CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Sr.N©, Title Page N®.
1.1 About Pone MimidpEl Corporation 1-4
1.2 History ©fPEMe 5-8
13 Origlii of PiiMe MiiMicipaiity 9-21
1.4 Slgaificaiice of Study 22-49
1.5 Objectives of the Research. 50-51
IJ Scope of the study 52-52
1.7 Hypothesis 53-54
1,8 Statistica! Methods 55-55 Introdiictioii
1.1, About PEne Mimidpai Corporatioii.
The Municipal Corporation of Pune (PMC) came into existence on the 15th of
February 1950 and is in charge of the administration in the city of Pune.
Numerous services are provided by the Municipal Corporation of Pune. Tliese services can be broadly categorized into obligatory and discretionary services.
The obligatory service of the department includes construction of schools, health centers, ensuring sufficient water supply to all. Its discretionary services include maintaining public spaces like parks, museums and community halls. Apart
„ from these, the PMC also works for the rehabilitation of slums and downtrodden areas.
The Municipal Corporation of Pune (PMC) has the entire administration of the city under its control, a special IAS Officer chosen .by the Government of
Maharashtra holds the executive power of the corporation and is known as the
Municipal Commissioner. Hie coiporation consists of directly elected corporators headed by a Mayor. The mayor has few executive powers.
The total number of PMC members is 151. The PMC is in charge of the civic needs and infrastracture of the metropolis. Pune is divided into forty-eight naimicipal wards, each represented by 3 members and overseen by an Assistant
Municipal Commissioner for administratiye purposes. The corporators of the administration are elected by the people through a popular vote and almost all the state political parties participate in the election. The city of Pune falls under the Haveli Taluka of the District of Pune in
Maharashtra and the revenue generated by this city is collected for the
Government of India by collectors appointed to carry out the job. These' collectors are also in charge of maintaining the property records of the city and organizing the national elections here. Not unlike the state of affairs in other cities of the country, a Police Commissioner and an IPS Officer are the heads of the Police Department of Pune.
The law and order situation in Pune is looked after by the Pune Police which is part of the state Home Ministry. National Congress Party’s Rajlaxmi Bhonsale is currently the Mayor of Pune and the present commissioner of the Pune
Municipal Corporation is Mr Pravinsin^ Fardeshi.
Pune has been known as Oxford of the Bast Pune-is cities of India with a glorious past, an innovative present and a promising future. 1'h.e
Pune Municipal Corporation administers the city. Pune is among the greenest urban areas in the country. Pune Municipal Corporation is well known as Pime
MahaNagarPalika arid serving citizens since 1950, To Serve Citizens better
Pun6 Municipal Corporation has taken, initiative for erCjovemance. Presently a few big Gorporations like Persistent Systems Ltd are lending help for developing the I g"* emance systemj as a part of their social sendee initiative. A public-^ private partnership is perceived to bring tremendous changes in the future. As stated earlier, the Pune Municipal Corporation is actively engaged in providing service to the citizens in different ways, iliese services incMe- education, medical iielp, water supply etc, wMcli are obligatory.
A brief Review of Education, Health «& Ofher Services
® EdacatioH,” -
Pune has earned great reputation in respect of education. Students from
all over India as well as from all the parts of the world come to Pune for
education. In the year 1851, Mahatma Jyotiba Fhule started first school
for girls and broaden the avenue of education for women in India.
Today, there are many reputed educational institutions in Pune. Few of
them are -S.P.Mandal, Deccan Education Society, Maharshee Karve
Stree Shikshan Sanstha (Karve Institute for Education for Girls), M J.T.,
Bharati Vidyapeeth etc. every year around 1, 70,000 students come to
Pune for education. The Pune Municipal Corporation runs 318 schools
which include primary, secondary, higher secondary and technical
schools.
® Health; -
The Municipal Corporation takes care of health of the citizens. It
provides medical service through its 14 Maternity Homes, 2 General
Hospitals and 1 mobile clinic. The services provided by these hospitals
have proved to be of immense use especially for the citizens who belong
to lower income group. ® other Services for the welfare of slum residents >
The role of Municipal Corporations in India is not confined to the
provisions of basic amenities like water, roads, drainages etc only. 73’^'^
amendment in Indian Constitution has brought about a drastic change in
the nature of duties of Municipal Corporations. According to this
amendment, the Municipal Corporations are required to execute poverty
alleviation programmes for the lower income group citizens to improve
their standard of living.
In 1984, the Pune Municipal Corporation launched Urban Community
Development (UCD) Programme in association with Government of
India and UNICEF. The Municipal Corporation implements many
programmes for the welfare of women and children. The objective
behind launching such schemes was to make them financially
independent and improve their standard of living.
This study is an attempt to analyse the performance of these schemes,
making a S.W.O.T. analysis of the schemes and suggest measures for
better implementation.
4 1.2. History ©f Pime
According to Dr.H.D.Sankalia, an archeologist in Deccan College, Pune,
Pune city has a history of around 1,50,000 years. The archeologists had found some weapons in Deccan College premises. During further research, they found some caves on a hill near Fergusson College, which supported their claim. They also found some copper and stone utensils inside a hill located at Koregaon, which is 16 kilometers distance from Pune.
After these ancient evidences, we come across the evidences of Pune’s history, wMch belong to the period of two to three years B.C. Few years back, a copper plate was found in Pune, which belonged to the period of 754. This plate describes Pune as Tunyavishay’. This plate also consists of the names of the small villages around Pune like Bopkhel, Kalas, Dapodi, Bhosari etc.
One more copper plate reveals the identity of Pune as Tunakvishay’,
This Plate belongs to the period of 768. Hence, the evidences of the history of
Pune are available since eighth century.
During the above period, Pune was known by various names like
Punyak, Punnak, Punyapur etc. The Rashtrakutes ruled over Pune for some time.
After the Rashtrakutes, the Yadavs ruled over Pune for three centuries. The various ghats built on the river Mutha are the evidences of the rale of the
Yadavas.
In 1294, Allauddin Khilji defeated the last emperor of the Yadav dynasty. King Ramdev and conquered Pune. After his victory, Pune was known as ‘Kasbe Pune’. In 1320,Taghlak Khan conquered Pune from KHlji Sultan. In 1347,
Hasan Kango Bahamani, a knight of Mohd.Tughlak, forcibly took over Pune from his king and the Bahamani Dynasty began in Pune.
During 1347 to 1480, the Bahamanis ruled over Pune in a very efficient manner. But soon the Bahamani Dynasty was split into five pieces. Nijamshahi of Ahmadnagar and AdilshaM of Vijarur were the two major parts of this. Pune pargana was taken over by Nijamshah of Ahmadnagar.
In 16th century,Maloji Bhosale, who was a manasabdar (a higher army rank) of king Adilshah, got the Jahagiri (ri^ t to rule) of Pune pargana.
In 1600, Mogal king Akbar conquered the Nijamshahi of Ahmadnagar and as a result, Pune automatically became a part of his kingdom. After 20 years, in 1620 King Malikambar defeated the Mogals and regained the kingdom of Ahmadnagar and Pune.
