Lab 7: Afocal Systems Reflective Telescopes
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Galileo and the Telescope
Galileo and the Telescope A Discussion of Galileo Galilei and the Beginning of Modern Observational Astronomy ___________________________ Billy Teets, Ph.D. Acting Director and Outreach Astronomer, Vanderbilt University Dyer Observatory Tuesday, October 20, 2020 Image Credit: Giuseppe Bertini General Outline • Telescopes/Galileo’s Telescopes • Observations of the Moon • Observations of Jupiter • Observations of Other Planets • The Milky Way • Sunspots Brief History of the Telescope – Hans Lippershey • Dutch Spectacle Maker • Invention credited to Hans Lippershey (c. 1608 - refracting telescope) • Late 1608 – Dutch gov’t: “ a device by means of which all things at a very great distance can be seen as if they were nearby” • Is said he observed two children playing with lenses • Patent not awarded Image Source: Wikipedia Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own – 3x magnification. • Similar to what was peddled in Europe. • Learned magnification depended on the ratio of lens focal lengths. • Had to learn to grind his own lenses. Image Source: Britannica.com Image Source: Wikipedia Refracting Telescopes Bend Light Refracting Telescopes Chromatic Aberration Chromatic aberration limits ability to distinguish details Dealing with Chromatic Aberration - Stop Down Aperture Galileo used cardboard rings to limit aperture – Results were dimmer views but less chromatic aberration Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own (3x, 8-9x, 20x, etc.) • Noted by many for its military advantages August 1609 Galileo and the Telescope • First observed the -
The Telescope Lenses, Which Turned the Image Upside Down but Improved the Clarity Dramatically
The image produced by the first refracting telescope was Name right side up. However, the clarity of the image was less than ideal. Johannes Kepler worked to improve the image produced by the refracting telescope. He used two convex The Telescope lenses, which turned the image upside down but improved the clarity dramatically. His design soon became popular By Phyllis Naegeli and remains in use today. Do you like to lie on your back and gaze One problem associated with the refracting telescope was at the stars? What constellations can you the rainbow halo it produced around the object in view. Sir name? Have you ever used a telescope to Isaac Newton did not care for the halo produced by the get a closer look at the universe? Do you refracting telescope. He set out to improve the design, know how a telescope works? which led him to work on the reflecting telescope. The design used a curved mirror to collect light from an object. A telescope is used to see distant objects A secondary flat mirror reflected the image to the side of up close. There are two basic types of the tube where it is viewed through an eyepiece. Newton telescopes - the refracting telescope and also used a shorter, fatter tube allowing magnification to be the reflecting telescope. Each will help increased by using larger mirrors. Newton's design you to see the planets, moon, or stars. Both eliminated the rainbow halo produced by the convex lenses use a tube and have an eyepiece to focus the image for you of the refracting telescope. -
The Reflecting Telescope
The Reflecting Telescope Lens telescopes exist since 1609 when the Dutch maker of The optical properties data of the AstroMedia* reflecting tel- spectacles, Jan Lippershey, sold the first telescopes, then as escope roughly correspond to those of the first instrument a curiosity, to his astonished customers. It was made out of a built by Newton. The mirror has a focal length f=450mm (”f” concave and a convex lens, produced an upright standing from the Latin ”focus” is the abbreviation of focal length). It’s image and had a 3 1/2 times magnification. Galileo Galilei curve is spherical, i.e. is has the same round surface as a (1564-1642) improved on this invention and was the first to globe. make astronomical observations with it. Today almost A spherical concave mirror has one disadvantage: the all lens telescopes are built according to the prin- light rays reflected from the edge meet a little nearer ciples of Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). His tel- to the mirror than those reflected from the centre, escope, based on two convex lenses, produced causing a slight focus distortion. However, since an upside down but much bigger and better this distortion is is not grave and such mirrors focused image which of course for observing are relatively easy to grind, they are neverthe- the heavens are the most important factors. less used in smaller telescopes. In telescopes Building larger telescopes however with larger openings and stronger mag- brings two problems with it: Firstly, nification mirrors with parabolic curves in a lens the light rays are broken, are used. -
Telescopes and Binoculars
