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02 Carter FISH BULL 100(4) 662 Abstract—Commercial harvest of red Effects of experimental harvest on sea urchins began in Washington state in 1971. Harvests peaked in the late red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) 1980s and have since declined substan­ tially in Washington and other areas of in northern Washington the U.S. west coast. We studied effects of experimental harvest on red sea Sarah K. Carter urchins in San Juan Channel (SJC), a marine reserve in northern Washing- Glenn R. VanBlaricom ton. We recorded changes in density Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and size distribution of sea urchin School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences populations resulting from three levels Box 355020 of experimental harvest: 1) annual University of Washington size-selective harvest (simulating cur- Seattle, Washington 98195-5020 rent commercial urchin harvest regula­ Present address (for S. K. Carter): Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources tions), 2) monthly complete (non–size­ Bureau of Endangered Resources selective) harvest, and 3) no harvest 101 South Webster St. (control) sites. We also examined re- Madison, Wisconsin 53707-7921 colonization rates of harvested sites. E-mail address (for S. K. Carter): [email protected] The red sea urchin population in SJC is composed of an accumulation of large, old individuals. Juvenile urchins rep­ resent less than 1% of the population. Lower and upper size limits for com­ mercial harvest protect 5% and 45% of Red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus tribes. As a result, rotational harvest the population, respectively. Complete franciscanus) are the most commonly was discontinued and replaced by an- harvest reduced sea urchin densities harvested species of sea urchin on the nual harvest to ensure that all tribes by 95%. Annual size-selective harvest west coast of North America. Sea urchin had equal access to their usual and ac­ significantly decreased sea urchin harvest in this region occurs primarily customed fishing areas each year. densities by 67% in the first year and by 47% in the second year. Two years in California, Washington, and British Sea urchin harvests declined sub- of size-selective harvest significantly Columbia. The commercial sea urchin stantially in the early 1990s along altered the size distribution of urchins, fishery in Washington began in 1971, parts of the west coast (Fig. 1). Quotas decreasing the density of legal-size and landings were low through the and season lengths were reduced in urchins. Recolonization of harvested early 1980s (Fig. 1). Landings increased Washington because of overharvest- sites varied seasonally and occurred dramatically in the late 1980s, peaking ing concerns (Bradbury2). Quotas were primarily through immigration of at over 4000 metric tons (t) in 1988. not reduced in California, and catches adults. Selective harvest sites were Landings have since declined. Approxi- declined substantially (Kalvass and recolonized to 51% and 38% of original mately 387 t of sea urchins were har- Hendrix, 1997). Sea urchin densities densities, respectively, six months after vested in 2000, valued at $699,052 in some harvested areas in northern the first and second annual harvests. 1 Yields declined substantially in the (Ulrich ). Red sea urchins currently con- California are less than one quarter of second year of size-selective harvest stitute approximately 60% of landings— those in nearby reserve areas (Kalvass because of the fishing down of the the remainder being green sea urchins and Hendrix, 1997). In Washington, population and because of low recoloni­ (S. droebachiensis, Ulrich1). densities and the proportion of legal- zation rates of harvested sites. We The Washington sea urchin fishery size sea urchins in the population recommend that managers consider currently is managed by using harvest have declined (Pfister and Bradbury, the potential efficacy of marine harvest quotas, size limits, license restrictions, 1996). Harvesters may be maintaining refuges and reevaluate the existing limited entry, and mandatory log books catch per unit of effort at high levels upper and lower size limits for com­ (Lai and Bradbury, 1998). Season length by exploiting new populations, thereby mercial harvest to improve long-term is not limited, but harvest occurs pri- masking stock declines (Pfister and management of the sea urchin fishery in Washington. marily during the winter when roe qual- Bradbury, 1996). ity is highest (Bradbury2). A rotational Experimental harvests may indicate harvest strategy was practiced from potential effects of commercial harvest 1977 until 1995, in which each harvest district (Fig. 2) was harvested once every third year. In 1995 a U.S. federal court 1 Ulrich, M. 2001. Personal commun. Wash- ruling on shellfishery management in ington State Department of Fish and Washington’s coastal marine waters Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia, (Shellfish Subproceedings of United WA 98501. 2 States vs. State of Washington, 873 F. Bradbury, A. 2000. Personal commun. Washington State Department of Fish and suppl. 