In 1621, Malikambar awarded the Jahagiri of Pune pargana and Shirval to Shahaji Bhosale, who was his loyal captain. Shahaji Bhosale looked after
Pune till 1630. In 1631,Murar Jagdev, who was a knight of Bijapur’s King, attacked Pune. He looted the city and destroyed it completely. In 1636, Adilshah of Bijapur awarded the jahagiris of Pune and Supe to Shahaji Bhosale. Shahaji
Bhasole appointed Dadoji Konddev as Chief administrator of Pune.
Dadoji Konddev decided to reconstruct Pune. He appealed people who were residing around Pune, to come and settle down in Pune. He also constructed a small palace called ‘Lai Mahal’ for Shahaji Bhosale. Soon Pune became the capital of the jahagiri of Shahaji Bhosale. In 1656, Shivaji Bhosale, son of Shahaji Bhosale began Ms efforts to establish an independent Maratha State. For this purpose, he had to fight with
Adilshah of Bijapur and the Mogals of Delhi.
In May 1660, Shayeste Khan attacked Pune and took the city in his possession. He stayed in Lai Mahal and used the palace as his headquarter. In
1663, Shivaji defeated Shayeste Khan. At the same time, Shivaji shifted Ms capital from Pune to Raigad, as Pune was located on a plateau and was unsafe from defence point of view. Till the death of SMvaji, Pune was not at all a significant place.
During 1730, Balaji Vishwanath, the Peshwa (Prime minister) of Shahu
Maharaj took over Pune from Baji Kadam, an administrator of Nimbalkar. In
1720, the first Bajirao Peshve declared Pune as his capital and the Mstorical importance of Pune started increasing.
In 1731, first Bajirao Peshwa built the Shanivar Wada. Pune rapidly flourished during the period 1731-1760, In 1761, the Marathas were defeated at
Panipat. TMs incident adversely affected the rule of Marathas in Pune. As a result of this , A chaos was everywhere for some time. But soon the Peshwas regained the control over Pune.
Between 1744 to 1795, Sawai Madhavrao ruled over Pune. It was the most glorious period of Pune’s Mstory. In 1795, Sawai Madhavrao committed
suicide and second Bajirao succeeded Mm. 1795 to 1818 is again the period of
declining phase of Pune. Till 1817, Marathas ruled over Pune and on 17th
November 1817, Pune came under the British rule. After the beginning of British rule, Pune started expanding it’s limits in the outskirts like Sangam, Kirkee, Cantonment etc. the British deployed the army on Solapur Road, Nagar Road and Satara Road because this was an important military area.
The population of Pune was 1,05,000 in 1818. After 1818, again it started coming down. In 1840, the Cantonment Boards were developed in Dehu
Road and Kirkee. In 1855, first post office was started in Pune, in 1856, Pune
Mumbai Highway started. After the terrible drou^t of 1867, the idea of constructing Khadakwasala dam was conceived. Actual construction of the dam started in 1869-70 and it was completed on 1880. 1.3. Origm of Pime Municipality
In 1842, the Company government of the British Empire passed the ‘Local Self Government Act’ and declared that the municipalities were to be fomied in all cities. This act proved to be completely effect less because of two clauses of the act. One of the clauses stated that the citizens in a particular town or city should voluntariiy come forward and unanimously request the government to the form a municipality. Another clause contained a provision of imposition of direct tax. Due to these two provisions, not even a single municipality could be formed.
Taking into consideration the experience, the government passed another act in 1850, which had removed previous lacunas. According to this act, first municipality was formed in Sangola in Maharashtra. Later on municipalities were fomied in Ahmadnagar, Solapur, Pandharpur, Kalyan etc.
In 1854, the collector of Pune called upon a meeting of some eminent persons in Pune. He briefed them about the Xocal Self Government Act’ and expressed his intention to establish a Municipality for Pune. The people accepted the suggestion of the collector. 1191 citizens of Pune made a plea to the government of Mumbai requesting the formation of municipality for Pune city
The government published the plea in its gadget and appealed the public at large to communicate their objections, if any, to the government. The public studied the said act in detail and arrived at a conclusion that property tax would be levied and collected after the municipality is formed. So a large number of the people decided to oppose this. 450 persons in the city sent an application to the government stating that they do not want any municipality to be formed in Pune.
Because of the resistance, the government dropped the idea of forming the municipality. The collector tried to convince the people but in vain. Two years after this, the then collector of Pune got transferred and the new collector started gearing up the process of formation of municipality. This time, he succeed to convince the people and the people of Pune imanimousiy filed an application with the government for the formation of municipality. As there was no resistance now, on 20* May 1857, the government declared in it’s gadget that the Pune municipality has come into existence and will start functioning w.e.f.l®‘June 1857.'
The Pune Municipality operated as per the ‘Municipalities Act 1850" for four years. In 1862, the Government of Mumbai passed the ‘New Municipal
Act’, which was applicable to all the municipalities in Mumbai Province. There was only one change in the constitution of Pune Municipality i.e. it got some specific guidelines about how to spend the revenue received by way of taxes.
The new act imposed certain restrictions on the expenditure pattern of the municipality.
The new act stated that the revenue collected by way of taxes should be utilized for schools, hospitals and other public utilities but before making such an expenditure, a consent of two third of the total municipal members needs to be obtained.
10 In 1870, Lord Mayo, who was the then Governor General, brought about a drastic change in the ftmctioning of local self-governments by passing a resolution. As per this resolution, the central government transferred some of its departmental activities to the state provinces. These departments included education, public health and roads, A part of the total expenditure incun-ed on these amenities was to be contributed by the central government and the remaining amount was supposed to be raised by the local self-government out of its own resources.
Lord Mayo, in his resolution says, “Local interest, supervision and care are necessary to success in the management of funds, devoted to education, sanitation, medical relief and local public works. The operation of this resolution in its M l meaning md integrity will afford opportunities for the development of
Self Government for strengthening municipal institutions and for the association of natives and Europeans to a greater extent then heretofore in the administration of affairs.”
The Government of Mumbai passed an act according to the provisions in the resolution in 1873. This act led to three changes in the operation of municipalities.
1. This act divided the municipalities into two categories on the
basis of population.
> City Municipality: - which was meant for a population
exceeding 10000.
11 > Town Municipality; - which was meant for a population
ranging between 2000 - 10000.
2. During 1850 to 1872, the members appointed by the government
governed the municipalities. The act of 1873 provided that if the
government feels so; elections of municipalities will be held and
the elected members would look after the routine admimstration
of the municipalities.
3. According to this act, the municipalities became ^Corporate
Bodies’. They could now have their own assets. Previously the
assets of the municipalities were treated as ‘Government
Property.’
In the year 1882, Lord Ripon passed the 'Local Self Goverameist Act -
1882’. The very purpose behind the passing this act was to delegate some powers in the hands of the people. This was because the government found it difficult to administer the affairs of various municipalities that were spread over a large geographical area.
