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Astro2010: the Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey

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Astro2010: The Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey Notices of Interest 1. 4 m space telescope for terrestrial planet imaging and wide field astrophysics Point of Contact: Roger Angel, University of Arizona Summary Description: The proposed 4 m telescope combines capabilities for imaging terrestrial exoplanets and for general astrophysics without compromising either. Extremely high contrast imaging at very close inner working angle, as needed for terrestrial planet imaging, is accomplished by the powerful phase induced amplitude apodization method (PIAA) developed by Olivier Guyon. This method promises 10-10 contrast at 2.0 l/D angular separation, i.e. 50 mas for a 4 m telescope at 500 nm wavelength. The telescope primary mirror is unobscured with off-axis figure, as needed to achieve such high contrast. Despite the off-axis primary, the telescope nevertheless provides also a very wide field for general astrophysics. A 3 mirror anastigmat design by Jim Burge delivers a 6 by 24 arcminute field whose mean wavefront error of 12 nm rms, i.e.diffraction limited at 360 nm wavelength. Over the best 10 square arcminutes the rms error is 7 nm, for diffraction limited imaging at 200 nm wavelength. Any of the instruments can be fed by part or all of the field, by means of a flat steering mirror at the exit pupil. To allow for this, the field is curved with a radius equal to the distance from the exit pupil. The entire optical system fits in a 4 m diameter cylinder, 8 m long. Many have considered that only by using two spacecraft, a conventional on-axis telescope and a remote occulter, could high contrast and wide field imaging goals be reconciled. Our proposal, with comparable optical performance and higher agility for exoplanet imaging, deserves serious evaluation as a potentially lower cost alternative. Anticipated Sponsor: NASA Participating Individuals or Institutions: Roger Angel, Olivier Guyon and Jim Burge, University of Arizona, Domenick Tenerelli, LMCO Current Status: Coherent starlight suppression demonstrated to 10-8 contrast with PIAA in air in Guyon lab. An 8.4 m off-axis primary mirror being made at the University of Arizona. Additional Information: A full description of the optical design will be available in a white paper by Burge and Guyon at caao.as.arizona.edu/rangel/4m. Tenerelli will also develop the spacecraft including I/F's to the telescope and systems level test program concepts. ITT will develop the telescope concept. Back to the top 2. A Program of Far-Infrared/Submillimeter Space Astronomy: Maximizing Scientific Returns in 2010-2020 while Preparing the Technologies for Further Major Advances in 2020-2035. Point of Contact: Martin Harwit, Cornell University Summary Description: The highest priority for the US Far-Infrared/Submillimeter (FIR/SMM) space community in the decade of 2010 - 2020 is participation in the Japanese-led SPICA mission through inclusion of one of the four science instruments onboard, a US FIR background-limited spectrometer with highly-sensitive detector arrays covering the 38 – 433 micron wavelength range --- a natural contribution, given uniquely sensitive US FIR detectors. The combination of sensitive instrumentation with SPICA’s 3.5-meter cryogenically cooled telescope will produce the world's first Great Observatory spanning the wavelength regime between JWST and ALMA, a relatively unexplored but crucial spectral range for studying the history of planetary systems, stars, black holes and galaxies. US contribution of a spectrometer to SPICA will provide our community with access to all of the SPICA instruments, including a coronagraph, and imaging spectrometers. The schedule for SPICA is very tight. On July 8, 2008, SPICA entered a "pre-project phase", corresponding to a NASA Phase-A study, and European astronomers are currently studying a contribution of the SPICA telescope and an instrument through ESA's Cosmic Visions program. To keep US options open, NASA should soon initiate steps for formal US participation with consent of the Decadal Review. A further priority and long-term goal for continuity into the 2020-2035 era is a program of sensitive imaging and spectroscopic observations capable of resolving small-scale cosmic structure across the entire FIR/SMM range. This will require both (i) the light- gathering power of a 10-m class cryogenically-cooled telescope in space to allow us to study the formation and evolution of galaxies throughout cosmic time, traced by H2, dust, and key cooling lines, and (ii) a similarly cooled FIR/SMM spatial interferometer with angular resolving power matching that of JWST around 25 micron and ALMA in the SMM range. To realize this goal we propose, in 2010 – 