Archaeologist Volume 43 No.4 Fall 1993

OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 43 NO.4 FALL 1993

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and TERM wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS EXPIRES Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incor­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 porated non-profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, BACK ISSUES Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-6642 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 43130,(614)653-9477 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's&1990's _...$ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1994 Immediate Past Pres. James G. Hovan, 16979 South erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Meadow Circle, Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 business office for prices and availability. BUSINESS MANAGER ASO CHAPTERS Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road NE, Pleasantville, OH Aboriginal Explorers Club 43148, (614) 536-7855 or (800) 736-7815. President: Mark D. Cline, 1127 Esther Ave., Wellsville, OH Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: John C. McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 1994 Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, 2200 East Powell Road, Blue Jacket Chapter Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 297-2641 (work) President: Jon Mason Anspaugh, 210 East Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH 1994 Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society (614)459-0808 President: Alan Easterday, 770 Woodland Ave., Wadsworth, OH 1994 S. A. (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH Cuyahoga Valley Chapter President: Jay Elias, 1780 A Treetop Trail, Akron, OH 43085,(614)885-0449 Flint Ridge Chapter 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: Joe Kinser, 397 Tigre Dr., Newark, OH 43050,(614)393-2314 Fort Salem Chapter 1996 Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH 44805 President: Brent Weber, 1455 Bethel - N.R. Rd., New Richmond, OH (419)289-8313 Johnny Appleseed Chapter 1996 Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Park., Chillicothe, OH President: Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ashland, OH 45601,(614)772-5431 King Beaver Chapter 1996 James F. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, President: Judith Storti, R.D. #2, Box 1519, Herrick St., New Castle, PA (614)323-2351 Lake County Chapter 1994 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) President: William M. King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH 723-7122 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter William Tied, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, North Coast Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Robert W. McGreevey, 24687 Tara-Lynn Dr., N. Olmstead, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Don Baker, 2011 Greenville Rd., Bristolville, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Plum Run Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Scott Schrecengost, 937 S. 12th St., Beloit, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Sandusky Bay Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: George B. DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Sandusky Valley Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Jim Lightener, 631 N. Detroit, Kenton, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Seneca Arrow Hunters changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH ness Manager. Six River Valley Chapter President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Standing Stone Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Jim Dutcher, 11995 State Route 757 N.W., Glenford, OH SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Sugarcreek Valley Chapter President: Garry L. Summers, 8170 Sharon N.W., N. Canton, OH NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS I PRESIDENT'S PAGE Fort Recovery by Elaine Holzapfel and Robert N. Converse 4 The November meeting is behind us and the turnout was great! I Report on the Ross County Fluted Point Survey wish to thank those who filled the room with displays. Your efforts by Claude Britt, Jr. 8 were appreciated! I would also like to thank the exhibits and recent A Banded Slate Chisel by Bob White 9 field finds judges for what was a very difficult job. Flint Planes by Bob White 9 Nancy and I, along with many of our members, attended The Ohio Archaeological Council Conference entitled "A View from the The Chillicothe Conference: A View From The Core Core: A Conference Synthesizing Ohio Hopewell Archaeology" in by Elaine Holzapfel 10 Chillicothe. We applaud The Ohio Archaeological Council for a job Two Birdstones From The Kenneth Black Collection 12 well done. The conference was well organized and the papers Bar Amulets From Ohio and Indiana were very interesting. by Al Wakefield 13 With the onset of winter we have the opportunity to catch-up on Artifacts from the Blanchard River Area, Northwesten Ohio long delayed activities. Cold dark evenings and snowy Saturdays by Robert W. Morris 14 are the perfect time to catalogue this summer's finds and acquisi­ A Paleolndian Site Near Greenville, Ohio, in Darke County by Elaine Holzapfel 16 tions. There are several schemes for cataloguing artifacts. One of Preliminary Report on a Clovis Toolkit the most popular is the Smithsonian system using the designated number of the state (33 for Ohio), the county abbreviation, and the by Russell J. Long 18 designated state site identification, number, i.e. 33ST357. While Glacial Kame in Erie County by Jay E. Zimmerman 20 you are looking at your site material, you might try refitting broken Miniature Paleo Points by Elaine Holzapfel 21 lithics together. Admittedly the odds are a bit long, but when those Three Historic Era Pipes by C.J. O'Neil 22 two pieces click back together it is quite a thrill. Archaeologists A Paleo-Plano Site in Franklin County, Ohio use refitting as a tool to prove site stratigraphy, to verify associa­ tions of different loci, and as evidence of tool use, curation, and by Robert N. Converse 23 lithic reduction. Mound City by Robert N. Converse 24 Winter is also a great time to write that long delayed article for Hopewell Ceramic Figurines by Robert N. Converse 25 the Ohio Archaeologist! Bob can always use more articles for the President Jackson's Pipes by Gordon Hart 28 magazine and it is a great way to get your material into the archae­ The Strait Site Revisited by D.R. Gehlbach 30 ological record for all interested parties. On Processing of Elephant Carcass Perhaps you have some extra time in the winter to volunteer with Archaeological Perspective an institution or project. Help with cataloguing collections or other by Zygmunt A. Beiniulis 32 lab work is always needed. The experience can provide much The Canal Winchester Group, Fairfield County, Ohio needed support for under-funded institutions and/or projects and by John C. Rummel 35 be a very educational experience. See you at the meetings. Some Ohio Flint by Jerry Ball 36 The Paleoethnobotanical Record of the Larry Munson's Spring Site (33U251): I Plant Utilization of Ceremonial and Habitation Contexts by Crystal L. Reustle 37 Recent Field Finds 41 Agricultural Stress on Cultural Materials by James R. Haas 42 A Large Unfinished Birdstone by Robert N. Converse 43 Early Aerial Photographs of the Ross County Hopewell Enclosure by William F. Romain 44 A Chlorite Winged Bannerstone by Paul Hooser 50 Book Review by Brian M. Fagan 51 Chapter News 51 Back Cover: Ramey Knife by Mike Sedler 51

Front Cover: A group of nine rare and unique Hopewell figurines. These small ceramic statuettes provide a glimpse into how the people of this two thousand year old culture saw themselves. They were plowed out of a field along the Illinois River.

3 FORT RECOVERY by Elaine Holzapfel 104 East Lincoln Greenville, OH 45331 and Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, OH 43064

It is difficult to imagine a more peaceful back to 1759 where on the Plains of rive at Fort Washington on time and those and serene town than Fort Recovery, Ohio. Abraham in front of Montreal, French that did arrive were of poor quality or in­ This sleepy hamlet of around 1400 souls forces under General Montcalm were de­ complete. Money to pay enlistees did not lies within gunshot of the Indiana border in feated by the British under General Wolfe. appear. Most of the enlistees were the northwestern Ohio at the edge of Mercer This defeat all but ended any major French dregs of frontier settlements and many of County. Here you will find a strong German influence in Canada and the lands north those were on the frontier simply to stay a presence - residents who are descendants and west of the Ohio River. At the peace jump ahead of bothersome sheriffs back in of early German settlers with names like treaty in Paris, the Northwest Territory was the states. Insubordination was rampant Van Trees, Kaup, Hein, Hoke, Zehringer ceded to the United States, but the English and trainiing was difficult if not impossible. and Hoying. Fort Recovery is friendly and did not give up easily and sent agents to St. Clair's health was bad and he suffered the German propensity for neatness and provoke the Indians into raiding settlements greatly from what was probably arthritis. tidiness is everywhere evident - the brick in Kentucky and Virginia. After a series of He was not on the best of terms with his paved main street can be crossed any­ retaliatory raids by Americans north of the officers. where without the danger of being run over Ohio River, the frontier was in a constant St. Clair spent much of his time trying by speeding traffic - head-in parking is still state of uncertainty and aggression. to obtain horses, arms, and supplies and fashionable and you can park and walk to In 1788, Arthur St. Clair came to Ohio as attempting to get his recruits organized any part of town. Passers-by voluntarily of­ the first Governor of the Northwest into some semblance of a military force. fered us directions when we seemed lost or Territory. In 1789 he held a council with the To complicate matters, the season was puzzled. The bank still has its stained glass Indians at Fort Harmar but many of the moving on and he was constantly being clock sign, in place since 1923. There is lit­ tribes did not attend and the raids contin­ prodded by the Secretary of War to get on tle noise and we saw few raucous children. ued. It was apparent that peace was im­ with his expedition. New enlistees were If you want a sandwich or a meal you can possible. The Indians were not only being deserting daily and the promised go to Meinerdings, a tavern of wide fame, advised by secret British agents, but a Kentucky militia had not yet arrived. On where the locals have not lost their German number of frontiersmen with British sympa­ July 15th, 299 United States regular army taste for beer. thies went over to the Indian side, one of troops arrived at Fort Washington, and St. We were disappointed that the local mu­ the most famous being Simon Girty. The Clair decided to move his forces away seum was closed, but were directed by a Indians were led by Little Turtle of the from the fort and marched them to Ludlow friendly pedestrian, who saw us peeking Miamis, Blue Jacket of the Shawnees, and Station, six miles north, where they were through the windows, to a flower shop Buckongahelos of the Delawares, who had trained until September 17,1791. where a lady happily made a phone call to formed a confederation to defend Ohio They then marched to a ford in the Miami have another lady come and open the mu­ from further white intrusions. River and built Fort Hamilton. After a series seum for us. In September, 1790, St. Clair was di­ of molasses-like movements, St. Clair had Just as it is difficult to imagine this rected by George Washington's Secretary moved his army 70 miles north of Fort Norman Rockwell-like village as ever being of War, Henry Knox, to conduct a cam­ Washington and constructed Fort Jefferson anything but placid and non -violent, it is paign against the Indians and establish a in what is now Darke County. Another gelid equally unimaginable to visualize it as a line of forts from Fort Washington maneuver took him only six miles where he calamitous killing ground where more than (Cincinnati) northward to the juncture of the camped at what is now Greenville. one thousand whites and Indians were rivers St. Joseph and St. Marys. This was In addition to slow movement, St. Clair killed - a place with a Bloody Run, and a to be done without a conflict with the had many other problems. Deserters had place where in 1851 a Bone Burying Day Indians if possible, but if force was neces­ been leaving the army at an alarming rate was held. It is one of the few battlefields on sary, it was to be used. To this end and a group of around 250 women, wives, the face of the earth where American sol­ Congress authorized the enlistment of two cooks, and camp followers had slowed his diers threw down their guns and ran, and a thousand volunteers. These new levies, in march to only a few miles a day. After mov­ place where after 200 years, parts of dis­ conjunction with a regiment of regular army ing north from Greenville, St. Clair learned carded army paraphernalia and occasional soldiers, were to be St. Clair's army of that a supply train was on its way from Fort human bones are still found in local gar­ around three thousand. They were to as­ Washington bringing badly needed food dens and fields. semble at Fort Washington in July of 1791 and supplies. Rumors had also reached It is also at this innocuous and pleasant where St. Clair would train them and then him that a large group of recruits was plan­ part of Ohio where Arthur St. Clair, a Major lead them north constructing forts and ning to desert and comandeer the supply General in the American Revolution, an offi­ manning them as he went. The culmination train and return home. To thwart this ru­ cer in the French and Indian War, the first of this expedition was to be the erection of mored raid on his vital supplies, he made a President of the Continental Congress, the a fort near what is now Fort Wayne, fatal error in sending his regular army first Territorial Governor, a close friend of Indiana, which would have a garrison of troops - his only trained soldiers but the George Washington, and a patriot of un­ some 500 men. St. Clair was also autho­ only ones he could trust - back south to questionable courage and loyalty, not only rized to employ Indian scouts and a num­ protect the supply train. lost his reputation and fortune, but was dis­ ber of Chickasaws from the South were to St. Clair had no reliable scouts and the graced and stigmatized until his poverty- accompany the expedition. army was lost. Thinking they were on a trib­ ridden death. St. Clair's foray into Indian country - utary of the St. Marys River, they actually To understand the events which led up when viewed in retrospect - seemed were at the headwaters of the Wabash to St. Clair's defeat, one must strangely go doomed from the start. Supplies did not ar­ where they camped on a triangular piece of

4 dry ground fronted by two streams, one of which was the Wabash. His army was tired and despite the fact that they had seen many signs of Indians, they failed to erect any defenses before pitching their tents. The Kentucky militia, who were insubordi­ nate and kept themselves aloof from the main army, crossed the Wabash and THE CAMPAIGN OF ARTHUR ST. CLAIR 1791 camped about 300 yards north of the rest of the army and close to a copse of thick timber. Frequent sightings of Indians and sporadic gunfire of pickets seemed not to have unduly alarmed St. Clair and his offi­ cers even though gunshots continued to disturb the night. In defense of St. Clair, it is recorded that he was not a well man and suffered from "a billious colic, sometimes rheumatic asthma" and "symptoms of the gout" which confined him to his tent on the evening of November 3,1791. By the morning of November 4th a light snow had fallen and the troops had only begun to fall in when a volley of shots rang out from the woods near the Kentucky mili­ tia camp. In only minutes, after being at­ tacked by a strong force of Indians, over 300 militiamen came pelting into camp without returning any more than token fire. The main army hastily formed two lines of defense but were quickly surrounded. Subsequent crossfire and near collapse of the left side of their position took a deadly toll. The Indians - probably at the urging of their British advisors - singled out the offi­ cers as targets and the army was soon without any leadership. The contracted lines and lack of officers concentrated what was left of the army at the center of their position and offered an even more deadly target. At 9 o'clock, resistance had totally collapsed and a retreat was sounded. Now a leaderless rabble, most of the soldiers threw down their guns and anything else which might slow them down and ran. St. Clair escaped on a packhorse and he and what was left of his forces headed south and did not stop until they reached Fort Jefferson 26 miles away. Had the Indians not been preoccupied with the spoils of battlefield and killing the wounded, they un­ doubtedly could have completely annihi­ lated the entire American army which was unarmed, in total disarray and running for their lives. Most of the officers were dead Figure 1 (Holzapfel - Converse) Map showingClair's St. march from Fort Washington to the pre- or wounded, the women camp followers sent site of Fort Recovery. were either killed or captured, and the wounded were left on the battlefield to their had failed to adequately supply and sup­ Samuel McDowell, who had fought both fate. The American army had suffered its port him. Most of his personal fortune had with St. Clair and Wayne at Fort Recovery, worst defeat in history, been spent paying government bills for returned there to settle and died in 1847. After a conflict which lasted little more which he was never repaid. He died in In 1913 a 101 foot marble obelisk com­ than an hour, the battlefield was strewn poverty in Pennsylvania in August 1818. memorating the battle and honoring the with the bodies of more than 900 of St. Two years later General Anthony Wayne re­ dead was dedicated at a small park some 600 feet east of the battlefield. Burials Clairs soldiers. Although no count was turned to the site of the defeat and built from Bone Burying Day were removed to made of Indian dead, there were probably Fort Recovery. He repulseld a subsequent attack by the Indians and went on to build the park and reburied at the base of the over 1,000 white and Indian casualties. The monument. bodies of the army dead were to remain Fort Defiance and Fort Wayne and later de­ where they had fallen until Anthony feat the Indians at Fallen Timbers. Today the visitor can see the obelisk with its 9 foot statue of a frontiersman along Wayne's army returned two years later to Bone Burying Day was held in 1851 after with brass plaques honoring the dead, as bury them in a mass grave. a group of boys discovered the mass grave of battle casualties washing out of the well as a museum and reconstruction of EPILOGUE The entire fiasco was blamed the fort, all within easy walking distance. on St. Clair even though the govenment banks of the Wabash.

5 Figure 2 (Holzapfel and Converse) Part of the reconstructed fort built by General Anthony Wayne on the site of St. Clair's defeat.