This act provided for elections for every municipality i.e. local self- government. As per this act, the first election of Pune municipality was held on
28* March 1883. Out of total 24 members, 12 members were elected.
Previously, district collector used to be the ex-officio chairman of the municipality, but as per the act, the elected members were to choose the chairman from among them. Sardar Dorabaji Padamaji got the honor to be the first chairman of Pune municipality.
12 The Local Self Government Act 1882 exercised following
responsibilities on the municipalities.
1. PisbMc Health: - The municipality was supposed to take adequate care of the
health of the citizens. It was required to discharge following responsibilities
related to public health and sanitation. These responsibilities included:-
> General cleanliness of the town.
> Proper carriage arrangements of garbage,
> Birth and death record maintenance.
> Construction and maintenance of public toilets and urinals.
> Construction and maintenance of public hospitals.
> Proper inoculation arrangements to prevent contagious diseases.
> Construction of crematorium.
2. Public Roads: - It was considered to be the duty of the municipality to
provide proper roads to the citizens. All necessary things to provide road
facilities were to be carried out by the municipalities. These responsibilities
mainly included the following:-
> Construction of proper roads and adjoining lanes.
> Construction of markets at various places of public convenience.
> Repairs and maintenance of the roads.
3. Water Supply: - Provision of adequate water supply was one of the
important duties of the municipality. The municipalities were instructed to
initiate all necessary steps to assure regular supply of clean and potable water
to the city residents.
13 4. PhMIc Safety and other utilities: - These included provision of road
lighting, fire fighting etc.
Later on, the ‘District Municipal Act - 1901’ brought about some
changes in the constitution of Pune municipality. The reason being, in 1897,
Pune badly suffered from plague. It was a crisis like situation. The government
tried its best to win control over the situation but in vein. The government was
of the opinion that it did not receive sufficient cooperation from the
municipality.
Before the act of 1901, the Pune municipal executive body consisted of
30 members. Out of these, 20 members used to be the elected one and remaining
10 used to be appointed by the government. Now, the total numbers of members
were increased to 38, but the number of elected members remained the same.
This was done with an intention to exercise more control of the government over
the municipal affairs while dealing with emergency situations.
The act of 1901 provided for three government ofScers for a
municipality. They were: -
A. Chief Officer
B. Health Officer
C. Engineer
This act enhanced the jurisdictions of the municipalities to some extent.
Following new responsibilities were given to the municipalities for
implementation: -
14 Separate hospitals should be constructed and operated
for the leprosy patients and lunatics,
2. An Education Committee should be appointed to
ensure the even spread of education in the city.
3. hi case of spread of epidemic, the municipality should
be properly equipped so as to take over the control of
the city and take necessary action.
In the year 1907, the Government of Mdia appointed a ‘Decentralization
Committee’. The committee was supposed to submit a report on how to allocate the executive powers of various departments between the central and the provinces. The committee was also authorized to m ^ e certain recommendations for the improvement in the functioning of local self- governments.
The committee submitted its report in 1909. The committee made following recommendations: -
1. The number of elected members in local self-governments should
be increased in such a way that these members would be able
form a majority.
2. The president of the municipality should be elected from amongst
the members only.
3. The government should provide the municipalities with adequate
amount of funds in the form of loans and grants for the purpose
of drainage, water supply and similar public utilities.
15 4. The municipalities would have full control over their financial
matters. They are only required to adhere to the guidelines issued
by the government from time to time.
5. Municipalities should be given freedom to impose new taxes for
welfare programmes.
In the year 1915, in view of the recommendation, Lord Harding passed a resolution, which aimed at making the local self-governments more democratic. In the resolution. Lord Harding says The objective of Lord Ripon behind establishing the local self government system in India is successful to some extent, and to make it more successM, the number of government nominated members needs to be reduced."’
The resolution passed by Lord Harding was actually in the form of directives or recommendations. Implementation of the recommendations was entirely in the hands of the respective provinces (state governments).
During this period, the England as well as the government of India was engaged in the First World War. Therefore, tihe resolution failed to attract due attention of the government.
In 1917, Lord Montague declared that the prime objective of the British government was to give 'Freedom of responsibility’ to India. In 1918,
‘Montague - Chelmsford Reforms Report’ was publicized. The report clearly stated that it was necessary to grant more freedom to the local self-governments for their overall development. The government should only supervise their functioning.
16 The government accepted the report which was transformed into
‘Montague - Chelmsford Reforms Act -1919’.
According to this act, ‘Dual State Policy’ was adopted for Mumbai State and the various departments of the state were divided into two parts. The government retained some of the departments and the remaining were given to the elected representatives in legislative assembly. The local self-government was treated as one of the department, which was to be delegated to the elected representatives.
In the year 1923, the then education minister of Mumbai State, Sir
R.P.Paranjape got a resolution passed in the legislative assembly, which brou^t the primary education under the control of local self government. This was done with an intention to enhance the spread of primary education within the area of the particular local self government.
In 1925, the government passed the ‘Bombay Municipal Borou^s Act’ for local self-governments having large geographical area. The objective of this act was to empower the chief officer with more authorities. The members were supposed to pass resolutions and decide policy matters regarding the general functioning, but the execution and supervision would be done by the executive officer only. The chief officers became more power&l because of the various provions of this act.
By this time, the population in almost all the local self-government areas started growing. This resulted into various types of problems. The local self- governments needed funds to resolve these problems. In order to overcome this dilemma, the government divided the duties in two parts:-
17 1. Essential Duties: - these are mentioned earlier in the same chapter.
2. Optional Duties: - these duties contained following responsibilities:-
> Removal of slums from the jurisdiction of the local self-
government.
> Construction of quarters for the employees of the local
self-government.
> Arrangement of playing music in the evening for the
entertainment of public.
> Provision of public transport i.e. bus or tram.
> Provision of telephone service.
In 1938, the government passed the ‘Local Self Goverument
Amendment Bill’ in order to remove the lacunas in the functioning of tiie local
self-governments and to introduce some additional legal provisions. The bill brought about following changes: -
> The precedent of appointing government nominated members on
the executive body was cancelled.
> The number of elected members on Pune municipality was
increased from 45 to 60.
> Two seats on the executive body were reserved for women.
In 1939, the Second World War started. The British were busy in the
war. Therefore, till 1947, there was no change in the constitution of Pune
municipality. However, the increasing volume of work brought about some
minor changes in their administration.
18 In 1950, Pune Municipal Corporation came into existence. Pune municipality was trying for the same since 1933. On 17^ February 1933, Pune municipality passed a resolution and appealed the govermnent to amalgamate
following municipalities:-
® Pune Suburban Municipality.
® Pune City Municipality.
® Kirkee Cantonment Board.
The govemmeot refiised the proposal. But in the same year i.e. 1933, the
epidemic of plague hit Pune. As there were four municipalities, proper
coordination in the efforts to fight against the epidemic could not be maintained.
It underlined the need of amalgamation of the municipalities. Despite this fact,
the government remained firm and turned a deaf ear to the request
After the Second World War was over, Pune Municipality started working in the direction of amalgamation. It once again passed the same old resolution and forwarded it to the government. The people in Pune also
separately filed an application with the government to accord its consent to the amalgamation.