2020, to: (i) prepare the scientific and technical prerequisites and (ii) conduct full phase-A studies of both a 10-m class cryogenically cooled Single Aperture Far-Infrared Telescope, SAFIR, and a similarly cooled FIR/SMM spatial-spectral interferometer with angular resolving power matching that of JWST, before the end of the decade. These activities will allow the Decadal Review of 2020 to recommend which of these two missions best meets the scientific priorities and is technologically ready at that time. Our priority would be that one of these missions be launched before 2030, the other before 2035. Both a SAFIR-class telescope and a space-based infrared interferometer (now exemplified by the SPIRIT mission concept) were recognized in the 2000 Decadal Review, which stated (page 110) “A rational coordinated program for space optical and infrared astronomy would build on the experience gained with NGST to construct SAFIR, and then ultimately, in the decade 2010 to 2020, build on the SAFIR,TPF, and SIM experience to assemble a space-based, far-infrared interferometer.” Although the envisioned schedule has slipped, the successes of the ISO and Spitzer missions have made this thrust even more compelling today than it was ten years ago, so that BLISS, SAFIR and SPIRIT have all undergone intensive studies commissioned by NASA since then --- for SAFIR as part of NASA’s “Vision Missions,” for BLISS and SPIRIT under the “Origins Probe” initiative. We believe that the program we propose for the decade 2010-2020 is both scientifically farsighted and technologically responsible. It will allow us to study the sky with balanced capabilities across the near-infrared to submillimeter electromagnetic spectrum, with a combination of space and ground-based observatories, enabling us to answer some of the deepest scientific questions of all time: “How did the first cosmic structures form? Where and when did the heavy chemical element abundances begin to rise? How did the ensuing chemical and mineralogical constituents influence the dynamics of stellar-system and black-hole formation? How did extrasolar planetary systems and their far-flung outer reaches attain a measure of stability? Where did the biogenic molecules, the seeds that led to the appearance of life, originate? Anticipated Sponsor: NASA Participating Individuals or Institutions: Participating Individuals: Martin Harwit (Cornell), George Helou (Caltech), Lee Armus (Caltech), C. Matt Bradford (JPL) , Paul F. Goldsmith (JPL), Michael Hauser (STScI), David Leisawitz (GSFC), Daniel F. Lester (U. Texas, Austin), George Rieke (U. Arizona, Tucson), and Stephen A. Rinehart (GSFC), With contributions from: Morten Andersen (Caltech), Philip Appleton (Caltech), Eric Becklin (USRA), Chas Beichman (Caltech), Edwin A. Bergin (U. Michigan, Ann Arbor), Nicolas Billot (Caltech), Andrew Blain (Caltech), James J. Bock (JPL), Francois Boulanger (IAS, France), Michael E. Brown (Caltech), Adam Burrows (Princeton), Daniela Calzetti (U Massachusetts, Amherst), Sean J. Carey (Caltech), Christine H. Chen (STScI), Ed Churchwell (U. Wisconsin, Madison), Kalliopi Dasyra (Caltech), Peter K. Day (JPL), Vandana Desai (Caltech), Mark Devlin (U. Pennsylvania), Mark Dickinson (NOAO), C. Darren Dowell (JPL), Pierre Echternach (JPL), Fabiana Faustini (IFSI-Rome, Italy), Jacqueline Fischer (NRL), David T. Frayer (Caltech), Perry A. Gerakines (Birmingham, AB), Bob Gehrz (U. Minnesota), Varoujan Gorjian (Caltech), James G. Ingalls (Caltech), Kate G. Isaak (Cardiff, UK), Hannah Jang-Condell (UMD), Matthew E. Kenyon (JPL), Peter Lawson (JPL), Joseph Lazio (NRL), Matt Malkan (UCLA), Peter G. Martin (Toronto, Canada), Hideo Matsuhara (ISAS, Japan), Margaret Meixner (STScI), Gary Melnick (SAO), Sergio Molinari (ISFI-Rome, Italy), Mark Morris (UCLA), Eric J. Murphy (Caltech), Takao Nakagawa (ISAS, Japan), Patrick Ogle (Caltech), Christopher G. Paine (JPL), Yvonne Pendleton (NASA/ARC), Andreea O. Petric (Caltech), Judy Pipher (Rochester), Takashi Onaka (U. Tokyo, Japan), Simon Radford (Caltech), Jeonghee Rho (Caltech), Jane Rigby (Carnegie), Aki Roberge (GSFC), Samir Salim, Michael Shull, Robert F. Silverberg (GSFC), J. D. Smith (Toledo), Philip H. Stahl (GSFC), Christopher C. Stark (UMD), Haroyuki Sugita (JAXA, Japan), Motohide Tamura (Nat'l Astron Obs., Japan), Martin Ward (Durham, UK), Michael Werner (JPL), Al Wootten (NRAO), Harold W. Yorke (JPL), and Jonas Zmuidzinas (Caltech) Current Status: The schedule for SPICA is very tight. On July 8, 2008, SPICA entered a "pre-project phase", corresponding to a NASA Phase-A study; and European astronomers are currently studying a contribution of the SPICA telescope and an instrument through ESA's Cosmic Visions program. Instrument resource allocations (volume, mass, power, etc) are currently underway, and to keep US options open, NASA should
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