Figure 1 (Holzapfel and Converse) Obelisk commemorating the battles at Fort Recovery. Dedicated in 1913, it is a 101 foot replica of the Washington Monument. Figure at base is the statue of a frontiersman.

Figure 3 (Holzapfel and Converse) Bed of the Wabash River which bordered one Figure 4 (Holzapfel and Converse) Lock from a flintlock side of St. Clair's encampment. To the right of this river, some 300 yards away, the musket found at Fort Recovery. Many such pieces of army Kentucky Militia were the first to give ground to the attacking Indians. equipment have been found in nearby fields.

6 Figure 5 (Holazpfel and Converse) Army issue Figure 6 (Holzapfel and Converse) Tomahawk Figure 7 (Holzapfel and Converse) Part of the felling axe probably lost or thrown away by or belt axe. Both Indians and St. Clair's sol­ original flag pole which flew the American flag one of St. Clair's soldiers. Note the U.S. diers carried such weapons. at Fort Recovery. It was found in 1836 when a stamped in the side of the axe. Maker's touch- well was dug on the fort site. mark on blade is unreadable.

Figure 8 (Holzapfel and Converse) Cannonballs line the street adjacent to the fort and museum. These are naval cannonballs - cannon carried by St. Clair and Wayne were of much smaller caliber. REPORT ON THE ROSS COUNTY FLUTED POINT SURVEY by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, OH 45895

In the Winter 1993 issue of the Ohio ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Archaeologist I published a brief article re­ questing information on Clovis-type Thanks are extended to Lar Hothem for Fluted Points from Ross County which participating in my survey and for furnish­ might be in museums and private collec­ ing the photo and data of the point from tions. About the same time that issue Frankfort. went into the mail I moved away from Chillicothe. Thus, I was unable to follow References up with my survey with members of the local Mound City Chapter or museums in Britt, Claude J. the area. No one currently living in Ross 1993 Survey of Fluted Points from Ross County responded to my survey, how­ County Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 43, ever, I know from talking to artifact collec­ No. 1, p. 45 tors in Ross County over a five-year pe­ 1974 Flint from the Britt Teaching Collection. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 24, No. 3, p. 27. riod that some amateurs do own fluted Converse, Robert N. points from the county. Also, recently a 1985 Fluted Point collected at Yellowbud, Ross member of the Blue Jacket Chapter County. (Photo & caption). stated that he has knowledge of a land­ Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 4 , p. 19. owner in Ross County who has 3 or 4 Hothem, Lar fluted points from a site on his land. I was 1992 Letter dated October 31, 1992. unable to follow up on this. Lancaster, Ohio. In searching the literature for fluted points from Ross County that might have been illustrated previously I examined nearly 40 years of back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist. Over the years, several fluted points from various counties have been pictured in the "Archaeologist". Unless I overlooked some, only two such points have been illustrated In the Ohio Archaeologist having originated in Ross County. One of these is a fluted point in the Converse collection. It was illustrated in color as a full page in the Ohio Archaeologist (Converse, 1985). This point was collected originally by the late Edward W. Atkinson at Yellowbud in Ross County. It is 4 inches long. The other pre­ viously-illustrated fluted point from Ross County is one which was given to me many years ago. I pictured it in the Ohio Archaeologist back at that time (Britt, 1974). The present survey of fluted points from Ross County has turned up only one ad­ Figure 1 (Britt) Ross County Fluted Point found ditional point from the county (Fig. 1). Lar near Frankfort, Ohio. Made from Delaware flint. Hothem of Lancaster kindly furnished the Measures 1 % by 3'5<6 inches. Photo courtesy of photo and data on this find. According to Lar Hothem. Hothem, it is fashioned from a gray and tan Delaware flint. It measures VA by 3% inches (approximately the same size as Converse's point from Yellowbud). The point reported by Hothem (Fig. 1) was found near Frankfort In Ross County. If anyone else would like to participate in this Ross County survey which I started in April 1993, please send information to my Wapakoneta address. If I receive addi­ tional information on Ross County Fluted Points, another follow-up report will be written at a later date. Otherwise, this is a final report.

8 A BANDED SLATE CHISEL by Bob White Thornville, OH

Pictured in Figure 1 is a banded slate chisel. It was surface found in Darke County, Ohio, and is in the author's col­ lection. It measures 5W in length and has polish over its entire surface. The pole end shows wear, while the bit is highly polished. The chisel is somewhat out of character because it is of banded slate rather than granite. These tools are usually made from a compact granite or other igneous stone. Chisels are relatively scarce in Ohio, and the author has only seen one made from banded slate.

Figure 1 (White) Obverse and reverse of slate chisel.

FLINT PLANES by Bob White Thornville, OH

Pictured in Figs. 1 and 2 are nine flint that of a thumb or end scrapper and is relatively flat with a 20° bevel on the work­ planes from the author's collection. These designed to be pushed as opposed to ing edge. This beveling was achieved with interesting tools were recognized by being pulled. one stroke. The underside of this type, Converse, Ohio Archaeologist volume 41, The second row shows a type of plane like the humped side, is always well no. 1, page 11. As with thumb and end that resembles a small preform or blade. chipped. Some are uniface with pressure scrapers, there seems to be a variety of They have a humped upper surface mak­ retouch and two examples have been forms and sizes. ing it possible for more leverage when polished on the underside of the working The top row in figures one and two held by the thumb and forefinger. This edge. shows a type that resembles an end or hump gives the appearance of a relatively Of the 15 examples in the author's col­ thumb scraper. They are random flakes or big cross section. However, when held lection, 14 are made from good quality spawls, uniface on the bottom, with slant­ and examined sideways, some examples flint, and one from upper mercer flint. ing flakes removed to form an edge. This are curved, while examples two and four, They were found on Middle Woodland edge that is formed is a direct opposite to bottom row, figures and one and two, are tool preparation sites in my area.

• * •

Figure 1 (White) Obverse of flint planes. Figure 2 (White) Reverse of flint planes.

9 / THE CHILLICOTHE CONFERENCE: A View From the Core by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, OH A conference synthesizing the Hopewell culture was held in Chillicothe on Nov. 19 and 20, 1993. Sponsored by the Ohio Archaeological Council, the con­ Left, Jeff Carskadden ference was attended by the leading delivered a paper on Hopewell archaeologists from eastern the Hopewell of the United States. Many members of the Muskingum Valley. Archaeological Society of Ohio were in attendance.

Bill Pickard, of Ohio State University.

Martha Potter Otto, of the Ohio Historical Society. Bob Riordan, of Wright State University, discussed hilltop enclosures.

N'omi Greber, of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, on Mound 25 at the Hopewell site.

Robert Mainfort, of the Tennessee Division of Archaeology, and editor Robert Converse examine bladelets found in the Pinson Mounds.

10 N'omi Greber, and Wesley Cowan of the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, on the bus tour to the Hopewell site.

Editor Robert Converse and Dr. James Griffin, known as the dean of American archaeology.

Dee Ann Wymer of Bloomsburg University, gave a paper about prehistoric use of seeds and plants.

J. Heilman, of the Dayton Museum of Natural History, and Bob Converse. Heilman told of excavating the skeleton of a baby elk from the Purdom Mound, near Xenia.

Paul Pacheco, of the Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, talked about Hopewell settlements. Nancy Morris, Recording Secretary of the ASO and Larry Morris, President.

11 TWO BIRDSTONES FROM THE KENNETH BLACK COLLECTION

Banded Slate Birdstone - Williams County, Ohio

Porphyry Birdstone - Williams County, Ohio

12 BAR AMULETS FROM OHIO AND INDIANA by Al Wakefield 4151 Logansgate Youngstown, OH

The bar amulets shown in the accom­ Warren County - unknown - Scioto two are unknown. The two bars on the panying photograph are from Ohio and County - Delaware County - Lucas right were at one time part of the same Indiana. Top down - Darke County - County - unknown - unknown. Center piece. Randolph County, Indiana.

13 ARTIFACTS FROM THE BLANCHARD RIVER AREA, NORTHWESTERN OHIO by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, OH 45501

The lithic points and blades illustrated lated to the Kirk Corner Notched and to be fairly typical of an E-notch point. and described in this paper are a tiny Corner Notched Serrated points of The broken notch of this point is more fraction of a very large collection made Converse (1973). Although the tip of this like an E-notch, whereas the complete early this century along the Blanchard point is missing, it still shows the typical notch is more similar to notches on River valley in Putnam and Hancock assymetrical, lop-sided appearance of some of the Thebes point varieties illus­ Counties, Ohio. The fellow who made the blade relative to the base (Fig. 3). trated by DeRegnaucourt (1991). this collection (identification unknown to The pronounced serrations are among Overall, this point also fits the appear­ the author) was involved in both farming the deepest this author has yet encoun­ ance and characteristics of the Diagonal and the construction of barns in many tered and the barbs on the corners of Notch variety of the Thebes point type localities along the river and over the the blade expand in width, as noted by presented by DeRegnaucourt (1991) and years amassed a large artifact collec­ DeRegnaucourt (1991) for the could be classified as such. The 2'iinch tion. Pen and ink numbers on old paper Charleston Corner Notched type. The Archaic bevel (Fig. 9, center) has both labels preserved on some of the pieces deep, sharp serrations on this point basal ears missing, yet has the classic record such numbers as: 1210, 11714, could well have provided an excellent shape, including large fan shaped base, 11758, and 15352, evidence that this sawing and cutting function. of the typical Archaic bevels illustrated was a large, catalogued collection. Due to the absence of basal portions by Converse (1993, Fig. 1, second row). Unfortunately, I have no information as on the large broken blades illustrated in The base of this point is slightly convex to the identity of the original collector or Fig. 4 (left) and Fig. 5, it is not possible outward and heavily ground. This if locality information or collection to identify the point types to which beveled point has also been rechipped records still exist. these belong. All are large, well chipped into a hafted scraper. The Archaic bevel The small portion of the collection blades which would be outstanding (Fig. 9, right) has one basal ear missing, presented in this article represents a va­ specimens, probably 4 inches or more in but enough of the base remains to indi­ riety of interesting lithic artifacts which length, if intact. cate it was ground and was concave are typical of what one often sees in old The three triangular blades illustrated outward. collections made in the late 1800's and in Figure 8 are about the same size (2 The black and white photography of early part of this century. Although many inches in length) and similar in general Fig. 10 does not do justice to the color of these pieces are damaged or imper­ appearance. However, the left blade dif­ of the large Pentagonal point on the left. fect, all have the patina, age, and even fers significantly in having rounded It is made from multi-colored Flint Ridge some old labels which are typical of ma­ basal corners and heavy basal grinding, flint of maroon, pink, grey, and cream terial from old collections. In addition to thus suggesting it is Archaic in age. The color and would have been more than 2 illustrating and describing these arti­ center and right blades (Fig. 8) are both inches in length, if complete. The facts, the main purpose of this paper is examples of small Fort Ancient knives Hopewell point (Fig. 10, center) also has to share this information with others with rather straight bases and no basal the tip missing and is of creamy white who collect, study, and possess artifacts grinding. They are generally similar to Flint Ridge flint with pink streaks. from the Blanchard River drainage area. the example figured by Hothem (1992, The author acknowledges and is very Plate 824), although smaller in size. References grateful to Mr. Charles Fulk of Ashland, They fit the description of Fort Ancient Ohio who was very generous of his time knives (Converse, 1973) and represent Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Flint Types. and very helpful in the discussion and the variety having only slightly indicated The Archaeological Society of Ohio, identification of the point types and lithic shoulders, as well as the small end of Columbus. materials presented here. the size range. 1993 Three Different Types. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 18. The three Archaic points illustrated in DeRegnaucourt, Tony 1991 A Field Guide to Commentary on artifacts Fig. 9 all represent classic types in Ohio, the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana The highly serrated, Corner Notched but unfortunately have basal damage. and Ohio. point (Fig. 2, center) seems to best fit However, the form and general charac­ Occasional Monographs of the Upper the description of DeRegnaucourt (1991) teristics of these pieces are still readily Miami Valley Archaeological Research as a Charleston Corner Notch point of seen. The small Expanded Notch point Museum, No. 1. Ansonia, Ohio. the Kirk Tradition (Early Archaic). As de­ (Fig. 9, left) is not beveled and although Hothem, Lar 1992 Indian Artifacts of the scribed, this point is very similar and re­ a basal ear is missing, the base seems Midwest. Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

14 Figure 1 (Morris) Left Figure 2 (Morris) Left a point is a possible Lake Erie (LeCroy) Adena point of Bifurcate of dark grey translucent Flint Ridge Upper Mercer flint; flint. It has a heavy Archaic. This point is Patina and old paper quite thin and marked with old label (#11649) label (#299) on one on one side. Center, a side. Right, a minia­ Charleston Corner ture Dovetail, 1%" in Notched point of mot­ length, with heavily tled cream and grey ground base and Upper Mercer flint; made of dark grey- Early Archaic. Note the black Upper Mercer old label (#1210) visible flint; Archaic. on the surface. Right, a small Pentagonal point of dark grey-black Upper Mercer flint.

Figure 3 (Morris) Figure 4 (Morris) Left a Close up of reverse broken, large Diagonal side of Charleston Corner Notched point Corner Notched of mottled grey Upper point (Fig. 2, center) Mercer flint; Archaic. showing overall Center, a Late Archaic assymetry; deep, Corner Notched point jagged serratons; of grey-black Upper and large basal cor­ Mercer flint. Right, an ner barbs. elongate perforator of tan Delaware chert, marked with old label (#11714)

Figure 5 (Morris) Figure 6 (Morris) Left, a Three large broken diagonal Corner blades having tip Notched point of and midsection quality, grey-black Upper Mercer flint; Mid intact with base Archaic. Note the dis­ missing. Left blade, tinct beveling on the very well chipped, right edge of the blade. beveled, and made Center and right, two from light grey Late Archaic points of Dundee or Ten Mile tan Delaware chert. chert. Center, a very finely chipped, thin lanceolate blade of dull grey chert. Right, a light grey blade of Flint Ridge flint.

Figure 7 (Morris) Left, Figure 8 (Morris) Three a Triangular point of triangular knives grey translucent Flint (blades). Left, an Ridge flint, Note the Archaic triangular old label (#11847) on blade with heavy basal side. Center, a drill grinding, of grey-black with broken tip of Upper Mercer flint. Dundee or Ten Mile Center and right, Fort chert. Right, a T-drill Ancient knives of with broken tip of Delaware chert and Delaware chert; pos­ black Upper Mercer sesses old label flint, respectively. (#11758) on reverse side.

Figure 9 (Morris) Figure 10 (Morris) Left, Three classic Archaic a broken Pentagonal points with damaged point of Flint Ridge bases. Left, a small flint. Center, a broken Expanded Notch Hopewell point of Flint point of grey-brown Ridge flint. Right, a Delaware chert. large MacCorkle Center, a large (Bifurcate) point of finely speckeled grey Archaic bevel (now a Upper Mercer flint; hafted scraper) of a Archaic. light grey-tan variety of Upper Mercer flint. This point has an old label (#15352) on reverse side. Right, a large Archaic bevel of mottled dark and light grey Flint Ridge flint.