By this time, Pune was on its way to become a significant city in the
country due to the proposed establishment of following institutions:-
® University of Pune
® National Defence Academy
® National Chemical Laboratory
19 Taking into consideration the increasing importance of Pune, the government called upon a meeting of the representatives of ail the four municipalities to discuss the issue. The meeting concluded with a thought that there is an immediate need of amalgamation of the four municipalities.
The government immediately appointed a five-member committee headed by Mr.M.D.Bhat to study the issue in detail. The committee was asked to make specific recommendations on how the four municipalities could be amalgamated.
The Committee submitted its report in the same year recommending that a municipal corporation be formed. Based on these suggestions, the government amalgamated Pune City Municipality and Pune Suburban
Municipality in the year 1949.
The executive bodies of both the municipalities were terminated. Since the election of the newly established municipal corporation was yet to be held,
Mr.S.G.Barve was appointed as Municipal Commissioner.
In 1952, the first election of the Pune Municipal Cojporation was held and the corporation of elected members came into existence.
After the establishments of Pune Municipal Corporation, following optional responsibilities were imposed upon it for the betterment of the residents: -
® Establishment of maternity homes and day care centers.
® Establishment of laboratories for testing water and eatables.
® Establishment of dairy farms in the vicinity of the city to ensure
regular supply of good quality milk.
20 ® Establishment of ‘fair price shops’ during droughts.
® Undertaking of water and gas supply units.
® Construction of Art Galleries, Botanical Gardens, Zoos etc.
® Contributing to the various relief fends established to help the
poor and needy.
® Management of Marriage Registration System.
® Construction of stables and sheds for animals.
® Making necessary arrangements for disaster management
® Establishment of organizations to take care of handicapped.
® Making provision of drinking water for the citizens and animals.
® Construction and management of theatres.
21 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Education
The Mumbai Government passed the ‘Primary Education Act’ in the year 1947. This act introduced the concept of ‘Ofolgatory Primary
Education’. According to this act, it was mandatory for the parents to enroll their child having age of more than six years in school.
In order to impart some basic skills among the children below six years of age^ the Pune Municipal Corporation started a pre primary school in Rasta
Peth in the year 1951. In the first year, 50 children were enrolled.
The school worked between 11.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. the fees charged were Rs.6 at the time of admission and Rs.4 in every subsequent month. Fees of
Rs. 4 included of Rs.2 as Monthly fees and Rs.2 as Special fees, which were used to provide nutritious food to the children.
These children were taught games, basic mathematics, gardening, drawing, painting, singing, storytelling etc.
The school also undertook regular medical checkup for the children. The results of the checkups were communicated to the parents for further treatment.
PMMARY EDUCATION
In the year 1823, Bombay Native School and School Book Society appointed a committee to make suggestions about the introduction of formal educational system in Pune.
22 The committee submitted its report recommending that the government should enhance its budgetary provision for the spread of education in Pune
Municipal Corporation Jurisdiction.
The then Governor General Lord Mount Stuarts Elfiston asked the then collector of Pune, H. D. Robertson to prepare a detailed report on existing education system in Pune. Robertson submitted Ms report in 1952. The report reveals following facts
® Total No. of vernacular (Marathi) schools 53
® Total No. of Parsi, Gujarati and Kannada medium Schools 05
® Total No. of schools imparting education about Vedas ;-l 64
® Total No. of English Medium schools Nil.
All these schools were meant for boys only. Girls were not admitted to these schools. There were no separate schools for girls,
® On 3**^ June 1851, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule started the first school for
girls in Budhwar Peth. Initially, there were only eight girls in the school.
Soon the number of girls increased to forty-eight.
® On 17* September 1851, another school for girls was started in Rasta
Peth.
® On 15*^ March 1855, one more such school was started in Vetal Peth.
In May 1852, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule started a school for the backward
class community in Pune. But the school was closed soon due to financial
problems.
During 1852 to 1884, the Pune Municipality did not introduce any major
educational reforms.
23 According to the ‘Local Self Government Act - 1882’ , it was a duty of
local self government to provide primary education. As Pune Municipality
was one of the largest municipalities in the country, it stated its efforts
towards providing primary education in the year 1884.
On 1®*^ M y 1925, the first ‘Education Council’ of Pune Municipality
came into existence.
Till 1930, the numbers of students in Pune municipality operated schools
was very less. The percentage of students to the total population of the city
was between 1.91% to 6,72% diuing 1884 to 1930. The reason behind this
was the impact of ^idemic of plague.
After 1931, the enrollment of students in municipality-operated schools
started increasing because the Municipality had started ‘ObMgatory
Primary Ediscatlou Drive’ in areas like Nana Peth, Bhavani Feth, Ganj
Peth, Ghorapde Peth and Gultakedi on trial basis. Due to this drive, 4300
new students joined various primary schools.
In 1939, the Municipality started ‘Gandhi Training College’ to get qualified teachers for its schools. But soon the municipality found it difficult to run the college due to inadequacy of fimds. Later on it was decided to handover the college to Maratha Shikshan MandaL
The ‘Obligatory Primary Education Drive’ was applied to the entire city in the yem* 1943. As a result, 4000 new students were enrolled in schools.
In order to find out the children eligible to go to school, a survey was undertaken by the municipality. The results of the survey revealed that out of
9000 eligible children, only 4996 had been enrolled for schooling.*
24 As per the provision of ‘Obligatory Primary Education Drive% parents were
held responsible for not enrolling their child for schooling. The mimicipality
could sue the parents for this default.
In order to create awareness about education among the parents, the municipality officers delivered lectures, distributed pamphlets, provided
stationery to the children free of cost.
In 1950, Pune Municipal Corporation was established and the scope for primary education was enhanced to a considerable extent. 17 more villages were incorporated in Pune Municipal Corporation. Due to this inclusion, 12 schools of District School Board came under control of the P.M.C. The volume of work also increased.
In the year 1953, the P.M.C. undertook a siJrvey to ascertain the number of children who, in spite of being eligible, were not enrolled to schools. 35 supervisors and 300 survayers were appointed for this purpose. The survey results were as below;-
Table No.l. Survey Results of boys and girls in schools Children not Total number of Children enrolled Age group enrolled for children in P.M.C area for school school (Years) Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls 6-11 24665 20612 20500 16309 4165 4303
ITie survey revealed that 4165 boys and 4303 girls were not eni'olled.
After the survey work was over, notices were served to the parents for
enrollment of their wards to schools. There was a provision of imposition of fine
25 for violating the notice. The amount of fine collected from the parents who violated the notice is as below:
Table No.2 Fine Collected from Parents Year Number of notices Fine collected (Rs.) served 1947-48 620 390 1948-49 470 254 1949-50 531 464 1950-51 551 536 1951-52 78 42
HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION
In the year 1952, the P.M.C. established Nanawada Prashaia to provide secondary education to the students whose parents belonged to lower income group i.e. less than Rs.200 per month.
