as the period progresses and the 20th century truly takes hold, are the antisemitic beliefs held by the French remnants of the Dreyfus Affair, or are they influenced by current ideas held in Nazi Germany? 2 Introduction: Modern French history is ripe with triumph and exhilaration, but also stress, disruptions, and mistakes. -
The Importance of the Catholic School Ethos Or Four Men in a Bateau
THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS OR FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Ruth Joy August 2018 A dissertation written by Ruth Joy B.S., Kent State University, 1969 M.S., Kent State University, 2001 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by _________________________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Natasha Levinson _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Averil McClelland _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Catherine E. Hackney Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Foundations, Leadership and Kimberly S. Schimmel Administration ........................ _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human Services James C. Hannon ii JOY, RUTH, Ph.D., August 2018 Cultural Foundations ........................ of Education THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS. OR, FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU (213 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Natasha Levinson, Ph. D. Dozens of academic studies over the course of the past four or five decades have shown empirically that Catholic schools, according to a wide array of standards and measures, are the best schools at producing good American citizens. This dissertation proposes that this is so is partly because the schools are infused with the Catholic ethos (also called the Catholic Imagination or the Analogical Imagination) and its approach to the world in general. A large part of this ethos is based upon Catholic Anthropology, the Church’s teaching about the nature of the human person and his or her relationship to other people, to Society, to the State, and to God. -
The French Wars of Religion
New Dorp High School Social Studies Department AP World History Mr. Hubbs The French Wars of Religion The French Protestants were called Huguenots and they represented only a small part of the population. Before the 1560s it was illegal for Huguenots to worship publicly. In 1562, Catherine, the Queen of France took a major step in religious toleration by allowing Huguenots to hold public worship outside the boundaries of towns. They were also allowed to hold church assemblies. Catherine was a Catholic and wanted France to remain Catholic; she also did not want a Protestant France. This began the French Wars of Religion which lasted for almost forty years and destroyed thousands of lives. Catholics began to target and kill many Huguenots. Fearing a Huguenot uprising, Catherine convinced Charles IX that the Huguenots were plotting his overthrow. On August 24, 1572, the day before St. Bartholomew's Day, royal forces hunted down and executed over three thousand Huguenots in Paris. Within three days, royal armies had hunted down and executed over twenty thousand Huguenots. The St. Bartholomew Massacre was a turning point in the history of the Christian Church. In 1576, Henry III ascended to the throne. And some Catholics formed a violent and fanatical group which was aided by Philip II of Spain who wanted to overthrow the Protestant churches of other countries. Henry III was stabbed to death and Henry IV became king. Henry IV stated that the only way France would find peace is if it were ruled by a tolerant Catholic king. On April 13, 1598, Henry IV ended the religious wars in France by proclaiming the Edict of Nantes. -
The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution
La Belle et la Bête: The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution La Belle et la Bête: The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution Savanna R. Teague Abstract While the mass consumption of luxury items is oftentimes described as a factor leading the Third Estate to take action against the First and Second Estates in the buildup to the French Revolution, that spending is presented as little more than salt in the open wounds of a starving and ever-growing population that had been growing evermore destitute since the beginnings of the early modern era. However, the causes and contexts of the conspicuous consumption as practiced by the aristocracy reveal how they directly correlate to the social tensions that persisted throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries until they erupted in the 1790s. The isolation and the dictation of taste and style that Louis XIV commanded through Versailles and State-run luxury workshops became commonplace within a generation after the Fronde in which the nobles had engaged during the previous century. Versailles allowed the new generation of the aristocracy to be placated with petty privileges that developed out of the rigorous court etiquette, and their conspicuous consumption only increased as the need to compete with others at Court and those newly ennobled continued. This study examines a materialistic culture alongside its material culture, focusing on explaining the expenditures of the aristocracy without becoming enamored by the spectacle of wealth itself. The goods and services that the French aristocracy indulged in purchasing were not simply marks of luxury; they represented social ideals about order and privilege. -