15 A PALEOINDIAN SITE NEAR GREENVILLE, OHIO, IN DARKE COUNTY by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, OH 45331

The terrain of Darke County is a flat up­ REFERENCES land which was created by the Wisconsin glacier around 15,000 years ago. As the Bapst, Don Gramly, Richard M. glacier retreated northward, it dropped a 1993 Personal communication. 1988 Discoveries at the Lamb Site, Gennessee 100-foot thick layer of gravel, sand, silt, Beckman, Jim County, New York 1986-87 Orw'o Archaeologist 38 (1): 4-10 and clay on top of the existing bedrock. 1993 Personal communication Converse, Robert N. Hahn, Jim Torrents of water poured from the melting 1973 Ohio Flint Types, p.7. 1993 Personal 1993 Personal communication. glacier, saturating this layer of compact communication. Lehman, Samuel F., and George F. Bottrell glacial till. Bogs, swamps, and swales Forsythe, Jane 1991 Soil Survey of Darke County. U.S. Dept. eventually formed. 1963 Distribution of Ice-age Animal Finds. of Agriculture. As the ice melted, Pleistocene animals Dept. of Natural Resources. moved into these wetlands and thrived. Western Ohio had become a swampy for­ est, the favorite environment of browsing mastodons. According to a 1963 census, Darke County was the leading county in Ohio for finds of now-extinct mammals, which included 12 mastodons, 2 giant beavers, and an ice-age elk. Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Paleo site is located in Following and hunting the abundant central Darke County. game came the Paleolndians. These small bands of wide-ranging nomads were descendants of early hunters who arrived from Asia around 12,000 years ago, and the only proof of their existence lies in sporadic finds of their unique tools and weapons. Near Greenville, in central Darke County, I recently discovered a Paleo site which included two complete Paleo Points, one broken point or pre­ form, and a Paleo scraper. The artifacts were lying on level ground in brown soil known as Crosby silt loam. Crosby, which developed from the glacial -•N till, is poorly drained and subject to wet­ ness. The flint tools were located adjacent to several irregular dark gray depressions around 40 feet in diameter consisting of BROtorV CROSBY A soil known as Brookston silty clay loam SILT Lonm (see Figure 2). At present these low spots S are still so poorly drained that they are subject to severe ponding - they were swampy even in early historic times. At this site, Paleolndians could have used the forest as cover to hunt now-extinct animals that were watering at treeless bogs. The point shown in Fig. 3 is similar to points found by Mike Gramly at the Lamb site in New York. The basal concavities of Lamb site points averaged 10mm deep, and the concavity of the Greenville point measures 8mm deep. The artifacts at the Lamb site were also found in poorly drained soil encircling a small, swampy depression. The Lamb site was radiocar­ bon dated at around 11,400 BP, and the site near Greenville is possibly of about the same age, having been in use several •/zoo Ffer- hundred years after the glacier had been absent. Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Map of Paleo site near Greenville, in Darke County, showing location of arti­ facts. A = Paleo scraper, B = white Paleo Point, C = three-inch Paleo Point, D = base of broken Paleo Point or preform, E = historic musket ball.

16 Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Obverse and reverse of three-inch long Paleo Point found near Greenville, in Darke County, on October 19, 1993. Found at point C in Fig. 2. The point has no fluting and is thick and lenticular in cross section. The base is deeply concave. Don Bapst of Grove City, Ohio, commented that because both points from this site have similar pronounced concave bases, they might repre­ sent a type (variety?). Bob Converse observed that both of these concave bases are possibly due to repeated attempts to flute the points, but that the flint proved intractable. The proximal two-thirds of the point is a high-quality brownish- orange flint which much resembles Carter Cave. The basal third, however, is gray streaked with cream and contains inclusions of fossils and quartz crystals. Jim Hahn of Heath, Ohio, commented that the flint does not seem grainy enough to be Carter Cave. Jim Beckman of Dayton, Ohio, said it looks like patinated nodular Harrison County flint, because of a recent chip which appears gray. In any case, Bob Converse says that such an anomaly is not uncommon in Paleo material, that there is frequently something different, something unidentifiable about Paleo lithics. As the bow and arrow had not yet been invented, it is believed that Paleo Points were used as heads of spears.

Fig. 4 (Holzapfel) Basal section of broken Paleo Point or preform. Found at point D in Fig. 2. It is made of low-quality chert. The base has a 45° bevel which might have been intended as a striking platform for the fluting process.

Fig. 5 (Holzapfel) Paleo Point found at point B in Fig. 2. It measures 1% inches long. It is made of unidentified white chert, which under magnification can be seen to contain fossils and tiny quartz- crystal inclusions. The deeply concave base is lightly ground. Found June 2, 1993.

Fig. 6 (Holzapfel) Paleo End Scraper found at point A in Fig. 2. The scraper, which has a spur diagnostic of Paleo scrapers, is made of an unidentified fossiliferous maroon and tan opaque, but high-quality flint. It is small (1% inches long), probably because it was used to exhaustion, as it appears to have been resharpened and shows much use-polish.

Fig. 7 (Holzapfel) This oxidized half of a musket ball was found at point E in Fig. 2. According to Jon Anspaugh of Wapakoneta, Ohio, such musket balls were in use around the 1790s. They were some­ times cut in half, as this one was, to con­ serve ammunition. Historic Indians or early settlers of Greene Ville must have been hunting at the same swale frequented by prehistoric people of 12,000 years ago.

17 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A CLOVIS TOOLKIT from East Texas by Russell J. Long 675 Alma St. Beaumont, TX 77705 There are still quite a few dirt roads in gray Georgetown chert with banding and sent the three basic tools of Clovis man. East Texas and Western Louisiana. These white inclusions. All excepting H are A is a small knife-scraper. It is resharp­ roads are maintained with roadgraders. nodular flint. Piece H is a glassy translu­ ened at the marker. Piece B is a prismatic The late Jesse and Georgia Watson intro­ cent cream color and I can't tell if it was blade. It has been used as a knife. Tool C duced me to arrowhead hunting on these tabular or nodular. A saw-toothed edge is a thick uniface end scraper with a spur roads, long before the local lakes were has been chipped beside the H in the at the corner marked. The greatest thick­ constructed. Later the John and Billye plate. ness is % inch (14mm). It is only 1% inches Guy family at Anacoco, Louisiana, added Pieces D and E were made from small long. The scraping end is not quite an to my knowledge. pebbles of Georgetown flint that were inch wide. When the four lakes were put in, water split and each made into a thick In that this tool is narrow, I would say it filled the lowland, leaving the ridges out sidescraper. was not a hidescraper but a tool used on of water. Most dirt roads followed these Tools F and G are both flakes with bone and hardwood. This whole set is a ridges. The ideal situation is for the road gravers on one corner as marked. The hunter's toolkit. grading crew to work over a stretch of whole righthand edge of F shows use There is a lot of fossil hardwood and road, then get a hard rain on the newly marks while the top of F has delicate flak­ fossil palmwood in this area of East exposed surface. ing. Objects J and K are just flakes but Texas (Miocene). It was widely used by My friends Jean Lane and Kitty Childs show use marks. The notch on J was put Indians, particularly during the Archaic found a Paleolndian toolkit on a dirt road in there deliberately. K shows a small period. The man who owned this toolkit in San Augustine county, Texas. They "fire-pop". Tool I is a part of a spall taken was not living on clams and carp, he was graciously loaned me the 11 pieces of from a nodule with the "rind" on one face. killing big game. Georgetown is 224 miles flint that were together in a two-foot cir­ The "rind" is reddish limestone. The red­ from the find site as the crow flies. He ei­ cle. This land has been timbered but dish color is due to heating. The reverse ther traded or made a trip over to never farmed so the tools were in situ. face is dark gray flint with conspicuous Georgetown. The only thing paleohunters had for white inclusions. As the piece is drawn Jesse Fremont is a former student of cutting was a sharp piece of flint. Their the chipper worked the narrow top and mine, a science teacher at Orangefield whole economy was based on this fact. the corner was used as a burin-like tool High School, Texas, and a fine carpenter All of the pieces shown in the accom­ as shown in the small corner-sketch. in his own right. He summed it up best panying plate are unifaces. All have been While no fluted point was found with when he said, "what a fine set of tools, heat treated giving a luster to the flint. this kit, I believe the tools were from the you know that old boy was proud of them All the tools excepting H are made of a Clovis people. Pieces A, B and C repre­ and liked to show them off".

18 \. f^

', v"

(( X f=

i > v< .-- y» /--, K

P/afe 7 (/-ona) a C/ow's too/Wf from Fast Texas. Shaded drawing by Paul Tanner. Sketches by writer.

19 GLACIAL KAME IN ERIE COUNTY by Jay E. Zimmerman 10319 Frailey Rd. Berlin Hts„ OH

The Glacial Kame culture is exclusively B.C. (Stothers, 1992:4). Also in Wood were discovered along with a shell san­ identified by its mortuary characteristics. County, just west of Sandusky County, is dal-sole gorget at the Reigh site in The typical Glacial Kame mortuary sites the Williams site. Winnebago County, Wisconsin (Baerreis are located on gravel, glacial deposit Artifacts found at this site were bird- et al, 1957:259). Robert N. Converse says ridges or kames. The majority of these stones, shell disc beads, tubular pipes, of the Meadowood points, "It may be ex­ burial kames are located in West-Central and slate bar gorgets identical to those pected that similar flint artifacts will Ohio, but branch into Michigan, Indiana, from other known Glacial Kame sites someday be found with Glacial Kame Illinois, and Ontario. Burials found on the (Stothers, 1977:3, 1978). Huron County to burials in Ohio." (Converse, 1973:52). kame sites are commonly in a flexed po­ the South and Cuyahoga County to the More time and interest should be put in sition and around 8 feet deep (Converse: East have Glacial Kame sites as well the studies of these point types and simi­ 23). Much deeper burials have been (Conversed). lar styles that are associated with Glacial found. In Erie County, only two Glacial Kame Kame, thus creating a better diagnostic, The Glacial Kame Culture has been type burials have been reported but the utilitarian, lithic assemblage that is greatly C14-dated from 1,900 B.C. to 500 B.C. exact location of only one is known. This needed for better understanding of the (Fitting 1970:199, Stothers 1977:3) and was a burial unearthed in 1958 at the Glacial Kame lifeway. seems to originate from Old Copper. Ross site (33ER57) along Pipe Creek in References Converse (24) quotes Ritzenthaler and Perkins Twp. Mr. Ross was constructing Quimby (1962:252-253), "If, as now an irrigation ditch from his house to Pipe Baerreis, David A., Daifuku, Hiroshi and seems probable, the final phase of Old Creek. The ditch crossed a small rise and Landsted, James E. Copper merges into both Red Ocher and this is where he found a banded, grey- 1957 The Burial Complex of the Reigh Site, Glacial Kame, then there is to be ex­ green, slate gorget and a porphyry bird­ Wisconsin Archaeologist. Vol. 36, No. 4, pected a point at which the remnants of stone with human remains (Edwards Milwaukee. Old Copper and its budding offspring, 1993). Two broken sandal-sole gorgets Converse, Robert N. Red Ocher and Glacial Kame, are inextri­ were found in a gravel burial in Erie 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological cably mixed." County but its location is unknown Society of Ohio. Revised. The Glacial Erie and surrounding counties are the (Conversed 26). Kame Indians. The Archaeological Society northeastern-most stretch of the Glacial This 35/IB" Meadowood knife made of of Ohio. Edwards, Gene Kame area in Ohio. Only a handful of dark blue Upper Mercer flint (fig. 1) was 1993 Personal communications. these sites have been documented here. found in April 1992 on an ancient beach Fitting, James E. Just west of us in Sandusky County, near ridge about a mile from Chapel Creek, 1970 The Archaeology of Michigan. The Natural the mouth of Green Creek, is the Baker II which winds its way through Berlin History Press. Garden City, New York. site. Two birdstones were removed with a Heights. Meadowood points are large 2 to Hothem, Lar burial here that were C14-dated at 760 5" knife forms made of high grade local 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio. Hothem House materials. Their base, with a typically Books, Lancaster, Ohio. rounded end, protrudes beyond the Stothers, David M. shoulders. The blade edges are resharp- 1977 Williams Site Red Ocher Cremation ened from both sides, eliminating any Cemetery Projectile Points. Excavations, University of Toledo. bevel, and the heavily ground notches are 1992 The Baker II Site and Human Occupation small compared to the overall size of the Southwestern Sandusky Bay (Converse, 1973:52, Hothem, 1986:86). Region. Ohio Archaeologist. Spring 1992, Meadowoods have been found on many Vol. 42, No. 2. Glacial Kame sites throughout Ohio. They

Figure 1 (Zimmerman) Meadowood Point from Figure 2 (Zimmerman) Glacial Kame sites Erie County, Ohio

20 MINIATURE PALEO POINTS by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, OH

Miniature Paleo points are rare. The Basal grinding, although present on tures were specialized tools or that they eight points in this photograph were col­ miniatures, is lightly done. Flint sources were toys for children. (The bow and ar­ lected by Bob Converse over a period of utilized are similar to those used for row would not be invented for thou­ almost forty years. other Paleo material. sands of years.) Miniatures are not resharpened Fluted Because the fluted or thinned base is Miniature Paleo points are probably Points; true miniatures are delicate, narrow on these tiny points and would the same age as other Fluted Points, so quite thin, and have the same propor­ have accommodated a small spear they would date from 12,000 B.P. to tions as their full-size counterparts. shaft, it could be speculated that minia­ 10,000 B.P.

HHHMMMHH •OMNHH __gg_g-_~g__~____Q_^___g-_

RMIRIfl!SIRIH!SES8n!M9!!HRRMnn9K!!S! WCTWIWIW PKIIWIII 'mill WSBSmMmBlmSRImm

Figure (Holzapfel) Top left point measures 1 % inches long. Top row, left to right: Upper Mercer flint, Pickaway County, Ohio; Flint Ridge flint, Coshocton County; Upper Mercer flint, Muskingum County; Upper Mercer flint, Richland County Second row left to right: Unidentified flint, Warren County; Indiana Green flint, Darke County; Flint Ridge, Clermont County; Delaware chert, Coshocton County

21 THREE HISTORIC ERA PIPES by C.J. O'Neill 1701 E. Barden Rd. Charlotte, NC

Shown are three historic period pipes. The pipe at the top was found near Fort Wilkins in Keweenaw County, Upper Michigan. It is made in the calumet style and in fact the town of Calumet is close by. It is made of pewter or lead. The pipe at the bottom is also in the calumet style and was found in Illinois. It is made of catlinite, as are many historic pipes, and has lead or pewter inlay. It is interesting that the Indians used the inlay to mend an apparent break where the stem would have been in­ serted. The pipe on the right is an effigy of a horse's head and is made from black steatite. It was found near Muddy Creek, Wyoming, and probably dates to the middle 1800s. The other two pipes are probably somewhat earlier and date to the late 1700s.

Figure 1 (O'Neill) Three historic pipes from Illinois, Michigan and Wyoming

22 A PALEO-PLANO SITE IN FRANKLIN COUNTY, OHIO by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, OH 43064

Like many of our fast-disappearing pre­ historic sites, this one is now destroyed. It was located on the Betts farm east of Hilliard, Ohio, which is now part of the Conrail marshalling yards along the I-270 outerbelt. The collection was made by Nellie Betts, who lived on the farm for many years. It is unfortunate that the site cannot now be surveyed, for it obviously was an important Paleo as well as Archaic location. The collection was interesting in that nearly all the material was Archaic, Piano, and Paleo. Of added interest was the presence of many points made of Logan County chert, a stone seldom seen this far east of its source in the Miami drainage of western Ohio. A number of Archaic points were made of a chert I had never seen before, nor have I seen it since. It is a cream-colored stone with bright mustard yellow spots and splotches of dull gray. A portion of the collection appears to Figure 1 (Converse) Paleo Points from the Betts farm site in Franklin County, Ohio. represent a transition from Paleo to Piano. A small Fluted Point is a classic Ohio type made of high-quality Upper Mercer flint. One face has had two flute removals, while the obverse has at least 3 flutes which left scars from base to tip (Fig. 1 right). Another Paleo Point is of Logan County chert (Fig.I, 3rd point). It has basal grinding, but no flutes. Points one and two in Figure 1 represent Paleo Points with basal concavities, attempts at fluting, but which also include a slight stem. Point one is of the previously men­ tioned unknown chert and point two is of Logan County chert. Shown in Figure 2 are Lanceolate and Stemmed Lanceolate points, except the point on lower right which is reminiscent of pentagonal-shaped Paleo Points found on Paleo sites in Ontario and the Northeast. All in Figure 2 are made of Delaware chert. While there may be no relationship be­ tween the Paleo, the Paleo-like points, and the Lanceolates, it is possible that a group in transition between these stages may have inhabited this now-destroyed site.