This school got encouraging response from the parents. So the P.M.C. decided to start Ratra Prashaia (Night school) for the students who were unable to enroll themselves in regular day school because of personal reasons. These students mainly belonged to lower income group families and were forced to give up their studies to earn bread and butter.
The Ratra Prashaia commenced its operation on 18*®* June 1956 at the hands of Dr.Nanasaheb Pamlekar, the then Editor of Daily Sakai. The school worked between 7.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. The number of students increased from 71 to
399 till 1957.
One of the important characteristics of this school was that, it was self- financing. In 1956 - 57 total receipts of the school were Rs. 14331 and total expenditure was Rs. 14565. the deficit bome by the P.M.C. was Rs.234 only.
26 ADULT EDUCATION
In the year 1938 -39, the Municipality undertook ‘Literacy Drive’ to educate
illiterate citizens. Before launching this drive, the municipality had undertaken a
survey of illiterate citizens. The survey results were as below:
Literacy in Pune
Area Male Female Literate Illiterate Total Literate Illiterate Total Pune Municipality 74642 50230 124872 40208 71769 111977 The municipality had appealed the citizens to provide one educated volunteer
from each house to work as teacher. College and school students were also
encouraged to participate in this drive.
The municipality provided necessary equipments and stationery for this
drive. The municipality was planning to literate 1, 25,000 citizens through this
ambitious project. Though the scheme seemed to be very fascinating, there were
several impediments in its execution, few of them were as below: -
□ Indifference of target group
□ Volunteers lacked sufficient patience
□ Lack of funds
These impediments superseded the ambitions and ultimately, the project
ceased within one year from its commencement. The failure of this project
created a feeling of frustration among the executors about the social reforms.
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
On 9* December 1889, the Pune Municipality started a school for
vocational training. The objective behind it was to foster and encourage art and
27 trade, which would make the students self-reliant and would come out of conventional formal schooling.
The then governor of Mumbai state Lord Rye inaugurated the school.
The school imparted training of following trades in the first year:-
□ Carpentry and jointery
□ Cabinet making
□ Black smithy and fitting
□ Brass foundry
□ Copper smithy
□ Dyeing
□ Calico printing
The school was visited and inspected by Prof. Thompson of Engineering
College, Pune. He suggested that there should be a separate building for the school.
Accordingly, on 8* November 1895, the then Governor of Mumbai
State William Baron Sandherst laid the foundation stone of the new building for the vocational school.
The school was progressing gradually in the new building. The school
soon started new courses like Mechanical Engineering, Electrician, Machine
Drawing, and Workshop Appliances.
In 1938, the Congress party won the municipal elections with a majority
and decided to upgrade the school. The syllabus of the school was restructured
in accordance with the syllabus of Kalabhuvan (Technical School) at Barora.
28 in 1939, the Second World War started. This adversely affected the progress of the school. Increasing cost of living and lack of hostel facility interrupted the flow of outstation students to the school
In 1953 - 54, the Pune Municipal Corporation started secondary school.
The students of standard 8* 9^ and 10* were provided with technical training.
The students of secondary school used to opt for technical subjects to appear for
S.S.C. Examination. Due to this provision, number of students in this school again started mcreasing.
Afterwards the Municipal schools started progressing gradually. The
number of students and teachers increased. The Municipal Coiporation
started new schools. While starting new schools, care was taken that the
students need not travel a long way to reach school. Mmy facilities were
provided to the students like free education, free uniforms, books and note
books etc. during this period, many trusts and private orgaiizations also
started private schools. These schools had better infrastructure facilities,
better quality of education and many other things that attracted students as
well as parents.
In the year 2001-02, the number of private schools approved by the
government is 266. Out of these, 136 schools are folly aided.
29 Table showing statistical data related to schools in Pune Municipal
Corporation dmng 1955 -56 to 2001 - 2002
Table No.04. No.of schools in PMC
Particulars 1955-56 2001-2002
Pre Primary Schools 01 292
Total students in Pre Boys-7214 Boys & Girls - 50 Primary schools Girls-4968
Primary Schools 37 277 Total students in Boys - 20500 Boys-55618 Primary schools Girls -16309 Girls-33340 Higher Secondary 01 05 Schools Industrial Training 01 01 Center
Technical High Schools 01 01
In the year 2002, The Pune Municipal Corporation School Board had 14 members, out of which 12 are elected and 2 are nominated by government.
The School Board supervises following activities of the PMC schools:-
® School Inspection.
® Conduct of Examinations.
® Examination conducted by the bodies other then the P.M.C. Like
Scholarship of 4* and 1^^ standard, M.T.S. and N.T.S. etc.
® Supply of nutritious food.
® Physical Education
® Inter School Competitions etc.
30 Pune Municipal Corporation -run schools have proved to be a blessing for those parents who are not able to admit their wards in private schools. The
Corporation has reduced their burden of all the expenditure to be incurred for schools. Teaching, uniforms, raincoats, books, notebooks and food everything is provided to the students free of cost.
Because of this, many families are able to educate their children. M absence of the Corporation schools, it would not have been possible for the parents to provide schooling to all their children. The schools have helped them to upgrade their standard of living.
In spite of the above, it is observed that most of the parents try to avoid
sending their wards to the Corporation- run Schools. M fact, it is their last option. It is strange contrast that the private schools declare in the month of
March / April that the admissions are foil and the PMC schools have to
organize ‘School Chalo Rally’ till late My.
On investigation, it is observed that there are many reasons which prevent
the parents from sending their wards to PMC schools. Some of them are as
below:
® Infrastructure facilities in schools are not god.
® Poor quality teaching.
® Teaching in Marathi medium only.
® Unsatisfactory progress of the ward.
31 ® Less results.
® Indifference of the school towards the progress of students.
Taking into consideration the above facts, there is a need to analyze the functioning of the Municipal Corporation Schools. The study is undertaken to find out the reasons behind unsatisfactory performance of the schools. The conclusions of the study will be helpful to make specific implementable suggestions to various authorities, which will eventually help the beneficiaries to get better service.
32 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Health
Degree of prosperity in a nation, as measured by income levels, quality of housing and food, medical care, educational opportunities, transportation, communications, and other measures. TTie standard of living in different countries is frequently compared based on annual per capita income. On an individual level, the standard of living is a measure of the quality of life in such areas as housing, food, education, clothing, transportation, and employment opportunities.
One of the important criterions of measurement of standard of living is access and quality of health care. Establishment and Management of hospitals are the fundamental duties of Municipal Corporation.
Pune Municipality established many hospitals and extended medicals services to the needy at concessional rates. The process of development of municipal hospitals is given below:-
Till 1878, the Municipality did not have its own hospitals. It used to pay
Rs.lOOO per year to private hospitals towards grants. The private hospitals were supposed to use this grants to provide medical services to those patients who could not afford the expenditure of treatment. But soon the numbers of patients increased considerably and the municipality felt the need of starting its own hospitals. The details of the hospitals were as below;-
33 TABLE N0.5 PMC Hospitals in Pune
Sr.No. Year of Nature of Location of the hospital Establishment treatment Given 1878 Narayan Peth Allopathic
1880 Sadashiv Peth Ayurvedic
1880 Nana Peth Allopathic
1893 Mahatma Phule Market Ayurvedic
From 1893 to 1924, the Municipality did not start any new hospital. In fact, during this period, the epidemics of Plague and Cholera hit the citizens very badly. But due to financial crunch, it was not possible for the municipality to start new hospitals.