Violence in Reformation France Christopher M
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Maria Dittman Library Research Competition: Library (Raynor Memorial Libraries) Student Award Winners 4-1-2010 Quel Horreur!: Violence in Reformation France Christopher M. McFadin Marquette University, [email protected] Undergraduate recipient (Junior/Senior category) of the Library's Maria Dittman Award, Spring 2010. Paper written for History 4995 (Independent Study) with Dr. Julius Ruff. © Christopher M. McFadin 1 Quel horreur! : Violence in Reformation France By Chris McFadin History 4995: Independent Study on Violence in the French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 Dr. Julius Ruff November 9, 2009 2 Oh happy victory! It is to you alone Lord, not to us, the distinguished trophy of honor. In one stroke you tore up the trunk, and the root, and the strewn earth of the heretical vermin. Vermin, who were caught in snares that they had dared to set for your faithful subjects. Oh favorable night! Hour most desirable in which we placed our hope. 1 Michel de Roigny, On the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 The level of sectarian violence that erupted in Reformation France was extraordinary. Otherwise ordinary Catholics tortured their Huguenot neighbors to death and then afterwards mutilated their corpses, sometimes feeding the disfigured remains to farm animals. Catholic children elicited applause from their coreligionists as they killed adult Huguenots by tearing them to pieces. Huguenots assaulted Catholic priests during the Mass, pillaged Catholic churches, and desecrated the Host. Indeed, as the sectarian duel increased in frequency and intensity, a man could be killed for calling someone a Huguenot; both sides used religion to rationalize the assassinations of dukes and kings. -
Refugee Timeline for Workshop
French Wars of Religion Between Roman Catholics Started with and Huguenots Ended with the the Massacre Persecution of (Reformed French Edict of Nantes Huguenots of Vassy Allowed starts 1562 Hugeneouts the 1620 right to work in any job. 1598 Civil War in Spanish War in the Dutch speaking areas of Belgium, Luxemburg and parts of Holland. Dutch speaking Spanish Netherlands Protestants are becomes independent executed and Netherlands lands are 1608 confiscated 1560 Refugees from the Spanish Netherlands became known as CONFLICTS: WORLD EVENTS Map showing the Spanish Nether- 1550 1575 1600 1625 Tudor Period ES: NORFOLK CONSEQUENC- French Persecution of Huguenots (Reformed French Protestants) The Dragonnades King Louis XIV of France encouraged soldiers to abuse French Protestants and destroy or steal their possessions. He wanted Huguenot families to leave France or convert to Catholicism. Edict of Fontainebleau Louis IX of France reversed the Edict of Nantes which stopped religious freedom for Protestants. 1685 King Louis XIV France French Flag before the French Revolution 1650 1675 170 1725 1750 1775 Stuart Period Russian persecution Ends with the Edict of of Jews Versailles which The Italian Wars of allowed non-Catholics to practice their Started with the May Laws. religion and marry Independence 1882 without becoming Jews forced to Catholic Individual states become live in certain 1787 independent from Austria and unite areas and not allowed in specific schools French Revolution or to do specific jobs. Public rebelled against the king and religious leaders. Resulted in getting rid of the King 1789-99 French Flag after the French Revolution Individual states which form 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 Georgian Period Victorian Period Russian persecution Second World War Congolese Wars Syrian Civil Global war involved the vast Repeal of the May Conflict involving nine African War majority of the world's nations. -
Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion Thomas E