Continuing Education Course Approved by the American Board of Opticianry Telescopes and Binoculars National Academy of Opticianry 8401 Corporate Drive #605 Landover, MD 20785 800-229-4828 phone 301-577-3880 fax www.nao.org Copyright© 2015 by the National Academy of Opticianry. All rights reserved. No part of this text may be reproduced without permission in writing from the publisher. 2 National Academy of Opticianry PREFACE: This continuing education course was prepared under the auspices of the National Academy of Opticianry and is designed to be convenient, cost effective and practical for the Optician. The skills and knowledge required to practice the profession of Opticianry will continue to change in the future as advances in technology are applied to the eye care specialty. Higher rates of obsolescence will result in an increased tempo of change as well as knowledge to meet these changes. The National Academy of Opticianry recognizes the need to provide a Continuing Education Program for all Opticians. This course has been developed as a part of the overall program to enable Opticians to develop and improve their technical knowledge and skills in their chosen profession. The National Academy of Opticianry INSTRUCTIONS: Read and study the material. After you feel that you understand the material thoroughly take the test following the instructions given at the beginning of the test. Upon completion of the test, mail the answer sheet to the National Academy of Opticianry, 8401 Corporate Drive, Suite 605, Landover, Maryland 20785 or fax it to 301-577-3880. Be sure you complete the evaluation form on the answer sheet. -
Find Your Telescope. Your Find Find Yourself
FIND YOUR TELESCOPE. FIND YOURSELF. FIND ® 2008 PRODUCT CATALOG WWW.MEADE.COM TABLE OF CONTENTS TELESCOPE SECTIONS ETX ® Series 2 LightBridge ™ (Truss-Tube Dobsonians) 20 LXD75 ™ Series 30 LX90-ACF ™ Series 50 LX200-ACF ™ Series 62 LX400-ACF ™ Series 78 Max Mount™ 88 Series 5000 ™ ED APO Refractors 100 A and DS-2000 Series 108 EXHIBITS 1 - AutoStar® 13 2 - AutoAlign ™ with SmartFinder™ 15 3 - Optical Systems 45 FIND YOUR TELESCOPE. 4 - Aperture 57 5 - UHTC™ 68 FIND YOURSEL F. 6 - Slew Speed 69 7 - AutoStar® II 86 8 - Oversized Primary Mirrors 87 9 - Advanced Pointing and Tracking 92 10 - Electronic Focus and Collimation 93 ACCESSORIES Imagers (LPI,™ DSI, DSI II) 116 Series 5000 ™ Eyepieces 130 Series 4000 ™ Eyepieces 132 Series 4000 ™ Filters 134 Accessory Kits 136 Imaging Accessories 138 Miscellaneous Accessories 140 Meade Optical Advantage 128 Meade 4M Community 124 Astrophotography Index/Information 145 ©2007 MEADE INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION .01 RECRUIT .02 ENTHUSIAST .03 HOT ShOT .04 FANatIC Starting out right Going big on a budget Budding astrophotographer Going deeper .05 MASTER .06 GURU .07 SPECIALIST .08 ECONOMIST Expert astronomer Dedicated astronomer Wide field views & images On a budget F IND Y OURSEL F F IND YOUR TELESCOPE ® ™ ™ .01 ETX .02 LIGHTBRIDGE™ .03 LXD75 .04 LX90-ACF PG. 2-19 PG. 20-29 PG.30-43 PG. 50-61 ™ ™ ™ .05 LX200-ACF .06 LX400-ACF .07 SERIES 5000™ ED APO .08 A/DS-2000 SERIES PG. 78-99 PG. 100-105 PG. 108-115 PG. 62-76 F IND Y OURSEL F Astronomy is for everyone. That’s not to say everyone will become a serious comet hunter or astrophotographer. -
Solar System Solar System
Delta Science Reader SolarSolar SystemSystem Delta Science Readers are nonfiction student books that provide science background and support the experiences of hands-on activities. Every Delta Science Reader has three main sections: Think About . , People in Science, and Did You Know? Be sure to preview the reader Overview Chart on page 4, the reader itself, and the teaching suggestions on the following pages. This information will help you determine how to plan your schedule for reader selections and activity sessions. Reading for information is a key literacy skill. Use the following ideas as appropriate for your teaching style and the needs of your students. The After Reading section includes an assessment and writing links. OVERVIEW Students will: discover facts about the Solar System In the Delta Science Reader Solar System, students take a tour of the Sun and the explore the planets and other objects in the planets. Other space objects such as dwarf Solar System planets, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids discuss the function of a table of contents, are explored. Students read about the headings, and a glossary rotation and revolution of the planets and interpret photographs and graphics to the causes of night and day, seasonal answer questions changes, and the phases of the Moon. The book describes the work of a planetary complete a KWL chart geologist. In addition, students discover organize information in a variety of ways how telescopes work. delta science modules Solar System 119 © Delta Education LLC. All rights reserved. -
First Telescope Purchase