After 1924, the Municipality started following hospitals:-
Sr.No. Year of Location of the hospital Establishment 1 1924 Kasba Peth 2 1924 Gang Peth 3 1926 Narayan Peth 4 1932 (Bhamburda) Shivajinagar 5 1935 Raviwaf Peth 6 1938 Shukravar Peth
The Municipality could not afford to provide treatment for serious diseases and surgery. So these facilities were not provided. The medicines were also not of very good quality. The Municipality could not buy effective medicines as these were expensive. People generally used to avoid undergoing treatment in
Municipal Hospitals.
34 After 1947, a drastic change was brought about in the medical services provided by the Municipality. 1947 to 1957 was a very important period in the history of
Pune Municipal Hospitals. The Municipality started 20 hospitals at different locations in the city. These new hospitals were able to provide medical services to the citizens in a better way than before. Following improvements were made in the medical services provided by the Municipality:-
> Provision of Anti tetanus serum.
> Provision of D.T.P.Vaccination for children.
> Appointment of lady gynecologist for women patients.
> Provision of Ophthalmology hospital.
> Establishment of Pathology Laboratory to check blood, urine and other
samples etc.
On 15* February, 1950, 13 villages within 15 kilometers radius were incorporated in Pune Municipality. No organized medical aid was available to these villages before incoiporation. The patients had to come to Pune for medical aid. The people were poor and were unable to afford travelling expenditure. In order to provide them with medical help, the Municipality decided to start ‘Mobile Dispensary’ for these villages in 1953.
A well equipped mobile van was built exclusively for this purpose. The van contained medicines, equipments, dressing instruments etc. This Dispensary
Van was provided with a doctor, a compounder, a dresser and a driver. The
Mobile Dispensary started functioning on 9* November 1953. The van was also used as ambulance to get a serious patient to a city hospital.
35 In 1951, the Municipal Corporation decided to take over Dr.Naide Hospital. The hospital used to treat patients of various epidemics. Dr.Naidu Hospital was
started in the year 1897 to treat the patients of plague. The expenditure of the hospital was shared by the Military, Pune Municipality, District Local Board and Mumbai Govenment. In order to exercise uniform control on the functioning of the hospital, the Municipality requested the government to handover the hospital to the Municipality. The request was approved and since
1951, the Municipality started looking after Naidu Hospital
Over a period of time, Pune Municipality was converted into Pune Municipal
Coiporation. The population as well as the area of the city increased to a
considerable extent. Owing to this, the Municipal Corporation was also required to make sufficient addition to health services. Now the Municipal Corporation provides medical service through its 14 Maternity Homes, 2 General Hospitals
and 1 mobile clinic. The services provided by these hospitals can be listed as below:-
® Provision of medical help to the needy and poor.
® Control of communicable diseases.
® Implementation of government policies related to health.
® Creation of awareness about health.
® Application of modem medical technology in treatment.
® To improve the medical administration so as to provide hassle free health
service,
® Provide health check up services at schools and other educational
institutions.
36 ® Mother Child health care centres.
® Provide family welfare consultancy.
® Pathological checkups.
® Maternity homes.
ROLE OF FUNE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION HOSPITALS
Municipal Corporation Hospitals are very important to provide medical
help to the needy and poor. It provides treatment at a very cheap rate.
The treatment fees charged by these hospitals are much less than that of
private hospitals. Many a patients who were interviewed by the
researcher, said that in absence of Corporation hospitals, it would not
have been possible for them to afford medical treatment. They would
have lost their control on household budget. The Corporation Hospitals
help the beneficiaries to save a substantia! amount which was likely to be
incurred towards medical bills. This savings are eventually utilized by
them to upgrade their standard of living. The beneficiaries fee! that these
hospitals are blessings for them.
It is also observed during the study that the hospitals have certain lacuna. Like any other government department, the infrastructure is not very good, equipments and medicines are not adequate and the hospitals are not equipped with emergency medical services units etc. Patients have expressed their sore feelings on such issues.
37 In spite of the criticism, it is true that the Pune Municipal Corporation Hospitals
have succeeded to reach maximum number of poor and needy people who
. require medical help. The importance of these hospitals cannot be overlooked.
. Pune Municipal Corporation is discharging the duty by establishing and
managing 14 Maternity Homes, 2 General Hospitals and 43 Outdoor Patients
Departments.
Following fonctions are performed at these hospitals:-
® Kamala Nehru General Hospital, located in Mangalwar Peth is a General
Hospital It provides medical treatment for almost all diseases. It also has
a well equipped operation theatre. ENT specialists are available in this
hospital.
® Dr.Naidu Hospital treats patients of communicable diseases. Patients
who are suffering from Cholera, Diphtheria, Small Pox, Gastro etc.are
treated in this hospital. The hospital has 180 beds. People from outside
Pune city also visit the hospital for treatment.
® Dr.Kotnis Hospital, Gadikhana, is a General Hospital. Apart from
general treatment. It treats patients who are suffering from T.B. it also
provides treatment against rabies,
® The Municipal Corporation has established 12 Maternity Homes. In
addition to their routine work, these maternity homes provide family
welfare consultancy to the citizens.
® The Municipal Corporation manages 6 Mother Child Care Centres.
These centers provide checkup facility to women and children.
38 Nutritious food items are distributed at these centres. Health visitors
appointed by the Municipal Corporation visit the houses in nearby area
and provide consultancy to women and children. These centers also
organize 'Healthy Child Competitions’.
® The Municipal Corporation has appointed 16 Malaria Inspectors and 64
Malaria Assistants. These personnel visit houses and make necessary
investigations to prevent and cure malaria.
® The Municipal Corporation also runs a mobile clinic in order to provide
medical service in slums. This mobile vmi clinic was started in the on 1®*
October 1982. 13.5% of the total patients have been treated by the
Mobile Clinic. The Corporation is planning to start 5 more such mobile
van clinics.
® The Municipal Coiporation Hospitals also arrange medical checkups of
school children. This helps to diagnose and cure various diseases will in
time.
In order to manage these hospitals in an efficient manner, the Corporation has to make a heavy budgetary provision every year. For example, amount spent for medical services in the year 2002 was as follows:-
Hospitals and Clinics: - R^.15, 57,23,467.
Prevention of Epidemics Rs.3,18,79,355
^ Public H ealthR s.6,02,58,160
In spite of all these arrangements and substantial budgetary provisions, the
public at large is of the opinion that the services provided by these hospitals are
not up to the mark. It is also a strong belief that the Municipal Corporation
39 Hospitals are meant only for the poor and not for middle class and above category citizens.
Expenditure incurred by the Municipal Corporation on medical services is very high, and on the other side, the satisfaction level of the beneficiaries is very low.