1422, 1994, known commonly as Wildlife, Point Whitney Shellfish Labora­ Manuscript accepted 28 March 2002. the “Rafeedie Decision”) allotted one tory, 1000 Point Whitney Road, Brinnon, Fish. Bull. 100:662–673 (2002). half of all harvestable shellfish to native WA 98320. Carter and VanBlaricom: Effects of experimental harverst on Strongylocentrotus franciscanus in northern Washington 663 Table 1 Depth and area of study sites in San Juan Channel, Washington. Site numbers are those shown in Figure 2. Initial sea urchin densities are from sampling in permanently marked circular sampling areas in early March 1997. Initial sea urchin Site Abbreviation Treatment Depth (m) Area (m2) density (no./m2) 1. Mid San Juan Island Mid SJI complete harvest 6.6 428 1.15 2. South McConnell Island South McConnell complete harvest 10.4 405 1.13 3. O’Neal Island O’Neal complete harvest 5.8 430 1.36 4. Point Caution, San Juan Island Point Caution selective harvest 7.5 422 1.95 5. Upper San Juan Island Upper SJI selective harvest 9.1 421 1.27 6. North McConnell Island North McConnell selective harvest 9.1 415 0.37 7. Yellow Island Yellow control 6.9 404 2.05 8. Point George, Shaw Island Point George control 7.5 406 1.96 9. Shady Cove, San Juan Island Shady Cove control 10.2 447 0.94 on sea urchin populations in Washington. We examined changes in density and size distribution of red sea urchin Washington populations resulting from two levels of experimental har­ 25,000 Northeast Pacific vest. Our study site was San Juan Channel (SJC), one of two Eastern Central Pacific areas in Washington where commercial sea urchin harvest 20,000 has been prohibited since the 1970s (Fig. 2). We compared density and size distribution data for sea urchins from exper­ 15,000 imentally harvested sites in SJC with similar data collected Metric tons 10,000 from 1) nearby control sites, and 2) 19 sites in the Strait of Juan de Fuca (SJDF), an area commercially harvested 5,000 since the early 1970s. We also examined recolonization of harvested sites through recruitment and immigration. We 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 discuss implications of our results for management of sea Year urchin harvest effort and the potential use of marine harvest refuges in enhancing Washington’s sea urchin fishery. Figure 1 Annual harvest of red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus spp.) in Washington state and in the larger Northeast Methods Pacific and eastern Central Pacific areas of the west coast of the United States. Northeast Pacific includes the We established nine study sites in SJC from November area north of 40°30′N (approximately Oregon-California 1996 to March 1997 (Fig. 2). Sites were 6–10 m in depth border). Eastern Central Pacific includes the area south of 40°30′N. (Sources: Hoines, 1994, 1998; FAO, 1980, 1981, and approximately 10 m × 40 m, with the long axis of each 1992, 2001; Bradbury.2) site running parallel to the shoreline along the depth contour (Table 1). Eight permanently marked circular sampling areas (each 7.07 m2) were located along the midline of each site along the depth contour. Site selec­ mercial harvest. Rather, the complete harvest treatment tion was based on high red sea urchin density (≥1.5/m2 in represented one extreme (the control treatment being the preliminary surveys), substrate (primarily large cobble or second) against which effects of selective harvest may be bedrock) and safety considerations. compared. Sea urchin densities were not manipulated in We applied one of three harvest treatments to each site. the “control” treatment. Because of logistical constraints, “Selective harvest” consisted of annual removal of all legal- control sites were located in smaller preserve areas within size sea urchins (102–140 mm test diameter) each winter SJC where harvest of all invertebrates and fish is prohib­ (March of 1997 and 1998). Selective harvest simulated the ited. Harvest treatments were randomly assigned to the annual commercial harvest of a bed of sea urchins in the remaining six sites. All sea urchins harvested were mea­ San Juan Islands (Pfister and Bradbury, 1996). “Complete sured at the surface and released at other locations in SJC harvest” consisted of removal of all sea urchins present in well away from the study sites. March 1997, and at monthly intervals thereafter through In SJC, we sampled at large (sites) and small (circular September 1998. The complete harvest treatment did not areas within sites) spatial scales. Small-scale sampling represent any current management strategy for com- was more frequent, allowing detection of potential short- 664 Fishery Bulletin 100(4) 123 12' W O rcas 48 38' N Island 3 6 7 1 N 2 Vancouver Island 5 San Shaw 1 4 Island 8 0 30 km Friday Harbor Laboratories 9 Juan San Juan C C 5 Islands ashington Neah Bay h 2 W San Juan 4 Island a n n n e Strait of Juan de Fuca l 3 Haro Strait Lo pez Island Washington 122 45' W 47 53' N Kydaka Strait of Juan de Fuca Point Sekiu Pillar Point 124 20' W 48 10' N Low Point Tongue Point Angeles Washington Point Port Angeles Figure 2 (Upper left) The commercial harvesting districts for sea urchins in Washington (after Lai and Bradbury, 1998).
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