Recommendation Report: First Telescope Purchase Purchasing a telescope can be very confusing for a person who is new to astronomy. This reports provides a comparison of entry-level telescopes for the amateur astronomer and recommends a specific type of telescope for the typical beginning astronomer. This report will focus on different types of telescopes, and not on specific brands. In addition to comparing several different types of telescopes, this report also compares different telescope mounts. Note: This report was prepared for the Austin Telescope Society, which is a non-profit organization dedicated to the enjoyment of astronomy and the education of the public about astronomy. Many people interested in astronomy waste money on a telescope of poor quality. A telescope in a department store may advertise that it can magnify several hundred times; however, the user is often disappointed when the image is dim, shaky, and hazy. To help avoid this confusion, it is important that the beginning astronomer understand the advantages and disadvantages of various types of telescopes. It is vitally important that the telescope have high quality optics and a sturdy mount. No extra gadgets and frills will help a telescope that has poor optics. Definition of Terms Before the actual comparison report, it is vital that several common terms are defined. The following terms must be understood before proceeding with this comparison: • Alt-azimuth mount. A type of telescope mount that moves in two directions: altitude and azimuth. This is the type of motion best illustrated by a cannon. It can be moved up or down, or rotated left or right. -
The History of Optical Astronomy, by Caroline Herschel and Lyman Spitzer
Online Modules from The University of Chicago Multiwavelength Astronomy: The History of Optical Astronomy, by Caroline Herschel and Lyman Spitzer http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/multiwavelength-astronomy/optical/history/index.html Subject(s): Astronomy/Space Science Grade(s) Level: 9-12 Duration: One Class Period Objectives: As a result of reading The History of Optical Astronomy, students will be able to • Discriminate between reflecting and refracting telescope designs and describe the differences between them; • Explain how a telescope focuses light; • Articulate the limitations of ground-based telescopes and propose solutions to these limitations; • Identify important astronomical discoveries made and personages working in the optical regime; • Discuss examples of problem-solving and creativity in astronomy. Materials: Internet connection and browser for displaying the lesson. Pre-requisites: Students should be familiar with the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Before using the lesson, students should familiarize themselves with all vocabulary terms. Procedures: Students will read the lesson and answer assessment questions (listed under evaluation). Introduction: In reading this lesson, you will meet important individuals in the History of Optical Astronomy. They are: Caroline Lucretia Herschel was a German-born British astronomer and the sister of astronomer Sir William Herschel. She is the discoverer of several comets, in particular, the periodic comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet, which bears her name. Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr. was an American theoretical physicist, astronomer and mountaineer. He carried out research into star formation, plasma physics, and in 1946, conceived the idea of telescopes operating in outer space. Spitzer is the namesake of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. 1 Online Modules from The University of Chicago William Herschel was an astronomer and composer. -
Tools of Astronomy Notes Light Is a Form of Electromagnetic Radiation
Name_________________________________________Date____________________Period__ Tools of Astronomy Notes Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Scientists call the light you can see visible light. If you shine white light through a prism, the light spreads out to make a range of different colors with different wavelengths, called a spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum includes the entire range of radio waves, microwaves infrared, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Telescopes are instruments that collect and focus light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. A telescope that uses lenses or mirrors to collect and focus visible light is called an optical telescope. The two major types of optical telescopes are refracting telescopes and reflecting telescopes. Telescopes used to detect radio waves from objects in space are called radio telescopes. Most radio telescopes have curved, reflecting surfaces. As with optical telescopes, the larger a radio telescope is, the more radio waves it can collect. Radio telescopes can be used day or night. They can also be used during cloudy weather because radio waves can pass through clouds. Most ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays are blocked by Earth’s atmosphere. To detect these wavelengths, astronomers have placed the Hubble space telescope in space. Some space telescopes also detect visible light or infrared radiation. The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with of these forms of radiation. By placing a telescope in space astronomers get a clearer picture of the universe. Spectroscopes are another useful tool for astronomers. A spectroscope breaks the light from a star into a spectrum. Each element has a unique spectrum. This allows astronomers to compare the spectrum of a star to known elements. -