It is, therefore, necessary to find out the reasons behind this gap because the hospitals are run out of public funds and it is necessary that the optimum utilization of the public funds is made. \ | .The researcher took all possible efforts to find out the reasons behind the dissatisfacfion of the beneficiaries. Following were the observations
> Infrastructure of hospitals is not up to the mark. Old buildings,
inadequate wards, insufficient and un cleaned toilets blocks, congested
O.P.D.s, lack of sufficient water, non availability of ambulance etc. add
to the pains of the pafients during his stay in the hospital.
> Consumption of too much time for admission is also an issue of
concern for the patients.
> Non availability of certain pathological tests at hospitals and clinics
makes the patients or the relatives run fi-om pillar to post to get these
tests done.
> Many a times, the patient is advised to go to private hospital for further
treatment. It is always not possible for all the patients to afford the
charges of private hospitals. This creates a sense of helplessness in the
mind of the beneficiaries.
> Provision of effective and adequate medicines is also one of the key
issues. The patients are of the opinion that they are asked to buy the
40 medicines from outside as the medicines are either out of stock or are
less effective. This causes additional financial burden on the patient
> It is also observed that the hospitals are also not well equipped. Even if
the equipments are there, mmy times they are out of order.
Taking into consideration the above facts, there is a need to analyze the functioning of the municipal Hospitals. The study is undertdcen to find out the reasons behind unsatisfactory service given by the hospitals. The conclusions of the study will be helpful to make specific implementable suggestions to various authorities, which will eventually help the beneficiaries to get better service.
41 SIGNIHCANCE OF THE STUDY
Other Selected Welfare Sehemes tmplemeiiteci by the UCD (Urban
Development) Department for Stam resMeiits
The role of Municipal Corporations in India is not confined to the provisions of basic amenities like water, roads, drainages etc only. 73*^^ amendment in Indian
Constitution has brought about a drastic change in the nature of duties of
Municipal Corporations, According to this amendment, the Municipal
Corporations are required to execute poverty alleviation programmes for the lower income group citizens to improve their standard of living.
Pune Municipal Corporation has implemented many schemes for the lower income group families living in slums. At present, there are 550 declared slums in Pune. The citizens, who live in these slums, owe a very low standard of living. They generally do petty private jobs, work as a contract labor or run a small business. Their income is limited. They are unable to fulfill their basic requirements fi:om the income.
In 1984, the Pune Municipal Corporation launched Urban Community
Development (UCD) Programme in association with Government of India and
UNICEF. The Municipal Corporation implements many programmes for the welfare of women and children. The objective behind launching such schemes was to make them financially independent and improve their standard of living.
The youth who are financially weak, find it difficult to take formal education.
Many of them have to leave their education in between because of financial
42 problems. Due to this, they find it difficult to stand on their own. They neither
have formal education nor any other professional skill to earn their living. They
even cannot start their own business due to the same problem. They have to do
small jobs which do not give them any assured income or financial security.
In order to help them to overcome this dilemma, the Urban Community
Development Department of the PMC started certain schemes.
In order to spread the benefits of these schemes among each and every deserving
family, the Municipal Corporation established ‘Neighborhood Groups’. In each
slum, there is one Neighborhood Group which consists of 50 families. 1900
such ‘Nei^borhood Groups’ have been established so far. These welfare
schemes are implemented through the Neighborhood Groups.
Under these schemes, efforts are made to make the women financially independent. These schemes provide them training for various occupations.
Some of the important schemes are as under:-
The Urban Community Development Department of P.M.C. provides help to these citizens by implementing certain schemes. These schemes enable them to obtain vocational training absolutely fi'ee of cost. Due to the training, they become skilled. Their employability as well as income increases. This ultimately leads to improvement in their standard of living.
The Urban Community Development Department (UCD) aims at mddng the women in such lower income group families financially independent. The department helps them in following ways;-
43 ^ Provision of vocational training. This includes, Computer training,
wireman, T.V. / V.C.R.repairing, A/C, refrigerator repairing, fashion
designing etc.
^ Provision of teclmical guidance to start a business.
^ Provision of financial assistance and subsidy.
^ Facility of marketing of their products.
^ Provision of Too! Kits to start business.
^ Provision of finance to purchase machinery.
^ Provision of organization of ‘ Entrepreneurship Training’.
Financial assistance for higher education.
^ Earn and leam scheme for students.
These schemes have really benefitted the target group. Many slum dwellers have availed the benefits of these schemes. Their interviews and personal observations of the researcher reveal that there is increase in their standard of living.
i. Vocational Tramiiig for WomeHS Under this scheme, women between
18-25 of age are given training for various vocations. The tenure of this
training is from one month to six months. After successful completion of
the training, these women are given equipments kits to start their own
business. This will help them to start earning money immediately after
the training is over. Training for following vocations is given under this
scheme."
44 TABLE N0.06 .VOCATIONAL COURSES AVAILABLE FOR WOMEN
Sr.No. Course Name EMglbility Course teniire 1. Beauty Parlor 10* Pass 6 months
2. Soft Toys, Fur Toys 5* Pass 3 months
3. Fashion Designing 8® Pass + Basic 6 months stitching 4. Leather Purses & Cotton Literate 6 months Bags 5. Screen Printing Literate 6 months
Manufacturing of 6. Literate 2 months Chalks, Candles and Essence Sticks
> This training is provided free of cost. Free bus pa§s will be given to the
beneficiaries.
> The PMC will try to provide them self employment opportunities. It will
also try to market the products manufactured by the women under this
scheme.
ii. FmaiicM Assistance to orgamke ‘EffltrepreueiirsMp Development
Seminars / Guidances
The women, who wish to start a business in a group, are provided
financial assistance to organize seminars/ guidance lectures for
entrepreneurship development. SuccessM entrepreneurs are supposed to
be resource persons for these seminars. This scheme helps the women to
learn following aspects of entrepreneurship:
45 > The members of the group will get detailed guidance about the
business which they are going to start. The guidance is related to:
® Availability of raw material.
® Availability of skilled personnel.
® Availability of machineries.
® Availability of infrastaictore facilities.
“ Availability of finance.
® Maintenance of accounts.
® Availability of market.
® Advertising techniques.
> Various expenses like remuneration to the resource persons,
conveyance, local hospitality etc, can be paid out of the financial
assistance received.
> The members can arrange a tour to similar industry / business
unit to have hands on idea about the business.
The amount paid for each such seminar is Rs. 10000/-.
Ul. Fmandal Assistanee for Common Facility Centre:
Objective: - The objectives of the scheme are as follows-
^ To provide marketing facilities to the products manufactured by
the neighborhood groups.
^ To provide subsidy on the loan amount which the groups have
raised for business.
46 The women who belong to lower income group families and wish to do a
business in a group are eligible for this scheme. The beneficiaries should fulfill
following conditions:-
i. The women whose age is more than 18 and less than 35 are eligible for
this scheme.
ii. The gross income of the family should be less than Rs.30000 p.a.
iii. Interested beneficiaries should prepare a detailed project report stating
the requirement of capital, space, machinery, water etc,
iv. The ‘Pre Consent Letter’ of bank is essential if the neighborhood group
is going to raise the capital by way of raising loan.