Figure 2 (Converse) Lanceolate and Stemmed Lanceolate Points with a possible Paleo Point.

23 MOUND CITY by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, OH 43064

Mound City is located on the west bank important Hopewell location in North the cultures who built these gigantic of the Scioto River a mile north of America was destroyed. Streets, barracks, earthworks. Their book stimulated Chillicothe Ohio. Even among the unique railroad sidings, water and sewage lines European interest in the American Hopewell monuments, Mound City stands and all the attendant construction needed mounds filled with unusual artifacts - an alone, along with the Hopewell Farm, as to support several thousand soldier interest which was to have further un­ the only sites of their kind. Although classic trainees covered an area from Chillicothe to happy consequences since the Squier Ohio Hopewell works consist of arrange­ the Phillips property. and Davis collection was sold to the ments of circles, octagons and squares of­ Mound City was first explored by Squier Blackmore Museum in Salisbury England ten with connecting walls, neither Mound and Davis in 1846. Edwin H. Davis was a after the Smithsonian refused to purchase City nor the Hopewell Farm contain these Chillicothe physician and Ephraim Squier it. elements (with the exception of a small 25 was a newspaper man from Philadelphia. In view of the troubled history of Mound acre square at Hopewell's). Each of these Davis, who was the principal excavator, City, William C. Mills had few lofty expecta­ sites is surrounded by walls of less than and who had done a great deal of excava­ tions when he went there to excavate what precise geometric design and each seems tion prior to his meeting Squier, had joined was left of the site in 1921. All except the to have had no esoteric purpose other than with Squier with the intention of writing a large central mound had been leveled, the to encompass Hopewell burial mounds. book about the mounds and earthworks of walls were obliterated and many of the 24 Mound City has the longest modern his­ the Mississippi valley. The culmination of mounds reported by Squier and Davis tory of any Hopewell site. That history is their work resulted in the first publication of could not even be located. Several of the unhappy and borders on the tragic. It is not the Smithsonian Institution and was called Camp Sherman barracks were still stand­ known when Mound City was first men­ Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi ing and parts of mounds remained beneath tioned in print, but undoubtedly early resi­ Vallley. In many instances, this book con­ their stilted legs. dents were well aware of it since Deercreek tains the only accurate surveys of many Despite the unprecedented damage to Road, the principal thoroughfare running earthworks now disappeared. this unique site - Squier and Davis's exca­ north from Chillicothe on the west side of Squier and Davis were not good excava­ vations, heavy farming for a century, and the Scioto passed within a few yards of the tors by today's standards, but for their own the construction of Camp Sherman - Mills site. time (and even compared to some much was astonished at the archaeological in­ Strangely, Mound City has always had a later work) were head and shoulders ahead formation and number of artifacts and military aspect for some unknown reason - of their contemporaries. Their excavations burials which still remained. Beneath the a military aspect which would foreshadow consisted primarily of digging a hole in the demolished mounds he found the clay unfortunate consequences for the archae­ central portion of a mound and they basins which he realized were crematories ology of Mound City. wasted little time anywhere else. They rather than altars. Many were repaired as The old Phillips Farm is situated just seemed to have a knack for picking the though they had been used time after north of Mound City. During the War of right place to dig and the right mound to time. He found a wide variety of classic 1812 it served as the headquarters for dig in. Their excavations at Mound City re­ Hopewell items including copper head­ Camp Bull where British prisoners of war vealed for the first time the richness of Ohio dresses obsidian spears, effigy pipes, flake were confined. Several hundred prisoners Hopewell and although they did not realize knives, pearl beads, conch shell dippers, captured near Detroit were held there. In it at the time, they were excavating one of (Continued on page 30) 1831, the Ohio-Erie Canal was constructed the largest and most important Hopewell within yards of the site and Deercreek sites in North America. Road was relocated even closer to parallel Among the many things Squier and the canal. Such construction work probably Davis found were clay basins which they destroyed important prehistoric evidence at called altars. Each mound contained one or Mound City as well as many other archaeo­ more and often they were filled with cre­ logical features between the site and mated bones and artifacts. In one mound Chillicothe. In 1861 the 73rd Regiment of they found a cache of around 200 effigy the Ohio Volunteer Infantry trained there pipes. Other graves were accompanied by and in 1898, during the Spanish-American such exotic material as quartz crystal, gar­ War, Company H of the 42nd Division mus­ net crystals, mica and chlorite. Although tered and trained on the Phillips property. they only reported a few pottery vessels, However imperiling these episodes may these were decorated with birds and other have been for the archaeological integrity of designs and seemed to have been burial Mound City, they were minor when com­ offerings rather than utility items. Hundreds pared to the events of 1917 at the start of of copper ornaments were found as were the first World War. During the summer of graves covered with mica sheets. Large 1917 all the land on both sides of the canal spears made of obsidian and other foreign and road were purchased by the federal stone were also found. Of all the Squier government for the construction of Camp and Davis excavations, Mound City was Sherman. Teams of horses and mules the most prolific and the most spectacular. pulling large pans leveled all the walls and Quite probably it was the work of Squier mounds except the large central structure. and Davis that brought to the attention of Thus, for all practical purposes, the most America the richness and complexity of Figure 1 (Converse) The Mound City Area

24 HOPEWELL CERAMIC FIGURINES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

Among the rarest of all Hopewell art are orate burial ceremonies, these sculptures ceramic figurines. At the Turner site in reveal a more vibrant and less gloomy por­ southwestern Ohio such sculptures were trayal of how Hopewellians saw them­ found in the late 1800s, but this is the only selves. The prone figure presents a pixie­ Ohio site where they occurred. Similar fig­ like quality rarely thought of when Hopewell urines have been reported from the Mann is described. In fact, these figurines tell us site on the Ohio River in southern Indiana that there was more to Hopewell life than and at the Knight group in Illinois. Since dying and that our interpretation of the these effigies have not been recovered Hopewell culture is perhaps biased by our from other classic Ohio Hopewell sites, it is own obsession with their burial mounds. presumed that Turner represents a late Regardless of whether these unique little Hopewell connection with Indiana and statues depict commoners or Hopewell Illinois Hopewell. elite, they provide a rare insight into how Whether these figurines portray only Hopewell people saw themselves - an in­ Hopewell cult members or are portrai­ sight which may tell us that they were a tures of everyday Hopewellians is un­ happy and animated people to whom known. Given their scarcity, they are death and burial were only a small part of probably images of important members their culture. of the Hopewell leadership. One of the The figurines shown on the front cover sculptures seems to be an individual- and on pages 28 and 29 were found in a wearing an animal headdress (color plate plowed field along the Illinois River in cen­ 1) and is reminiscent of a pipe from tral Illinois. They were much destroyed and Mound City which had a human head broken by farm implements, but have been bowl wearing a similar headdress. reassembled and slightly restored. Also Six of the figures are of women which found was a classic Hopewell platform ef­ may provide a clue into the importance of figy pipe representing a merganser duck. It females in Hopewell hierarchy. Female probably had eyes set with freshwater Figure 2 (Converse) Diorite Celt. central burials in Hopewell mounds also pearls or pieces of shell. A small ocean- emphasize the role of women in the shell cup or dipper was broken into two Hopewell culture. pieces, but is similar to other Hopewell Costumes worn by the figurines appear conch shell dippers. One of the most inter­ to be simple and less than flamboyant. This esting items found with these figurines is a may be a reflection of detail limitations in small 1% inch diorite pebble. It has been such small sculptures, but they do show flattened into a biscuit-like shape and on such items as ear spools and unique hair each of its faces is engraved the familiar arrangements. The men wear simple Hopewell shoveler duck or roseate spoon­ breechclouts while the women are bare bill often seen on classic Hopewell pottery. from the waist up and wear plain skirts. So far as is known, such a carving is un­ None display any of the ornaments, other known in Ohio Hopewell contexts. The last than ear spools, for which Hopewell is so of the finds is a finely-made celt. It is made famous. from dense black diorite and the bit is pol­ While Hopewell has been portrayed as a ished to a mirror-like finish. somber society obsessed with the dead, This is the first time such rare figurines death rituals, corpse preparation, and elab­ have been shown in full color.

Figure 3 (Converse) Photograph and drawing Figure 1 (Converse) Broken conch shell dipper. of engraved diorite stone.

25 HOPEWELL CERAMIC FIGURINES FROM CENTRAL ILLINOIS

(Converse) Ceramic Hopewell figurines plowed out of a field along the Illinois River.

26 HOPEWELL CERAMIC FIGURINES AND AN EFFIGY PIPE

(Converse) Ceramic Hopewell figurines and a Hopewell effigy pipe representing a merganser duck.

27 PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PIPES by Gordon Hart Box 422 Bluffton, Indiana 46714

At the turn of the century, nearly one in his own book, "Stone Age of North state's prehistoric people. You must remem­ hundred years ago, two great pipes were America". ber Bennett was from Kentucky. illustrated in a photograph in Bennett Written material from the third individ­ Jackson's estate, at least these two Young's book The Prehistoric Men of ual, Bennett Young, indicated that the pipes, were sold by a relative by the name of Kentucky on page 280. They were also il­ two great pipes were in the possession of Donelson. They were sold to Prof. H. Stahl lustrated in The Stone Age of North President Jackson and displayed at the of West Virginia and Bennett received them America by Warren K. Moorehead on Hermitage. We came away from Louisville from him. Read preface in his book. page 73. In 1935 they were again shown with a feeling that this effort was more If Braecklein could buy these for you I feel in the Edward Payne book Stone Age than just another experience in "artifact it would add fame to your vast collection. Collection on page 110. Why were they research". We felt we had touched people I hear the George Heye group aims to buy always pictured together? of history, experiencing facts and informa­ the seven-piece broken pipe from Green It was in 1958 that Paul Malloy, a col­ tion pertinent to our efforts and that these County. Maybe your picker can make a bid­ lector of Lincoln, Illinois, answered that individuals would be proud of our endeavor ding deal and save you money. There are question. His friend, Dr. Don F. Dickson, to fill unknown intervals in prehistoric and several great pieces in Young's Collection. of Dickson Mound fame, acquired the two historic times. Warren K. Moorehead" pipes. Dr. Dickson was the person cho­ There is both a prelude and sequel to Most of the major pieces of the Bennett sen to handle the dispersion of the Payne these findings. A newspaper account in the H. Young sale were bought by J.G. material in 1933. In the final disposition Illinois State Register, Springfield, Illinois, Braecklein or the George Heye group. Mr. many of the artifacts were moved to the June 30, 1935, page 7, says: Braecklein shows in his accounting to Dickson Mound location to be sold. Dr. "The Edward Payne collection of Stone Payne that he spent thirty-five hundred dol­ Dickson informed Paul Malloy it was his Age relics - largest private collection in the lars at the sale. We also know the George desire to own the two Great Pipes as they world - will be offered at a piecemeal sale Heye group did buy the broken pipe. once belonged to President Andrew commencing August 15. Buyers represent­ Moorehead stated it was found in seven Jackson and were cabineted in his den at ing national museums, universities and pri­ pieces and from Green County, Kentucky. I the Hermitage. Thus, Don acquired the vate collectors will be present to the number need to correct that statement as it was two pipes for his personal collection. of several hundred. The sale will take place broken into nine pieces and was found near With this reliable information, research on the second floor of the C.I.P.S. building Green River in Hart County, Kentucky. on the two pipes led to a very interesting at Ninth and Madison streets, where the Today that pipe is catalogued as #4-7895 at source. I first tried to learn more about relics are now stored. the Heye Foundation in New York City and Bennett H. Young, author of The A force under the direction of Dr. Don will soon be moved to Washington, D.C. Prehistoric Men of Kentucky. This large Dickson of Lewistown, nationally known au­ President Jackson's two pipes were sep­ book was published in 1910 by the Filson thority on Indian life, is now engaged in arated at the Payne sale in 1935 and re­ Club of Louisville, Kentucky, of which checking and arranging the million pieces in mained apart until 1968 when they were re­ Young was a member, to commemorate the collection, so that they may be easily joined in the Hart collection. Twenty five their silver anniversary.The fact that the viewed." years later we feel, as did President Filson Club was still in existence led to a B.W. Stephens and Byron Knoblock Jackson, Bennett Young, Moorehead, form of research which was both exacting were two of the "force" working under Dr. Braecklein, Edward Payne, that the pipes and factual. My helpmate, Marcy, and Don Dickson. It was from this material that should stay together and be appreciated as myself found two clothing boxes at the B.W. Stephens obtained a large portion of examples of art from cultures of two thou­ club filled with copies and notes of letters Payne, J.G. Braecklein, Hill, and many sand years ago. written by Bennett Young, as well as ap­ other collector's letters. This was the per­ proximately one hundred fifty messages sonal communication of their relic activities References received by Young. These dated from beginning in the 1880s and extending well several years before the Civil War through into the twentieth century. Over 200 of Moorehead, Warren K. 1912. Many of the envelopes had hand these letters are now in the Hart Collection 1910 The Stone Age in North America, Vol. II written stamps which I had never seen. A files. One of the most interesting letters Young, Bennett H. 1910 The Prehistoric Men of Kentucky was one written by Warren K. Moorehead full day was spent in going through Pepper, George H. Young's written material and making to Edward Payne. The following quote is 1920 A Stone Effigy Pipe From Kentucky notes of his archaeological efforts. from that letter: Heye Foundation, New York, NY Most interesting to me were the notes "In Bennett Young's material are two ef­ The Filson Club 118 West Breckinridge and remarks of three individuals. The first, figy pipes which are pictured on the right Street, Louisville, KY 40203 Gates P. Thruston, wrote of President side, center and bottom of the plate on 1937 Copyright, The First National Bank of Springfied, IL Jackson but referred to him as "General". page 73 of my two volumes of 1910. I bor­ rowed the plate from Bennett and it is the Photographs of Interesting and Outstanding A second, Warren K. Moorehead, was re­ Specimens of Indian Relics from the ferred to, as of The Smithsonian. same as in his book. Bennett expressed to Edward W. Payne Stone Age Collection However, the letters from Moorehead to me that both of these pipes were collected 1932 Illinois State Register, Springfield, IL, Thruston were never datelined nor pro­ by President Andrew Jackson and were in February 19 fessed to be of the Washington, D.C. his study at his home, the Hermitage. area. Warren K. Moorehead, the prolific Bennett stated both pipes were found in archaeological writer, who's books en­ Kentucky. Jackson wanted them to be from lighten us today, discussed the two pipes Tennessee as he wanted all outstanding and asked to use Bennett Young's plate relics to be from Tennessee or made by his

28 ; ; ; : ; • •• ; . ;

Figure 1 (Hart) Two great pipes in the Hart collection as shown in the Payne book Stone Age Collection.