A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography National Aeronautics and Space Administration A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography Dr. Sten Odenwald NASA Space Science Education Consortium Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Cover designs and editing by Abbey Interrante Cover illustrations Front: Aurora (Elizabeth Macdonald), moon (Spencer Collins), star trails (Donald Noor), Orion nebula (Christian Harris), solar eclipse (Christopher Jones), Milky Way (Shun-Chia Yang), satellite streaks (Stanislav Kaniansky),sunspot (Michael Seeboerger-Weichselbaum),sun dogs (Billy Heather). Back: Milky Way (Gabriel Clark) Two front cover designs are provided with this book. To conserve toner, begin document printing with the second cover. This product is supported by NASA under cooperative agreement number NNH15ZDA004C. [1] Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 5 How to use this book ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.0 Light Pollution ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.0 Cameras ................................................................................................................................................ -
Infinity 60AZ and 70AZ Manual (Size: 2.3
www.meade.com MEADE INSTRUCTION MANUAL 60mm | 2.4” Alt-azimuth Refracting Telescope 70mm | 2.8” Alt-azimuth Refracting Telescope INFINITY SERIES 60 & 70mm Telescopes WARNING! Never use a Meade® telescope to look at the Sun! Looking at or near the Sun will cause instant and irreversible damage to your eye. Eye damage is often painless, so there is no warning to the observer that damage has occurred until it is too late. Do not point the telescope at or near the Sun. Do not look through the telescope or viewfinder as it is moving. Children should always have adult supervision while observing. INTRODUCTION determines how much detail you will be Your telescope is an excellent beginner’s able to see in your telescope. The focal instrument, and is designed to observe length information will help later on to 1 objects in the sky and also on land. It can calculate magnification. be your personal window on the universe or allows you to intimately study the behavior of Setting up your telescope involves these nesting birds on a distant hillside. simple steps: • Setting up your tripod The telescope is shipped with the following • Attach the accessory tray parts: • Attach the optical tube to the mount • Optical tube • Attach the viewfinder • Aluminum tripod with accessory tray • Attach the diagonal mirror and eye- • Two 1.25” eyepieces: MA25mm, MA9mm piece • 90 degree erect image diagonal mirror • Align the viewfinder • 2X Barlow • Red-dot viewfinder with bracket Study the picture on the next page and • Yoke-style mount become acquainted with the parts of your telescope. -
RASC Choosing and Using a Telescope for Astronomy
of binoculars accompanied by a good rainbow, obscuring fine detail. The objective astronomy guide like the Royal Astronomical lens in achromat refractors is commonly made Society of Canada’s Observer’s Handbook or of two or more lenses of different glass types to Beginner’s Observing Guide is all you need to begin help correct this problem, Choosing understanding the night sky. known as chromatic aberration. This most and Using a TELESCOPE READINESS TEST commonly manifests itself as faint fringes of colour “Space is mostly empty and you can find a around objects like the whole lot of nothing with a telescope” --- Moon or Jupiter, but it is Richard Weis, former President of rarely fully cured except in RASC-Calgary Centre. Telescope very expensive If you can do the following, then you are ready apochromat refractors. for Astronomy to make full and rewarding use of a telescope: Advantages: Refractors, by default, have a Find and name four circumpolar totally clear aperture. No central obstruction constellations causes light to be scattered from brighter to For many people, the words ‘astronomy’ and Find and name three constellations seen in darker areas. Thus, contrast is good in ‘telescope’ are inseparable. Many newcomers to the southern sky in each of the four seasons refractors. Refractors are often chosen as the the hobby of astronomy mistakenly believe that Find and name - (a) 4 double stars (b) 4 premier instruments for planetary and double- it is important to get a telescope as quickly as variable stars (c) 5 star clusters (d) 5 nebulae star observing. Refractors are also low in possible.