V . If the machineries require electricity, permission of Electricity Company
should be obtained.
vi. Permission of ‘Shop and Establishment Department’ of Pune Municipal
Corporation should also be obtained.
vii. The amount of subsidy will be Rs.l, 25,000 or 50% of the total capital;
whichever is higher will be sanctioned. viii. The ‘Common Facility Centre’ will try to market the products
manufactured by these women entrepreneurs.
ix. The P.M.C. will organize exhibitions for marketing of such goods.
X . Common expenditure o f the centre like water, electricity, cleaning
charges etc. is to be borne by the group.
47 iv. Computer Trammg:
The U.C.D. provides computer training to the cHidren of neighborhood
family group members. The age limit for boys is 18, for girls, upper age
limit is not applicable. The objective of the scheme is to make the
cMMren of lower income group families compute' literate and
employable. Following computer cotirses are offered under this scheme:-
Table No. 7 , Imformation about Computer Courses offered by tiie U.C,D.
SR.No. Name of the Course Eligibility Tenure
Computer Basics ~9“ Pass 4 months
Tally l^Pass 2 Months (Computer Basics essential) CC++ 12**^ Pass' 3 Months (Computer Basics essential) 4. Diploma In Computer 9“ Passe(T 4 Months Application. (DCA) 5. Computer Hardware 6 Months (Computer Basics essential) Passed The details of the scheme are as unden-
i. The gross income of the family of the beneficiary should be less than
Rs.30000 p.a.
ii. The training will be organized by the U.C.D. or an amount not exceeding
Rs.1500 /“ will be paid to the institution where the beneficiary is
obtaining training.
iii. The beneficiary has to pay 25% of the total fees to the U.C.D. towards
‘Security Deposit’ (For not leaving the training in between). After
successful completion of the training, the security deposit will be
refunded to the beneficiary.
48 iv. If the number of students exceed the intake capacity, selection will be
made on the basis of marks obtained in 10‘*' examination and financial
position
V . Only one member of a family is eligible for training at one time.
However, certain lacunas have been noticed in the planning and implementation of these schemes. Some of them are as follows:-
> Income Ceiling: The person, total income of whose family is less than
Rs.30000 p.a. is only eligible to avail the benefit of the schemes. This
condition needs to be removed because there are many families, whose
income is more than the above limit, but are not able to meet the
expenses because of the size o f the family. Such families can not avail
the benefits of the schemes.
> Amount of assistance: The amount of assistance provided is very less
and inadequate. It needs to be increased.
> Placement Guidance; There is a need to establish ‘Placement Cell’
which will provide placements to the beneficiaries of various schemes.
Taking into consideration the above facts, there is a need to analyze the functioning of these schemes. The study is undertaken to find out the reasons behind the lacunas. The conclusions of the study will be helpful to make specific implementable suggestions to various authorities, which will eventually help the beneficiaries to get better service.
49 1.5 Objeetives of the research^
I. To see whether the benefits of the selected schemes reaEy reach its target group.
❖ The term ‘Scheme’ indudes:-
a. Educatloii- Secondary and M ^er education provided by the P.M.C. b. Health- Medical services provided by the P.M.C. throu^ the general and maternity hospitals. c. Other Schemes for women and child welfare - the schemes implemented by the P.M.C. for the slum residents through the Urban Community Development Department (U.C.D.) these schemes are:- Vocational Training for Women Computer Training ‘Common Facility Centre’
❖ The term Target Grosip’ includes:- The slum residents People living below the poverty line Unemployed Women Children
50 ❖ To analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the scliemes. The ‘Analysis and evaluation’ include:-
■/ Understand the basic aims and objectives of the schemes.
Understand the nature of machinery applied for the
execution of the same.
Study and analyze the selection criteria of the proposed
beneficiaries of the schemes.
^ Study the process of raising funds for these schemes
Study the performance of the project officers
^ Study the impact of the schemes on the standard of life of
the beneficiaries
Obtain feedback from the beneficiaries regarding the
schemes
^ Obtain suggestions from the beneficiaries for the better
implementation of the schemes.
❖ Suggest the measures to be taken for effective Implemeiitation of the schemes.
51 1.6 Scope of the study;
This study is restricted to the selected welfare schemes implemented by the
Pune Municipal Corporation within its jurisdiction and to the actual beneficiaries of the schemes.
52 1.7 Hypothesis
It refers to the process of selecting and using a sample statistic to draw inference about population parameter based on a subset of it - the sample drawn from the population. Statistical inference treats two different classes of problems:
® Testing of hypothesis ® Estimation
Here we are testing some hypothesis about the welfare schemes. But we have to take review of theory related to statistical inference - testing of hypothesis.
Statistical m fereace is th at brafficfe of statistics, wMch is coMceraed with as by probability eoiicept to deal with iiiicertaiiity la dectsloia making. The field of statistical Inference has had a fruitfnl development since the later half of tie 19*^* century.
It refers to the process of selecting and using a sample statistics to draw inference about a population parameter based on a subset of it - the sample drawn from the population. Statistical inference treats two different classes of problems:-
1. Hypothesis testing, i.e. to test some hypothesis about present population from which the sample is drawn. 2. Estimation, i.e. to use statistics obtained from sample as estimate of the unknown parameter of the population from which the sample is drawn.
In both the cases, the particular problem at hand is structured in such a way that inferences about relevant population value can be made from sample data.
53 Hypothesis testmg:-
Hypothesis testing begins with an assumption, called a hypothesis that we make about a population parameter. A hypothesis is a supposition made as a basis for reasoning. According to Prof. Morris Hamburg, “A Hypothesis in statistics is simply a quantitative statement about a population. Palmer O Johnson has described Hypothesis as “Islands in the uncharted seas of thought to be used as bases for consolidation and co-operation as we advance into the unknown”
Researchers Hypothesis:
‘The seleeted welfare schemes mtroduced by the Pune Mumidpal Corp&ratmn are effective for the improvement in the standard of living of the specific target group and there is scope for improvement ’
For analyzing the data, researcher has used graphical method and wherever required, it is supported by CHI SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE.
54 STATISTICAL METHODS
The data has been entered in MS Excel before it was transferred to
SPSS for the further data analysis.
The attributes related to satisfaction of respondents regarding various parameters such as improvement in academic performance, increase in health status, increase in income, and increase in standard o f living etc were codes using Likert scale having 5 points staling from strong satisfaction to the strong dissatisfaction. Later they were coded into two or more appropriate categories for further analysis.
To assess the statistical significance of difference between the qualitative responses of respondents we used Chi-square test for independence of attributes or Fisher’s exact test (in case any of the cell frequency is less than or equal to 5) as appropriate.
The p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant since the level of significance was fixed at 5% level for testing all hypotheses.
The entire data was analyzed using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5 for MS Windows.
55