29 THE STRAIT SITE REVISITED by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, OH

The Strait Site is located at the eastern though the writer has not personally vis­ built up quickly forcing the villagers to edge of Fairfield County Ohio. Bounded ited the Strait Site in over three years a move 20 or 30 yards away and hence re­ on the south by Walnut Creek, a con­ recent conversation with Dr. Paul peat the process and accumulate more stantly flowing stream, the site provided Pacheco, a contract archaeologist, midden materials. many of the natural amenities that prehis­ sparked renewed interest in the site. Paul An interesting side note is to reflect on toric man needed to survive in a hamlet suggested that the Strait Site may be a our work in the May-July period in 1985 in setting. Raw materials were available series of small habitation areas or individ­ light of this revelation. Howard West, the from Flint Ridge just 15 miles to the ual family "hamlets". The rises or small most energetic member of our salvage northeast and foodstuffs were provided mounds are the midden areas where crew, excavated over 200 potsherds and from abundant game and fishing. The household debris accumulated in the almost 15 pounds of chipped flint debris participating members of the Sycamore course of daily living activities. The author including cores and preforms in his 6 foot Run chapter of the A. S. 0. were not fo­ was curious about the two copper celts square. This should have been a major cusing on the overall use of the Strait Site found in excavating the one midden area clue to the location of village midden and when they conducted a salvage dig at the in 1985. These probably represented not a burial mound. The remaining mem­ site in May 1985. Their interest at that tools used in performing household bers of the field crew found similar time (see Ohio Arch. Vol.35 #3) was in ex­ chores such as skinning animal kills or amounts of discarded materials. Some­ cavating an elevated section of the site digging a foundation for seasonal lean-to. where between 7 and 10 of these midden which they hoped was a Hopewell burial Perhaps a ceremonial object such as the humps exist at Strait. Obviously, it would mound. In the years since their work at copper celt, became a utilitarian device be fascinating to excavate in each to de­ the Strait Site the writer has, time after during the late Hopewell period. termine the nature and consistency of the time, asked himself the question, (what From recovered evidence it has now accumulated materials. was really going on at the Strait Site?) been determined that the McGraw or late Since the author's last report on the Since what we see at Strait are a series of Hopewellians probably lived in small Strait Site some 8 years ago several addi­ well placed small humps in a roughly cir­ hamlets within a reasonable distance of tional artifacts of interest have been re­ cular shape placed a short distance from their religious centers, for the most part to covered on the surface following spring one another throughout the Hopewell obtain raw materials brought to ceremo­ discing operations. In 1987 the author habitation zone (are these natural rises or nial exchange centers. They also con­ found a 4/4 inch Archaic corner notch were they artificially created?) From the structed seasonal lean-to's rather than knife in an area between two of the mid­ chapter dig experience it was determined extensive permanent dwellings to satisfy den humps. Also found on the surface these were not mounds but enough diag­ their need to "live off the land" by collect­ were a small hematite celt and a granite nostic village material had been recov­ ing seasonal foodstuffs where they were Hopewell celt, many cores, bladelets, ered to indicate some at least were a available. This is why we have failed preform knives and numerous McGraw semi permanent form of residence at the heretofore to locate Hopewell settlements cordmarked potsherds. site. capable of supporting large populations. Illustrated are the Archaic corner notch The writer's thoughts on the subject Their accumulated refuse eventually be­ found by the author and a general view of became less focused as time went on. came mound like in appearance because the Strait Site looking south towards After all the dig was a number of years in addition to living at the Strait Site they Walnut Creek. The author hopes that some ago and the "major site" proponent, used the location as a workshop for pot­ day additional work can be completed at Howard West, unfortunately died shortly tery and flint tools. The residue from this this late Hopewellian community. after our work was completed. Even activity representing discarded materials

(Continued from page 24) copper breastplates, copper earspools, culture but it can only be surmised how ceremonially killed objects, mica in abun­ much evidence had been destroyed or lost References dance, copper cutouts of birds, humans, in the previous 75 years. Brown, James A. and Baby, Raymond S. hands and animals, as well as bizarre cop­ To substantiate the fact that not every­ per effigies. Mound City Revisited, The Ohio Historical thing possible had been gleaned from Society, 1966 In addition to the Hopewell importance of Mound City, Raymond S. Baby and James Mills,William C. Mound City, Mills was also aware that Brown, under the auspices of the National Exploration of the Mound City Group Squier and Davis had found Intrusive Park Service, did further excavation there in The Ohio Historical Society, 1922 Mound evidence there. However, he had the 1960s. Many more burials and artifacts Peck, Richard few expectations of finding anything signif- were found and the exact locations of the The Rise and Fall of Camp Sherman cant relating to that culture since most incorrectly restored mounds and walls were Privately printed located. Other than the conclusion that Chillicothe, Ohio 1967 Intrusive Mound evidence is in the tops of Squier, Ephraim and Davis, Edwin S. Ancient mounds and most of the mounds had been some of the so-called charnel houses be­ neath the mounds had experienced Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, leveled. Amazingly, he discovered a great Smithsonian Institute 1848 episodes of reconstruction and orientation, deal of Intrusive Mound material and in fact little can be learned from the Brown and added a number of previously unknown ar­ Baby report since it contains little in dia­ tifacts to the Intrusive Mound trait list. grams of excavations and no illustrations of Thus, Mills' work at Mound City did a the artifacts or other data. great deal to illuminate the Ohio Hopewell

30 Figure 1 (Gehlbach) General view of Strait Site looking south.

Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Archaic corner notch point found by the author at the Strait Site.

31 ON PROCESSING OF ELEPHANT CARCASS ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE by Zygmunt A. Bieniulis 150 Colonial Dr. Grand Island, N.Y. 14072-1849 Abstract site. Furthermore, wedging and prying were condition in the right front leg (fusion of el­ Our present concept of processing of a critical part of the operation, and related bow), and in the vertebrate column (fusion Proboscidians by Upper Paleolithic hunters bone or wood tools should be considered of some lower thoracic and some lumbar is essentially a series of hypotheses based as symptomatic of primary proceedings. vertebrae). A lethal injection was applied on the assumption of utilization of some Such tools have been reported on vari­ with subsequent paralysis and termination types of tools, and on disposition of bones ous occasions, eg. (14, 15, 16), but they of breathing. in proboscidian sites. usually have questionable chronological The carcass was offered for scientific Experimental butchering of an elephant reference, and were not accepted as diag­ studies which had to be completed within gives insight into the difficulties of the nostic for Proboscidian butchering, prefer­ one day. process, and a practical application of nec­ ence being given to fluted tool technology. The participants in the processing were essary tools. It also gives a chance to test A typical problem could be with the as­ zoo archeologists, Dr. H. Savage and three the existing hypotheses, and to formulate sumption of so called "side scrapers" as of his students, zoologists, pathologists, new ones which might expand our interpre­ scraping tools (17). Here emphasis is given and paleontologists. The writer was a tation of behavior of ancient man. to their cutting capability with questionable member of the group from the buffalo mu­ scraping activity, as far as processing of seum of Science, invited by Dr. Savage. Introduction Proboscidian is concerned. This does not The writer's concentration was on pro­ Our concept about the activities of men exclude the use of various scrapers on cessing from archeological stand point, of Lithic cultures are either speculations or skins of ungulates, but related bones must specifically anatomical aspects to be hypotheses built on few elements available be found in conjunction with those of processed, and related tool application. from the past. On occasions we try to sim­ Proboscidians (17). This could be rather in Points considered were: ulate such activities with our present day base camp site than in the site of primary 1) Thrusting vs projectile hurling in pene­ means or implements. butchering.. tration of the Proboscidian skin. It is on these terms that numerous Observations were also made on poten­ 2) Areas of potential lethal penetration of findings of mammoth (Mammuthus Sp.) tial utilization and separation of long bones hunting devices. (1) and mastodon (Mammut Americanum) from the carcass, as it may impose 3) Opening of the carcass by skinning (2) bones in North America, particularly in butchering procedures other than simple and access to ventral cavity. North East, suggest that there was hunt­ removal of muscular tissue. Such observa­ 4) Initial processing steps in function of ing (3) or scavenging (4) involved, fol­ tions may be related to the distribution of the position of the carcass. lowed by butchering (5, 6, 7), and even bones in sites,, eg. (18). 5) Access, and processing of muscular meat storage (8). The proceedings which follow indicate tissue. Modern and ethnoarcheological obser­ that this could not be a fully methodical, 6) Access to fat tissue. vations on elephant hunt and butchering in scientific experiment. Still, the resulting ob­ 7) Separation of limbs for further pro­ Africa and Asia offer some approach to the servations may be valid for related studies. cessing. subject, but they are biased either toward 8) Problems with cartilaginous and con­ initial assumptions in tool use (10), or to Addendum nective tissue. mass processing that takes place today in After completion of this report writer par­ 9) Utilization of stone implements in con­ Africa (11), (12). Consequently.they extend ticipated in another case of processing of junction with the above problems. some hypotheses but cannot be treated as Elephas Maximus, female, probably around 10) Need for other than stone imple­ reconstruction of the proceedings of 44 years of age. Proceedings in that case ments in the processing. 11,000 or more years ago. were different, and pathological aspects These problems were treated not in se­ It appears that only a few experimental were of concern. quence, but as the process and observa­ butcherings have been conducted (13). However, writer had a chance to test var­ tions were developing. Unfortunately, existing hypotheses about ious lithic tools on different tissues, and to The writer used various lithic tools, such tools seem to dominate experimentation. proceed with sectionalization depicting dif­ as backed knives, unretouched and re­ The approach to Proboscidian butchering ficulties in processing. Some results were touched flakes, serrated knives and described here was directed toward under­ not identical with those described in this re­ blades,-Also steel knives have been used standing of difficulties that a man of port, but general observations and conclu­ both with straight and serrated edge to Paleoindian level had to face, and how he sions were confirmed. Critical difference compare effectiveness and size of blade might proceed to accomplish this task. was apparently in the condition of connec­ required. Proceedings were conducted with the tive tissues which could have been patho­ The carcass of a Proboscidian repre­ idea of problem solving, not with assumed logically affected. This subject may have sents an enormous bulk of the order of methods. During the experiment many new significance regarding observations pre­ 4,500 to 5,000 kilograms. Of these over concepts emerged, but those could be ap­ sented in other isolated cases. 30% may represent muscular tissue. Vital plied only to subsequent operations, or to Writer will give it special attention in sep­ organs are well hidden under heavy skin, some other cases in the future. arate report on second processing. subcutaneous muscles, complex rib cage, The main conclusion is that relatively and ventral cavity membrane. large tools were needed to accomplish the Proceedings task effectively. Such tools were probably General aspects Observations on kill vs scavenging of crude finish, with rather large flaking and The case considered here refers to a 36 Experiments with lithic hunting tools in­ sinusoidal edging. Fine flaking finish could year old female Indian elephant. (Elephas dicate that their practicality and effective­ serve in secondary processing or in base maximus) in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada, ness were not reliable, and required skills camps, away from the primary butchering who had suffered from extensive arthritic and preparations well beyond accidental

32 encounter or expediency procedures ( 9). folds. Under it there is a 15 to 25 mm sub­ periosteum across diaphysis with a flake From examinations lethal penetration areas cutaneous fatty tissue with various degrees was very effective. would be: of fibrosity. This layer folds under the pres­ Separation of periosteum from the bone, 1) Esophagus area. sure of a striking implement absorbing the after undercutting, could be done by light 2) Rib cage (with difficulties) impact. scraping, which would justify the parallel ir­ 3) Posterior ventral regions (not easily An ordinary lithic point might not be regular lines on some long bones, as no­ accessible in a mobile or standing Prob­ sharp enough to break the skin and the ticed on specimens from the Hiscock Site, oscidian). writer believes that the fragments of unre­ Byron, N.Y. Other areas with long term effect could touched flakes were the cut initiating de­ Separation of front foot joints is diffi­ be muscular tissues around front and hind vices. Skinning requires a constant pull on cult, especially on carpalmetacarpal in­ limbs, foot complex, skull. The latter in par­ the unfolded section, and undercutting of teraction surface; multiple short liga­ ticular could be damaged by rock throwing, the fibrous connective tissue tying the skin ments hold the bone in position. in case of a mired animal (14). to muscular sheath and skin moving mus­ Tibia-fibula-carpals may be separated I must be emphasized that Proboscidian cles. It is difficult to be performed effec­ with a large sharp flake, necessary for skull is, despite multiple chambers, quite tively by one individual. cutting across the complex ligaments. resistant and the rock to damage it would Anterior section should be cut open first; have to be in the order of 12 to 15kg. An Skin, fat, and muscles then a wedge may be inserted, stretching object of such weight cannot be hurled ef­ The fatty tissue of the skin is hard to the remaining ligaments which are, in this fectively with ease, thus individuals would scrape. A large (5 cm+) lithic scraper could way, extended and exposed for cutting. have to stand on an elevated edge with the hardly move it. A practical way could be to Here a blade, at least 8-10 cm long, is use­ animal immobilized below. The location of cut the skin into strips about 25 cm wide, ful. Tendons of both flexors and extensors bones in site is then critical in this respect. an then remove the fat by pounding at the are the most difficult to cut. Initial incision These considerations suggest that scav- side of the strip with a heavy duty chisel­ with a serrated flake, followed by a sharp ening, or scavenging and butchering were like implement. A chopper could be a unretouched flake, was effective in this op­ more probable than a true pursuit and kill in proper tool for this operation. It appears eration. the field. that the cutaneous aspect of the skin by it­ Hind feet are very similar in processing self was probably of no great utilitarian and in difficulties. Initial processing value, and the labor involved in its prepara­ Separation of elbow joint is involved be­ A mortally wounded Proboscidian dies tion would be prohibitive. However, the use cause of the ulna-radius connection, and either on folded legs with the back ele­ of skin chunks as fuel for fire could be very olecranon process and fossa. The sur­ vated, or on its side. A folded leg position practical. rounding muscular tissue has to be cut leaves only the top of the carcass exposed, The removal of muscular tissue is rela­ near the tendons. The ligament may be cut with some limited access to the scapulae tively easy, once the sheaths surrounding along the junction line, and then the syn­ or upper leg structure. Loins could be cut, the muscles are broken. Here the writer ovial sack is exposed, cut, and separated but they present a lesser meat value in tried various tools: bifacial, assumed along the joint. The remaining ligaments Proboscidians. Flanks are impractical in Paleolithic knife-scraper hardly broke the may be exposed if elbow is bent back and terms of labor involved vs effective meat membrane; a heavily serrated large flake forth, and cut progressively. The knee is, to gain. Skin, ripped from the top to lower was effective, but the serration became an extent, easier but the bulk of the sur­ side, could offer subcutaneous fat as indi­ quickly cluttered with connective tissue, rounding muscle is great and tendons well cated below. Some access to the scapu- and a constant cleaning was required; a developed. lary and pelvic muscles is possible. simple, unretouched blade of Burlington The scapulo-humeral joint is probably Carcass laying on its side, as was the chert was the most useful and effective the most complex, with very strong ten­ case in these proceedings, offers more op­ cutting tool when cutting the sheath length­ dons and extended ligaments covering portunity. Muscular tissue around scapula, wise. tightly the neck of the scapula. Here a com­ ilium, and ishium are accessible. The cutting of tendons, however, was bination of serrated flake and sharp flake Esophagus and neck are at least partially more difficult; the blade slides on tough tis­ seems to be critical. Once the sack is ex­ exposed. Posterior ventral cavity may be sue. Metal blade was also useless. Cutting posed, it may be pierced and followed opened and, by lifting the ribs, an access to had to be started with a heavy serrated along the joint, but the connective tissue is liver and heart can be gained. Muscles blade, and then continued with an unre­ very strong and the process is slow. around femur and humerus are fully acces­ touched flake, a rather slow operation. Operation at pelvis is complex. After the sible and, if desired, legs may be separated The bulk of muscles is substantial. For removal of bulky muscle and cutting at the joints. Separation of scapula is com­ example, a single leg muscle was probably through intricate ligaments of the pelvic re­ plex but possible, as will be indicated be­ in the order of 80-100 kg. Thus, handling of gion, one encounters the hip joint. low. them would require some sectional cutting, Separation of femur from pelvis involves Initial penetration is a problem. Simple but for underwater storage some units cutting through ilio-femoral and capsular pressure, even with pointed implements, could be retained in their natural sheaths. ligaments. Both, but especially capsular, seems to be ineffective, as the skin folds are tangled and difficult to cut; undercutting under the implement. Impacting penetra­ Extremities serrated blades and knives are in order. tion is the most likely procedure, suggest­ Long bones, found in sites, show occa­ Fibrous tissues have to be dealt with one ing a heavy jovelin-like device in preference sionally incision-like marks, questioned by by one. Finally, ligament teres must be cut to a thrusting spear. If the animal was some as to their human or natural process close to the head of the femur, and separa­ wounded by a projectile, this opening could origin. After the removal of muscular tissue, tion is completed. be enlarged progressively. A new opening the heavy bones could have been used as is very difficult to effect with hand-held tools or wedging material (13) or split for Scapula & rib cage, head, pelvis tools. In case of a dead animal, a hafted marrow removal. This would require some Separation of scapula from thoracic re­ long fluted point could be applied with a cleaning of bone surface. gion is far from simple. All external muscles strong stabbing action. Cutting of an open In these proceedings, the periosteum of have to be at least under-cut, or even re­ wound can be performed, but selection of long bones was covered with a relatively moved. The trapezius and rhomboideus tools is critical. The cutaneous aspect of soft fatty tissue which could be scraped muscles must be separated at the vertebral the skin is very tough and has numerous easily with a 3 cm wide scraper; cutting of column or scapular ridge. The scapula can