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 5-12-2017 Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion Thomas E. Shumaker University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Shumaker, Thomas E.. "Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/176 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thomas Shumaker Candidate Graduate Unit (Department): History Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Charlie R. Steen, Chairperson Dr. Patricia Risso________________ Dr. Linda Biesele Hall____________ Dr. Marina Peters-Newell_________ i Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion BY Thomas Shumaker B.A. magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998 M.Div., Concordia Theological Seminary, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2017 ii Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion By Thomas Shumaker B.A. magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998 M.Div. -
Huguenot Identity and Protestant Unity in Colonial Massachusetts: the Reverend André Le Mercier and the “Sociable Spirit”
122 Historical Journal of Massachusetts • Summer 2012 Huguenots Fleeing France, 1696 At least 200,000 Huguenots are believed to have fled France in the years surrounding 1685, ending up in places as far afield as North America, the Dutch Republic, England, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, and South Africa. 123 Huguenot Identity and Protestant Unity in Colonial Massachusetts: The Reverend André Le Mercier and the “Sociable Spirit” PAULA WHEELER CARLO Abstract: Numerous researchers have noted that many Huguenots conformed to Anglicanism several decades after their arrival in North America. The situation differed in colonial Massachusetts, where Huguenots typically forged connections with Congregationalists or Presbyterians. This article explores the activities and writings of André Le Mercier (1692- 1764), the last pastor of the Boston French Church, which closed in 1748. Le Mercier was an ardent supporter of Protestant unity, yet he also strove to preserve a strong sense of Huguenot identity. Nevertheless, support for Protestant unity facilitated Huguenot integration into the English-speaking majority, which fostered the demise of French Reformed churches in New England and thereby weakened Huguenot identity. Paula Wheeler Carlo is a professor of history at Nassau Community College and the author of Huguenot Refugees in Colonial New York: Becoming American in the Hudson Valley (Sussex Academic Press, 2005). * * * * * Historical Journal of Massachusetts, Vol. 40 (1/2), Summer 2012 © Institute for Massachusetts Studies, Westfield State University 124 Historical Journal of Massachusetts • Summer 2012 The Huguenots were French Protestants who followed the teachings of the religious reformer John Calvin (1509-1564).1 They faced persecution and even death during the French Religious Wars in the second half of the sixteenth century.2 The conclusion of these wars produced the Edict of Nantes (1598), which allowed Protestants to freely practice their religion in specified areas of France. -
Sacred Covenant and Huguenot Ideology of Resistance: the Biblical Image of the Contractual Monarchy in Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos
religions Article Sacred Covenant and Huguenot Ideology of Resistance: The Biblical Image of the Contractual Monarchy in Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos Andrei Constantin Sălăvăstru Social Sciences and Humanities Research Department, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; [email protected] Received: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 3 November 2020; Published: 6 November 2020 Abstract: The Bible had been a fundamental source of legitimacy for the French monarchy, with biblical imagery wielded as a powerful propaganda weapon in the ideological warfare which the kings of France often had to wage. All Christian monarchies tried to build around themselves a sacral aura, but the French kings had soon set themselves apart: they were the “most Christian”, anointed with holy oil brought from heaven, endowed with the power of healing, and the eldest sons of the Church. Biblical text was called upon to support this image of the monarchy, as the kings of France were depicted as following in the footsteps of the virtuous kings of the Old Testament and possessing the necessary biblical virtues. However, the Bible could prove a double-edged sword which could be turned against the monarchy, as the ideological battles unleashed by the Reformation were to prove. In search for a justification for their resistance against the French Crown, in particular after 1572, the Huguenots polemicists looked to the Bible in order to find examples of limited monarchies and overthrown tyrants. In putting forward the template of a proto-constitutional monarchy, one of the notions advanced by the Huguenots was the Biblical covenant between God, kings and the people, which imposed limits and obligations on the kings. -
AP European History Ktcs