33 then be lifted progressively by prying with cuts on muscles, but fine fiber becomes 1. Butchering of a Proboscidian under some extended object, such as a rib. Then entangled on the edge, and continuous lithic culture conditions presented numer­ the connective tissues can be cut at the cleaning up is required. Both unifacial and ous difficulties. junction of scapula to the rib cage. If pec­ bifacial edges are useful depending on 2. Tools required were essentially of toral, seratus ventralis, and dorsal muscles cuts. In removal of the skin with subcuta­ heavy duty type. are already removed, there seems to be lit­ neous fat, unifacial edge seems to have an 3. Tools were probably of expediency tle profit from removal of the scapula. advantage. Such tools are referred to as nature, and not likely elaborate, methodical Labor involved requires two individuals and side scrapers which here does not apply. A tool kits. a number of relatively large tools which chopper-like tool could do the job of fat re­ 4. Tools of Factor II and IV, as per would have to be re-sharpened frequently. moval, as fibrous tissue is difficult to cut. (Binford 19) correspond to the writer's The subject of utilization of ribs could not A fine bifacial knife seems to be of no experimentations. be studied under the conditions of these great value in primary butchering: A small 5. Tools of Clovis type might not be diag­ procedures., The writer believes they were end scraper had practically no application. nostic of Proboscidian hunt-butchering broken and used as prybars, wedges, and Piercing of skin on the carcass with a procedures, and other tools should be rec­ auxiliary tools, but for that a special experi­ pointed point held in hand was of no effect. ognized and properly related to those activ­ mentation is required. Impact application with hefting on a shaft is ities. Particularly North American hand Separation of head could be performed known but was not applied here. axes, cleavers, choppers, blades, etc. must after the removal of neck muscles. Here, Cutting of proboscidian skin is a slow receive more attention. (20) wedging would be the most likely process; process, and for ancient man it must have 6. Clovis culture seems to be closer to extended ligaments would be exposed for been a special task. ungulate hunt activity, and probably re­ cutting with a sharp flake. Access to brain Summarizing, butchering of a Probo­ sulted in a shift toward ungulate population. would probably require additional smash­ scidian under paleo conditions with Mous- 7. Proboscidian scavenging and scav­ ing of the foramen magnum region. terian or upper paleo-lithic tools was an ef­ enging-butchering should be looked at as Pelvic structure, with muscles removed, fort and time requiring operation with a valid activities of Early Man in America, thus presented probably little value. Its weight cooperative group involved. in-field research associated tools should re­ would make it very difficult to manage and Modern methods, practiced today in ceive more attention than projectile points. can be seen only as fuel under extreme Africa, should not be considered as ancient 8. Research should be oriented toward conditions. For that, crushing would have procedures. In this case the simplest base camps. Presently we have some kill- to be performed, but labor involved seems means have been tried to simulate funda­ butchering references but a very poor con­ to be prohibitive. mental difficulties. cept of those camps, or secondary work Lower lumbar, sacral, pelvic and caudal camps, which appear to be a necessity of regions were most likely abandoned at the Observations Regarding band survival. kill-butchering site. This has to be con­ Archeological Finds 9. Late Pleistocene tool patterns from firmed at some undisturbed site, but such Disputes among some paleontologists N.E. Asia should be looked at in terms of sites are a rarity; Colby site could, however, and archeologists regarding butchering their own value, and as possible references offer some insight in this respect (20), and markings on animal bones lead to strong to similar tools in North America, and not in some aspects of it could be considered partisan positions of natural vs man ef­ terms of differences from Clovis. here. fected incisions. The problem is not easy to 10. Continuity of Pre-Clovis into Clovis is solve as both sides have valid points. perfectly possible if we accept adaptive de­ Vertebral Column Unfortunately, experimental carcass pro­ velopments in conjunction with changes in Separation of vertebrae is difficult be­ cessing does not lead to a simple solution. climate and fauna. cause of the tight conjunctive tissue sur­ The writer's observation is that varieties of rounding vertebral processes. There are situations may result from application of Acknowledgments questions as to what value the separation different tool edges. Incisions may be from The writer is particularly thankful to Dr. of vertebra would have in butchering. If deep V to extended U, the latter being the Howard Savage for his invitation to partici­ sections of the column had some edible outcome of sinusoidal rought retouching of pate in the Bowmanville event. tissue, this could justify the operation in fi­ the blade. Dr. R. Laub of the Buffalo Museum of nal butchering. In general, incisions on bones in finds are Science assured the practical aspects of Separation of vertebrae would require fairly common. Incisions during butchering the expedition. strong wedging. Here section of long may occur accidentally or more purpose­ The courtesy of the Bowmanville Zoo per­ bones or ribs could be helpful. Our experi­ fully, as in removal of periosteum. sonnel is here recognized and appreciated. ence with separation was very difficult as The effects of wedging are easier to at­ To my wife Anne I extend grateful arthritic fusions were quite pronounced. tribute to carcass dismembering, particu­ thoughts for patient typing and retyping of Metal rods and hammer had to be used. larly in leg joints and the vertebral column. these notes. Spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae Unfortunately, the writer had no chance References were very likely used as wedges or bars, to examine the bones after complete bac­ and in Paleo archeological finds they terial maceration, thus further experimenta­ 1. Graham, R. should be examined for wedging shapes, tion is in order. In a way the subject natural 1986 Taxonomy of North American Mammoths, edges, and striations. vs man effected grooves remains open, in The Colby Mammoth Site, Frison, G.C. & and the position of the writer is that no side C. Todd, University of New Mexico Press, Observations on tool effectiveness should be taken hastily, and no unisided Albuquerque. Various tools have been tried without pre­ generalizations should be stated. 2. Dreimanis, A. determined ideas, thus their effectiveness No bone splitting experiment was 1968. Extinction of Mastodons in Eastern North could be evaluated first hand. conducted. America. The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. The unretouched, large flakes were use­ 68 No. 6. ful in initial cuts, but the quality of chert was Conclusions 3. Haynes, C.V. important as some lost the edge very In as much as the proceedings de­ 1966 Elephant Hunting in North America. quickly. scribed here had their limitations, the fol­ Scientific American 214 (6). A heavily (abruptly) retouched flake lowing conclusions are, to some extent, 4. Fisher, D.C. worked well on connective tissue and large justified: (Continued on page 38)

34 THE CANAL WINCHESTER GROUP, FAIRFIELD CO., OHIO by John C. Rummel 6363 Lowridge Dr. Apt. E Canal Winchester, Ohio 43110

This group formerly existed three miles 1972). It is located in Chestnut Ridge Artifacts were found with the burials, southeast of Canal Winchester and con­ Park, which is owned by the Columbus however, no specific types were men­ sisted of five mounds, of which two were Metropolitan Park Board. Mound number tioned. A total of twenty burials were ex­ surrounded by enclosures (Fig.1). All of three was a stone mound and was about cavated from this mound. Given the up­ the mounds were within view of each ten feet high and seventy feet in diameter. land location of the mounds, the other and located upon the spurs of the Of the five mounds, this one had the high­ presence of enclosures surrounding two high hills of the area. est elevation. of the mounds, and excavations of other Mound number one was,by far, the Mound number four was an earthen mounds in the area, it is probable that this most unusual since it was surrounded by mound four feet high and thirtyfive feet in group was built by the Adena people. two earthen enclosures. The mound mea­ diameter. It was surrounded by a moat Unfortunately, very little remains of this sured eleven feet in height and measured and wall, which could scarcely be traced relatively unknown group of interesting sixty-two feet (N-S) and eighty-eight feet at the time of recording. mounds and earthworks. (E-W) as the mound was elliptical in Mound number five was also an earth shape. The mound was constructed of mound and was ten feet high and sixty REFERENCES blocks of sandstone which varied in size feet in diameter. This mound was ex­ from three inches in diameter to others as plored in February, 1892, and revealed Rodgers, James Linn large as a man could carry. The enclo­ the only evidence of burials. Near the 1892 "Ancient Earthworks in Franklin County," sures were constructed of earth and var­ baseline, the excavators encountered a in Alfred E. Lee's, History of the City of ied in height from a trace to ten feet. grouping of small boulders, under which Columbus, pp. 56, 60-61. Mound number two was an earthen were the remains cf a woman and a child. United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service Beneath this burial, in a compact layer, mound twelve feet high and eighty feet in 1972 National Register of Historic Places diameter. It is quite possible this mound were the skeletons of men, and still Inventory-Nomination Form still exists and is now known as the Old deeper, in pits scooped out of the Maid's Orchard Mound (United States, bedrock, lay additional skeletons.

/

„*i^'

Si

Figure 1 (Rummel) Plan of the Canal Winchester Works, Fairfield Col, Ohio

35 SOME OHIO FLINT by Jerry Ball 3796 Mt. Zion Road Lucas, OH 44843

Figure 1 (Ball) Pictured are three drills from my collection. Left, Coshocton flint drill from Logan County, Ohio. Center, Flint Ridge drill from Richland County, Ohio. Right, Flint Ridge drill from Champaign County, Ohio.

**>*$v§

Figure 3 (Ball) Parallel, flaked lanceolate. Lances of this type are rare, but when the size and condition of this piece are taken into account they would have to be extremely rare. Found in Shelby County, Ohio, this piece is made of Coshocton flint.

Figure 2 (Ball) Left to right, side notch point of Flint Ridge material, Richland County, Ohio. Flint Ridge bifurcate Ashtabula point of Coshocton flint from Wayne County, Ohio.

36 THE PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL RECORD OF THE MUNSON'S SPRING SITE (33Li 251): PLANT UTILIZATION OF CEREMONIAL AND HABITATION CONTEXTS by Crystal L. Reustle 6185 Old Stagecoach Rd. Frazeysburg, OH 43822

Introduction a rectangular block of 1x1m test pits, la­ and squash rind which were removed from This paleoethnobotanical report de­ beled Block A, located approximately ten all size fractions. scribes the procedures, results, and inter­ meters south of the mound (Figure 5). The pretation of a sample of carbonized plant features from Block A include a trash clus­ Results and Interpretations Categories materials for the Munson's Spring (33 Li ter with pottery, lithics, and a postmold and Site Totals 251) site (Figure 1). The Munson's Spring (possibly Paleo-indian or Archaic in origin). Six major classes of carbonized material site, located along the Licking River be­ There were three projectile points recov­ were recovered during analysis of the tween Granville and Newark, Licking ered from Block A (Figure 6), a mound and non-mound areas. The most County, Ohio, is situated in a southward Meadowood, Merom-Trimble, and a heavy common plant debris was wood charcoal. facing hollow surrounded by springs, stemmed variety (Justice 1987), as a well Approximately 27 grams were recovered, which would have been an attractive nat­ as thick grit-tempered plain surfaced pot­ for a total site density of 0.36 grams per ural resource for prehistoric populations. tery which is diagnostically associated with liter (Table 4). Wood charcoal was recov­ The site was discovered in 1984 by the Terminal Late Archaic/Early Woodland ered from every sample. Licking County Archaeology and period (Seeman 1986). Nutshell occurred at a density of 0.03 Landmark Society (LCALS) and first test Other samples included in the study grams per liter. Carbonized seeds were excavated in 1986 by The Ohio State were recovered from two 1x1m test pits identified in four contexts. No carbonized University Department of Anthropology (Features 120 and 132). Feature 120 is lo­ seeds or squash rind was recovered from Fieldschool. From 1987-1989, the site was cated approximately two meters northeast within the mound. A total of four seed excavated by the Murphy Archaeological of Block A, and probably dates to the Early specimens were recovered from the exca­ Research Group (MARG), the research Woodland period (see Figure 2). Feature vated areas, for a density of 0.08 grams branch of LCALS. At this time an east- 132 was recovered from below the fire per liter. Unidentifiable organic material west oriented trench was placed through hardened portion of the mound floor. Early whose cell structure was too amorphous an anomalous small "hill" in the site area Woodland ceramics-were recovered from to allow assignment to any particular plant that did not seem to correspond to the Feature 132. classes, occurred at a total site density of natural topography of the hollow. The A total of 23 flotation samples have been 0.01 grams per liter. trench revealed the anomaly to be a pre­ analyzed for the Munson's Spring site and A random wood charcoal identification historic mound. In 1990, the Bloomsburg represent mound, Block A, and feature was done in flotation samples from the University of Pennsylvania Department of contexts (Table 2). The flotation samples mound. Wood charcoal analysis in four Anthropology Fieldschool, under the direc­ taken from the mound come from each of samples from the mound strata resulted in tion of Dr. Dee Anne Wymer and Dr. Paul the three time periods suggested by radio­ the following identification: hickory (Carya), J. Pacheco, conducted a more extensive carbon dates and diagnostic artifacts. white oak (Quercus sp.), red oak (Quercus investigation of this multicomponent site. (Table 3). sp., and possibly basswood (Tilia). This excavation focused on two main ar­ The flotation samples were collected in Analysis was difficult due to the fragment eas, including the probable ceremonial the field, unscreened, and placed in plastic size of the material, therefore analysis was mound and an adjacent area which pro­ bags. The sizes ranged from 2.75 liters to limited to those samples with the ideal duced traces of prehistoric habitation 7 liters in size. The average sample was conditions. Two distinct nutshell types (Figure 2). 3.2 liters. The samples were subsequently were identified: hickory (Carya), and walnut The mound included strata ranging from subjected to flotation in a S.M.A.P. modi­ (Juglandaceae). The four seeds recovered 800 B.C. to A.D. 200 (Frolking and Lepper fied device to free the carbonized material from the features were as follows: erect 1990, Pacheco 1991). Fourteen flotation producing heavy and light fractions. knotweed (Polygonum erectum), grass samples were taken from within the After drying, both fractions were (possibly Panicum), raspberry (Rubus sp.), mound. Radiocarbon dates from the screened through geological sieves, in the and goosefoot (Chenpodium). Squash rind mound reveal a sequence suggesting the Bloomsburg University Archaeological lab­ occurred in two features. Feature 132 had mound was built in the Early Woodland pe­ oratory, creating three size classes (>2mm, four fragments of squash rind and the riod around 500 B.C. (Table 1). The mound 2-1 mm, <1mm). Each size class was ana­ erect knotweed seed. Thirteen fragments can be divided into four basic time peri­ lyzed under a binocular microscope, with of squash rind were also found in feature ods: sub-mound floor (Late Paleo-indian magnifications ranging from 0.7x to 3x. 120, as well as the grass seed and the with some Early Archaic material from the First, the material was divided into basic goosefoot seed. surrounding area), mound floor (Early identification groups: wood charcoal, nut­ Woodland), primary mound fill (Early shell, squash rind, seed, and unidentifiable Site comparison — mound versus non- Woodland/Archaic), and secondary mound organic (Table 4). These groups were fur­ mound cap (Middle Woodland) (Figure 3). ther broken down into specific taxa if pos­ A comparison of the materials recovered Excavations in the mound produced a vari­ sible. The carbonized material from the in the mound and those found in the non- ety of diagnostic artifacts supporting these >2mm sieve was divided, weighed, mound area reveals several differences. time divisions (Figure 4). counted, and then packaged in aluminum First the density of wood is much higher in The secondary focus of Bloomsburg foil identification bags. The material from the mound versus Block A and Feature University's investigation was in the adja­ the smaller sieves was recorded yet not 120 (Figure 7). Two types of burning con­ cent habitation area. This area consisted of separated, except the carbonized seeds texts are probably represented. The burn-

37 ing in the mound appears to have been from Block A. All of the areas outside the Munson's Spring: habitation and ceremo­ deliberate and ceremonial in context, mound strata have botanical material sug­ nial mound activities. The botanical results whereas the burning from the surrounding gestive of habitation contexts. However, support this idea in that the results show area was probably related to generalized the mound samples have yielded wood two different patterns within the two con­ habitation activities. charcoal and a low density of nutshell, a texts. The mound context does not repre­ Comparison of nutshell from the mound lower diversity of taxa than the nonmound sent subsistence practices, whereas the and Block A areas reveals that the mound samples, suggesting that the materials areas outside the mound strata have a has a slightly higher density (see Figure 7). from the two areas are different in origin. botanical assemblage from a habitation Nutshell occurring in the mound was most context. likely an "accidental" inclusion, considering The Mound Strata this area was once a lush deciduous for­ A different pattern is suggested within Acknowledgements est. A likely scenario is that during the the mound strata. The majority of wood I owe a special thank you to Dr. Dee preparation of the mound platform nuts charcoal occurs in the earliest strata and Anne Wymer for her time and guidance. were introduced into the mound strata by the latest strata (Figure 9). The wood char­ The help of Dr. Paul J. Pacheco and Jeff virtue of proximity and not through human coal in the lowest strata may be explained Carskadden is gratefully appreciated. subsistence practices. If nutshell were by associating it with preparation of the placed there purposely it probably would mound floor and probably represents initial References have been at a much greater density than clearing of the forest. As stated earlier it the archaeological record showed. would be difficult not to introduce nuts into Frolking, Tod A., Bradley T. Lepper Although nutshell was recovered at a the mound floor, considering the forest 1991 The Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene Occupation of the Munson Springs Site slightly lower density in Block A, these re­ was so dense, while in the latest strata (33 Li 251), Locus A, Licking County, Ohio. sults may be understood to be in a habita­ (probably Middle Woodland in origin), large Current Research in the Pleistocene 7: tion context. It is expected that nutshell in surface fires were apparently built on top 12-14. Block A represents subsistence practices. of the Early Woodland mound. The mound Justice, Noel D. The seeds and squash rind are only itself represents an accumulation of a soil 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the found in the areas not necessarily associ­ matrix from surrounding locality. The ma­ Midcontinental and Eastern United States. ated with the mound strata (Figure 8). jority of nutshell occurs in the Early Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Pacheco, Paul J. Feature 132 is below the mound floor and Woodland samples. This may represent 1991 Woodland Period Archaeology in Central is probably not related to mound building sediment scraped from the surrounding area to make the mound, including Ohio: LCALS Contributions. Ohio activities. Wood charcoal, nutshell, squash Archaeological Council Newsletter 3(3): Paleo/Archaic and possibly Early rind, seeds and unidentified organic mate­ 4-9. rials were recovered from this feature Woodland occupational debris. These soils Seeman, Mark F. (Table 5). Since the numbers are drastically were not associated with intense burning 1986 Adena 'Houses' and their Implications for different than the mound, it is possible that activities, as noted above. Early Woodland Settlement Models in the this area was part of the Block A context Ohio Valley. In Early Woodland before becoming covered by the mound. Summary Archaeology, edited by Farnsworth, K. B. Squash rind also occurs in Feature 120, as Overall the site seems to represent two and T. E. Emerson, pp. 564-580. Kampsville: Center for American well as seeds. One seed was recovered different aspects of prehistoric life near Archaeology.

(Continued from page 34) 1986. Mastodont Procurement by Paleo-indians M.H. & D.V. Nitecki. Plains in Pre-Uano Cultures of the of the Great Lake Region: Hunting or 10. Frison, G.C. Americas: Paradoxes and Possibilities, Scavenging? in The Evolution of Human 1989 Experimental Use of Clovis Weaponry and Humphrey, R.L. and Stanford, D. eds. Hunting, Nitecki, M.H. & D.V. Nitecki. Tools on African Elephants. Am. Antiquity 16. Basgall, M.E. 5. Fisher, D.C. 54.4. pp. 766-784. 1987. Paleo-indian Occupation in Central- 1984 Mastodon Butchery by North American 11. Haynes, G. Eastern California: The Komodo Site, in Paleo-lndians. Nature, Vol. 308 15.3.84. 1987. Elephant Butchering at Modern Mass-Kill Current Research in Pleistocene, Vol. 4, 6. Fisher, D.C. Sites in Africa. Current Research in the pp. 50-53. 1984. Taphonomic Analysis of Late Pleistocene Pleistocene, Vol. 4, pp. 75-77. 17. Klein, R.G. Mastodon Occurances: Evidence of 12. Haynes, G. 1973 Ice-Age Hunters in the Ukraine. University Butchery by North American Paleo­ 1988. Longitudinal Studies of African Elephant of Chicago Press. lndians. Paleobiology. 10(3) 1984 pp. 338- Death and Bone Deposits. Journal of 18. Mcintosh, G.C. 357. Archeological Science 1988 131-157. 1992 Mastodon Site in Monroe County, 7. Frison, G.C. 13. Stanford, D. Unpublished Report. Rochester Museum 1976 Cultural Activity Associated with Prehistoric 1987. The Ginsberg Experiment, Natural History of Science Center. Mammoth Butchering and Processing. 9/87. 19. Binford, S.R. and L.R. Binford Science, Vol. 194 pp. 728-730. 14. Irwin, C. et al, 1969 Stone Tools and Human Behavior Scientific 8. Fisher, D.C. 1962 Wyoming Muck Tells of Battle: Ice Age Man American 4.69 1990 News Notes, Geotimes. Jan. 1990. vs Mammoth. National Geographic 20. Frison, G.C. and L.C. Todd 9. Frison, G.C. Vol. 121,No.6. 1986 The Colby Mammoth Site. University of 1986 Prehistoric, Plains-Mountain Large- 15. Stanford, D. New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Mammal, Communal Hunting Strategies, in 1979. The Selby and Dutton Sites: Evidence for a The Evolution of Human Hunting, Nitecki Possible Pre-Clovis Occupation of the High

38 Figure 4 (Reustle) Artifacts form the mound. Top row: (a-d) Hopewellian Bladlets - Strata VI (e) Snyders - Strata VI. Second row: (f) Charleston Corner Notch - Strata V (g) MacKorkle - Strata IV (h) Brewerton Side-Notch - back dirt of Trench A (i) Thebes - Strata IV (j) Clovis - Strata II. Third Row: (k) St. Albans - Strata IV (I) Brewerton Side Notch - Strata IV (n) Brewerton Side Notch - Strata VI (o) Meadowood - Top Strata IV (p) Trimble - Strata V

Figure 5 (Reustle) Block A excavation

39 Context Date # of samples Volume (I.) Strata l-mound floor 495 B.C. +/- 65 LOCATION Strata l-mound floor 495 B.C. +/- 60 Mound 14 46.55 Strata Ill-mound fill 720 B.C. +/- 75 F. 132 1 3 Strata Ill-mound fill 625B.C. +/- 55 Block A 4 15.8 Strata IV-mound fill 835 B.C. +/- 70 F. 120 2 10 Strata V-primary mound cap 340 B.C. +/- 65

Table 1 (Reustle) Uncorrected Radiocarbon Dates for Munson Springs Table 2 (Reustle) Distribution of Flotation Samples at Munson Spring (adapted from Pacheco, 1991) (33U251)

Figure 6 (Reustle) Artifacts recovered from Block A. Top row: (a) Merom (b) Meadowood (c) Late Archaic Stemmed. Second row: (d) Thick-grit tempered shard, (e) lug handle

0.5-1

Squash D Wood Charcoal • Nutshell Seeds

:-;::|:

Block A Mound F. 132 Block A F. 120

Figure 7 (Reustle) Wood Charcoal and Nutshell Densities (gm. per liter) Figure 8 (Reustle) Squash Rind and Seed Densities (# per liter) by by Site Area Site Area

40 RECENT FIELD FINDS

The 45/a inch Flint Ridge dovetail was found by Mike Riffle on May 22, The Flint Ridge bevel was found by a farmer in Ross County near 1992, along a newly cut road in a housing project near North Fork Creek the Deer Creek and Scioto River confluence. in Ross County, Ohio.

Fluted Point found by Carl Harruf, Knox County, Ohio Three-inch Fluted Point found near Greenville, Ohio, by Elaine Holzapfel, October 19, 1993

41 AGRICULTURAL STRESS ON CULTURAL MATERIALS by James R. Haas 4708 Old State Road Norwalk, OH 44857

Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeo­ Reaction (pH): 5.6 to 7.8. Animal waste, being the only available fertil­ logical Society of Ohio Huron County Corrosion potential: Steel, high Concrete, izer, became more scarce with the coming Preservation Officer, University of Toledo moderate. machine age. Laboratory Director for the Firelands Although the soil profiles exhibit differ­ The Tennessee Valley Authority was Archaeological Research Center Inc. ences, it wasn't enough to explain the rapid formed and with it began an intensive pro­ The purpose of this paper is to acquaint disintegration I witnessed when I compared ject to produce artificial fertilizer prod­ you with a real problem facing the archae­ the fauna recovered from Weilnau in 1955 ucts.^) This allowed, what was once "wore ologist and more importantly, the archaeo­ to the fauna recovered in 1988. out land" to once again produce good logical site. I call it Agricultural Stress. Additionally, the fauna material recovered crops. The rush was on to artificial chemi­ I began this study in 1988 on several in 1987 on the Seamans Fort site closely cal use. sites to determine the extent of damage resembled the Weilnau 1955 samples. I Of all the chemicals produced and used caused by agriculture on the cultural mate­ reasoned the difference I was looking for on crop lands today, the ammonium rials in Erie and Huron counties. The had much to do with the farming practices compounds are the most destructive. Weilnau site is the focus of my study for the in use since the 50's. I enlisted the help of Ammonium phosphate, ammonium ni­ following reasons. The Potash and Phosphate Institute, trate and anhydrous ammonia are the 1. It is on a farm using the highest of me­ Atlanta Ga, (3) and The Fertilizer Institute, common types. These cheaper com­ chanical farming technology. Washington D.C, (4) and I interviewed the pounds are the result of the high cost of 2. Application of chemical fertilizer, herbi­ land owners on their farming practices. producing nitrogen directly.(3) Bacteria in cides and pesticides are typical for the two the soil can convert ammonium com­ counties. METHODS pounds to nitrogen compounds at no 3. Fall plowing was sufficiently deep to ex­ Soil samples had to be obtained from the cost. This process is carried out only at pose 26 features and part of their contents. sites and sent to a laboratory for analysis. soil temperatures over 50 degrees, during 4. The fauna materials on Weilnau, like This cost became prohibitive and painfully the bacterial year. Heckelman and Mixter are nearly unrecov­ slow. Then, I discovered the pH factor So here is the problem. Anhydrous am­ erable. Where, materials collected today would change in a collected sample on an monium has a pH of 15, highly caustic and from non-agricultural sites show little or no hour by hour basis. These were unaccept­ is usually implanted deeply into the soils. damage. able factors that had to be dealt with. This places the corrosive chemical adjacent I shall begin with the soil types on the On site tests were performed, thanks to to the features. As nitrogen fixation does study sites. the Hauc Chemical company on the soils in not take place immediately, this corrosive the features and top soils. This procedure chemical finds its way into, and surround­ SOIL PROFILE OF THE SEAMAN was carried out prior, during and after the ing the cultural materials. Ammonium phos­ FORT SITE farming year ended. Nearly a hundred tests phate and ammonium nitrates are dry (Non Agricultural site) were performed and the results compiled. chemicals, usually top dressed onto the The Seaman Fort site has been classified Next the chemicals used, fertilizers, her­ soil after the soil temp drops below 50 de­ as the Colyer Series. (1) (7) The Colyer bicides, pesticides had to be studied for grees F. Series consists of light-colored, well their reactions and possible effect on the Bacteria plays a most important part in drained soils that are shallow over shale cultural materials. The list was long and farming today. I found it necessary to mea­ and contain numerous shale fragments. varied over the past 40 years. sure the ground temperature at various The vegetation is hardwood forest. These Finally I enlisted the help of the points and depths to determine, what I call soils are on knoll, ridges, and steep banks. Department of Natural Resources, State of the bacterial year. This was done for an en­ Run-off is rapid to medium, depending on Ohio, Old Woman's Creek Estuary, who tire year. This is where the temperature slope, permeability is moderate, and the routinely measure agricultural, human, and measurements come in. Measuring the available moisture capacity is very low. industrial chemical run-off into the streams. temperature in several areas, I found that Because of the acidity and droughtiness, I want to break with the foregoing for a crop land plowed in the fall warms faster productivity is generally low. moment to talk about the sites. The upper and to a higher temperature in the spring. Available moisture capacity: inches/inch horizon of the soils (top soils) are rich in hu- This allowed the chemicals to dissolve and 0.08". Reaction (pH): 4.5 to 5.0. Corrosion mas and is the zone of interest to most wash into the features at temperatures potential: Steel, moderate; Concrete, high. farmers. Below this is the second horizon above 32 degrees but below 50 degrees consisting of a dense layer of clays and not again placing the cultural materials into a PROFILE OF THE HECKELMAN, MIX­ very permeable or friable. Features that caustic environment. TER, WEILNAU AND WILLIAMS SITE were previously dug into this lower horizon, The samples tested at Seaman Fort site, (All Agricultural for > 75 years) are filled with permeable and highly friable 600 B.C. (11) (never used agriculturally) These sites have been classified as the soil and presents a path of extremely low were all acidic, pH 5.6 to 6.8. The faunal Rawson Series. (1) (7) Rawson Series con­ resistance to ground water. Thus a NAT­ material was in pristine condition. The sam­ sist of light-colored, moderately well URAL SUMP is created. Chemically satu­ ples tested from the Weilnau site, 600 B.C. drained soils in which the upper part of the rated water pour into these SUMPS rou­ (12), Mixter site, 500 A.D.(13), Heckelman profile formed in outwash and the lower tinely bathing the cultural materials within. site, 600 B.C. (14), and the Williams site, all part in glacial till or lake bed deposit. The The roots of this problem really began as under cultivation for the past 75 years vegetation is hardwood forest. Run-off is early as the 1930's when the switch from yielded pH measurements ranging from 7.7 medium, and the available moisture capac­ horse power to mechanical power. Land to 11.2. All these sites have faunal material ity is medium. became depleted by farming practices. ranging from totally unrecoverable to slight Available moisture capacity: inches/inch Early pioneers simply cleared new land damage. Only those sites whose soils are 0.15-0.20". when it failed to produce a good crop. (Continued on page 50)