AP European History KTCs Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown 1300-1453 Key Terms and Concepts Avignon Papacy Joan of Arc Battle of Crecy John Ball Battle of Sluys John Huss Black Death John Wycliffe Boyars lay investiture Burgundy Lollards Clericus Laicos Marsilius of Padua Conciliar Theory papal bull Council of Constance Papal States Dante Alighieri Peace of Bretigny Decameron Pope Boniface VIII Donatism Roger Bacon Edward III-England scholasticism Estates General-medieval Taille Four Articles of Prague The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer The Divine Comedy Giovanni Boccaccio Unan Sanctum Great Schism vernacular Hanseatic League Wat Tyler Henry V-England William of Ockham Hundred Years War Jacquerie Chapter 10: Renaissance & Discovery Key Terms and Concepts Albrecht Dürer Jan van Eyck Aragon & Castile Johan Huizinga Botticelli Johannes Gutenberg Brittany League of Venice Brunelleschi Leonardo da Vinci Burgundy liberal arts Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros Lorenzo de Medici Cesare Borgia Mannerism Charles VIII-France Manuel Chrysoloras Christian Humanism Michel de Montaigne civic humanism Michelangelo condottieri Miguel de Cervantes Cosimo de' Medici Neo-Platonism Court of Star Chamber Niccolo Machiavelli Desiderius Erasmus Northern Humanism Don Quixote Northern Renaissance Donatello oligarchy Essays Oration on the Dignity of Man Ferdinand of Aragon Petrarch François Rabelais Pico della Mirandola gabelle Platonism Gargantua Raphael Giotto Renaissance Girolamo Savonarola secularism Henry VII-England The -
*First Quarter
Modern European History AP This year long course is divided into four quarters consisting of a total of eighteen chapters broken down further into sections ranging from three five per chapter. Each chapter unit is then tested over using twenty to twenty-five question multiple-choice tests, a group of five identifications and a choice of one of three thematic essay questions. Each chapter will be introduced with a summary and listing of “People Places and Events” relevant to that specific chapter they are to be defined and turned in the day of each chapter test. In addition a minimum of one DBQ will be assigned per quarter. Art History lectures, slides and video presentations will be held on Wednesday class periods throughout the year. Each art history presentation will be followed with a short answer, fill in the blank format quiz. Primary Text: Mortimer Chambers, Barbara Hanawalt, Theodore K. Rabb, Isser Wooloch and Raymond Grew, The Western Experience. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing 8th edition copyright 2003 Supplemental Text Resources: Felix Gilbert, David Clay Large, The End Of The European Era, 1890 To The Present, New York: W.W. Norton and Company Publishing 4th edition copyright 1991 John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe From the French Revolution to the Present, Volume 2, New York W.W. Norton Publishing 2nd edition copyright 2004 John P. McKay, Bennett D. Hill, John Buckler, A History of Western Society, Houghton Mifflin Publishing 8th edition Primary sources: Various paintings and maps from the Mortimer Chambers text will be used and are listed along with the FRQ question portion. -
Cardinal Richelieu. Greek Lysander, Knight of Mauprat, Who Was a Boy That Where the He and I Got out of the Boat and DUELING in EUROPE
DECORATION DAY. gish tongue warily styled the rever- She will not be the first to sting THE TERRIBLE KIIOPJTE snake's attention from the sword to himself. eould feel the slight vl-b- ra Bleep, tonmlfs eleep urd' rest. end Capuchin father, Joseph da that apathetic blood. But have I not I On this Bed of the rouadedaxmi. Tremblay. This alter ego of the from all such fair shoots plucked the .ion again and I knew that the Where foe no more iao( snake was preparing to strike. Nor mo try t ahot alarars! cardinal was an enigma, perhaps insidious ivy of his love?" he added even to him whose friendship he confidently. "Yet shall it creep DEADLY THAN THE COB.iA. And then like a flash of lightning Ye have aiept on the Tocnd before, went blade past my eyes a hissed And M.irted lo jour ever cherished as that of a kind of around my blossoming tree, where the At tli caon I?t Allah" driven through clenched n' iiiddm row divinity. There is no doubt Du innocent thoughts make music that or Brown Death ; Or the tlrum'g that Vndrr the Kpll the redoubliai best e teeth, my half stupeSed Tremblay was sincerely religious at spirits in heaven might hear? No, Martini Kiprriem-- l a ientlemao j penetrated senses. But in thM camp of Death the outset of his career, but never brother, must have oo mis- la Karoiull Savnl by the I'irm Hand j Io sound four slumber breaks: had his superior found a more faith- tress but the state." of a Native fcervaut.