42 'I't'l'l'i'l'l' 'l'i'i• i'l'!'r.l' 1' 1'tii' 1'I'IJ, 'I ' » I11 ' ' 2 ' '3l ' 4! 5| / Figure 1 (Converse) Large birdstone from Hamilton County. A LARGE UNFINISHED BIRDSTONE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, OH 43064

Birdstones have always been enig­ nearly every banded slate birdstone there tions broke. Often salvaged or reworked matic and were the focus of attention of was an attempt to portray an eye by ma­ birdstones reveal tiny tally-marks around many of the old collectors. Even before nipulation of the banding in the slate. A the tail, neck, or back. the turn of the century there was a great number have small conical projections A vast majority are of banded slate - deal of interest in birdstones among ar­ suggesting eyes, although some of the especially in the bar and chunky types. chaeologists and collectors. It was at this porphyry specimens have mushroom- Rarer birdstones are of such materials as time that Warren K. Moorehead wrote shaped protuberances for eyes, for which porphyry, quartzite, gneiss, granite, or The Birdstone Ceremonial, one of the there is no analogy among birds. even hematite. finest books about birdstones. Few of the Rare specimens have mouths which A number of unfinished birdstones have old publications which illustrate bird­ do not at all resemble the beak of a bird. been found on the surface. They range stones failed to offer theories on their Few are engraved in an attempt to show from crudely—pecked specimens to use, theories which ran the gamut from such things as feathers or wings. I have those which are complete except for canoe-prow ornaments to symbols worn never seen a birdstone carved with a drilling. A significant number of bird­ by women indicating pregnancy. In the bird-like beak. None show feet of any stones, especially porphyry and non-slate last 100 years, arguments regarding the kind. The drilled bridge-like ridges on examples, are undrilied, indicating that use of birdstones have added more to some birdstones seem to be designed drilling was not an absolute necessity. fantasy than to fact. Like nearly every sin­ for attachment rather than as representa­ Shown in Figure 1 is the largest bird­ gle prehistoric artifact, pendants, gor­ tions of feet. Perhaps they had nothing stone I have ever seen. It is 7% inches gets, celts, axes, bannerstones, and a whatever to do with birds. long, 3 inches high, and the head is 3 host of other items, we have no factual Most birdstones have upturned tails - inches long. It is shown full size. Not to­ idea of how they were used. sometimes only indicated, as in the tally finished, it strangely has had all peck To add to the birdstone mystery, there chunky body styles, or with an exagger­ marks ground away except on the base is a great deal of controversy surrounding ated fantail seen in some of the bar and the tip of the tail. It is made of the animal they represent. Many collec­ types. weathered banded slate and is from tors believe they resemble a nesting bird Many were salvaged when broken and Hamilton County, Ohio. or a waterfowl floating on the water. On reshaped or redrilled after the perfora­

43 EARLY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE ROSS COUNTY HOPEWELL ENCLOSURES by William F. Romain 4000 Westbrook Drive, #502 Brooklyn, Ohio 44144 The geometrically-shaped earthworks of Park Service, and J. Douglas Helms, graph. The feature that is seen to run diag­ central and southern Ohio are among the National Historian for the U.S. Department onally through the earthwork is the most impressive of the world's ancient of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. wonders. Typically, these earthworks, which was kindly forwarded to me, I have which are shaped like circles, squares, and learned that the negatives for the 1938 Baum octagons, enclose dozens of acres. In fact, Ross County aerial photographs are on file The Baum earthwork is located near the Hopewellian enclosures are so large with the Cartographic Archives Division of Bourneville, Ohio. It is situated on the south that their shape or form is best appreciated the National Archives and Records side of Paint Creek, at 39' 14'30" North lati­ from the air. Administration in Washington, D.C. tude and 83° 09'30" West longitude. As For another reason too, the earthworks Likewise, similar early aerial photographs of shown by Figure 2, the earthwork has been are best viewed from the air. That is, over other counties in Ohio are also on file in the heavily damaged by agricultural practices the years, most of the earthworks have National Archives (see Taylor and Spurr and even in 1938, little remained. Several been plowed down to where they are 1973; USDA 1983). These negatives should scratches and deep gouges are evident in barely, if at all, visible at ground level. In be of tremendous value to future investiga­ the original print and care should be taken such cases though, it sometimes happens tors - particularly in connection with that these marks are not interpreted as part that aerial observation will still reveal the Newark, Marietta, Tremper, and of the earthwork. About all that can be shape or outline of a particular earthwork. Portsmouth. clearly recognized of the enclosure is part Because of this, very early aerial pho­ Examination of the 1938 Ross County of the Baum Large Circle. The road that ap­ tographs of the earthworks are of great photographs revealed that even in the pears in the photograph is Baum Hill Road. value. Indeed, such photographs are some­ 1930s, very few of the earthworks could be times the only evidence we have of the clearly discerned from the air - because of Cedar Bank earthworks existence. their continued destruction from agricultural The Cedar Bank earthwork is located on Recently, I was able to locate a complete practices and urban expansion. In fact, I the east bank of the Scioto River, at 39° set of aerial photographs of the Ross could find no evidence of the Frankfort, 24'00" North latitude and 82° 58'35" West County, Ohio, area - taken in 1938. These Liberty, Hopewell, or Works East earth­ longitude. As shown by Figure 3, the site is photographs, which show a number of the works. I was, however, able to locate bounded on the west by the Chesapeake Hopewellian enclosures, are on file at the Anderson, Baum, Dunlap, High Bank, and Ohio Railroad and on the east by State Ross County Engineer's Office, in Hopeton, Mound City, Seip, and Shriver. Route 23. Cedar Bank has been damaged Chillicothe, Ohio. (Previously I had been After locating these earthworks, I then by plowing; and, the platform mound that working from an incomplete set of prints took a series of close-up photographs of once existed within the enclosure has been furnished to me by Jerrel C. Anderson. Mr. these enclosures using a tripod mounted obliterated. However, as Figure 3 shows, Anderson in turn had made his prints from Nikon F2 35mm camera with close-up the walls of the square were still fairly visi­ a second set of the 1938 aerial pho­ lenses and supplemental lighting. Film was ble in 1938. tographs that are in the possession of Mr. Kodak Plus-X pan, 125 ISO. High contrast Today, ground reconnaissance shows Alva McGraw, of Chillicothe, Ohio.) 8"xlO" prints were then made from my the Cedar Bank enclosure to be in better Anyway, on July 12, 1993, I visited the negatives and are presented here. condition than most of the other earth­ Ross County Engineer's Office and made a Examination of these prints revealed sev­ works. Because of this, Cedar Bank pre­ detailed examination of the 1938 aerial eral interesting findings which are noted be­ sents an outstanding opportunity for future photographs located there. The set is com­ low. Because some of the earthworks are research. The earthwork continues to be prised of 34 black and white prints plus a especially difficult to discern, I have also in­ plowed, however - and is in imminent dan­ photographic index. The prints vary in size cluded here, as Figure 13, a composite as­ ger of total destruction. I hope that readers from 36 x 54 inches to 36 x 61 inches. All of semblage of Squier and Davis' maps of the might contact the Archaeological the photographs are individually and per­ earthworks that I was able to locate. For Conservancy and help save this earthwork. manently mounted on thin masonite board. detailed studies of orientation by other in­ Each print is numbered and shows an area vestigators, I have also identified specific Dunlap of about 4 square miles, with some overlap. roads and railroads that when located on The Dunlap earthwork is shown in Figure From personal examination of the prints, the appropriate USGS topographic map 4. It is located-on the west bank of the as well as discussions with Paula Miller and will provide a precise orientation for that Scioto River, a little more than 2 miles north Wayne Kline of the Ross County Engineer's feature and correspondingly, for the of Mound City. The site is situated at 39° Office, and correspondence which will be earthwork. 24'40" North latitude and 82° 59'55" West discussed in a moment, it appears that the longitude. In Figure 4, the road marked photographs on file at the Ross County Anderson T236 is Infirmary Road. Engineer's Office were taken in 1938, by The Anderson earthwork is located about Notably, the 1938 photograph does not the U.S. Department of Agriculture. one-half mile north of the North Fork of show the parallel walls leading to or away Apparently, the photographic series was Paint Creek, at 39° 21 '39" North latitude an from the earthwork that are depicted by originally used to help administer crop 83° 03'12" West longitude. Interestingly Squier and Davis. Moreover, it will be seen management programs and assist in plan­ enough, the earthwork was only recently that the actual shape of Dunlap differs from ning various soil conservation practices. discovered. For reasons discussed else­ what is represented by Squier and Davis. Later, the aerial photographs were also where (Anderson 1980), however, it is clear (This peculiarity was first recognized by used as a base for soil survey maps. that the structure is a Hopewellian enclo­ Jerrel C. Anderson.) Based on correspondence between sure. As shown by Figure 1, the earthwork Today the earthwork is barely visible at Roger G. Kennedy, Director of the National shows up quite clearly in the 1938 photo­ ground level and it continues to be plowed.

44 Especially because this site was part of the along the east side of the Hopeton Square. invaluable, there nevertheless is no substi­ Dunlap-Cedar Bank-Hopeton-Mound City- Visible in the 1938 photograph to the north­ tute for an aerial photograph - particularly Shriver central Hopewell complex, I hope east is the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. where matters of configuration and orienta­ that efforts might be undertaken to save it. tion are concerned. Of special interest is that like Cedar Mound City Along these lines, I think it is interesting Bank, Hopeton, Mound City, and Shriver, The Mound City earthwork is located on to note that the Ross County aerial pho­ Dunlap too is located almost directly west the west bank of the Scioto River, at 39° tographs reveal that most of the of a significant hill that is part of the group 22'40" North latitude and 83° 00' 15" West Hopewellian enclosures were not perfect of hills just to the east of Chillicothe. longitude. geometric figures. In particular, Anderson Figures 5 and 6 show this relationship. (The Over the years, Mound City has been ex­ and Dunlap are not perfect squares. Neither slightly offset nature of Dunlap from the tensively excavated and was partially de­ is the Hopeton Square perfect. Likewise, east-west line that extends from the un­ stroyed by the construction of Camp Mound City is not a perfect square, and named hill can be explained by the Sherman - a World War I training camp. Shriver is not a perfect circle. Hopewell's apparent desire to locate the What we see in Figure 10 is the site as it On the other hand, in some cases - for site on the second river terrace level - appeared in 1938 - after reconstruction. example, at Newark, the Hopewell did in which is defined by the 650 foot contour in­ Today, of course, the site is protected as fact come very close to creating perfect fig­ terval line shown surrounding Dunlap in part of the Hopewell Culture National ures. And, in each and every case, the in­ Figure 5. In order to establish the Dunlap Historic Park. tent of the Hopewell builders to create the earthwork on that terrace level, it would Of special interest in connection with symbol of a circle, square, or octagon have been necessary to compromise a bit Mound City are the two sets of linear mark­ seems clear enough. and place the site slightly to the south of ings visible just to the north of the enclo­ What this tells us is that the symbolic the perpendicular east-west line that ex­ sure. Unfortunately, it is not possible based content or meaning of an intended, ideal­ tends from the unnamed hill. As discussed on the aerial photograph alone, to deter­ ized geometric shape may have been more elsewhere (Romain 1993:36-37), for some mine if the linear markings are of Hopewell important to the Hopewell than the perfect reason, the Hopewell seem to have insisted origin. execution or construction of such figures on locating their geometric enclosures on on the ground. This conclusion in turn has this second river terrace level.) Seip some interesting implications particularly in The Seip earthwork is located on the connection with our understanding of the High Bank north bank of Paint Creek, at 39° 12'45" function of the enclosures. The High Bank earthwork is located on North latitude and 83° 13'30" West longi­ the east side of the Scioto River, at 39° tude. As shown by Figure 11, the site has Acknowledgements 17'45" North latitude and 82° 55'10" West been extensively and heavily damaged by I am indebted to Roger G. Kennedy, longitude. As Figure 7 shows, the earth­ plowing. The central Seip mound is visible Director of the National Park Service for lo­ work is fairly visible in the 1938 photo­ in Figure 11 - however, what we see is a re­ cating the negatives of the 1938 aerial pho­ graph. Unfortunately though, much dam­ construction. The original mound was thor­ tos, and for providing me with copies of his age has been done to the earthwork by oughly excavated in the late 1920s. About correspondence with J. Douglas Helms of continued plowing since 1938. And today, all that is visible in the 1938 photograph is the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil it is difficult to recognize the enclosure at part of the Large Circle and a vague outline Conservation Service. ground level. In Figure 7, the earthwork is of the northern half of the Seip Square. Thanks are also extended to Paula Miller bounded on the west by the Baltimore and Today, at ground level, except for what has and Wayne Kline of the Ross County Ohio Railroad, and on the east by the been reconstructed within the boundaries Engineer's Office, Map Department. Paula Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. of the Seip State Memorial, virtually nothing and Wayne patiently answered my many Of special interest in connection with remains of this earthwork. The road shown questions and graciously facilitated my High Bank are the small circular earthworks in Figure 11 is State Route 50. photographic efforts. shown in Figure 8. These earthworks are lo­ This article and accompanying illustra­ cated southwest of the High Bank enclo­ Shriver tions are Copyright 1993 by William F. sure and they are shown in Squier and The Shriver earthwork is located just a Romain. Davis' figure of the area. In Figure 8, these couple of thousand feet south of Mound References small earthworks are identified by Xs that City. More specifically, it is situated on the Anderson, Jerrel C. appear on the original print. If desired, the west side of the Scioto River, at 39° 22'00" 1980 A Recent Discovery - The Anderson orientation and position of the small circular North latitude and 83° 00'25" West longi­ Earthwork. Ohio Archaeologist 30(1):31 -35. earthworks can be established by reference tude. Helms, J. Douglas to the High Bank enclosure. 1993 Letter from J. Douglas Helms to Roger G. As Figure 12 shows, even in 1938, very Kennedy, dated April 29,1993. little of the earthwork could be seen. In fact, Romain, William F. Hopeton in the 1938 photograph only the northwest 1993 Hopewell Ceremonial Centers and The Hopeton earthwork is located on the and east sides of the earthwork can be Geomantic Influences. Ohio Archaeologist east side of the Scioto River, at 39° 23'00" clearly recognized. The X appearing on the 43(1):35-44. North latitude and 82° 58'45" West longi­ Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis original print marks the approximate center 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi tude. Quite a bit of damage has occurred to of the earthwork. Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to the earthwork as a result of agricultural ac­ Today, search for the earthwork must be Knowlede. Vol 1. Smithsonian Institution, tivity. However, the embankments are still coordinated with officials of the Chillicothe Washington, D.C. somewhat visible today at ground level. As State Correctional Facility which en­ Taylor, Charles E., and Richard E. Spurr Figure 9 shows, the earthwork is easily dis­ croaches on the earthwork. The road (compilers) cerned in the 1938 photograph. In fact, one 1973 Aerial Photographs In the National Archives. shown cutting through the enclosure is Special List No. 25. National Archives and of the very interesting things about Figure 9 State Route 104. Records Service, General Services is that it clearly shows the long parallel Administration, Washington, D.C. walls leading to or from the juncture of the Conclusion USDA 1983 ASCS Aerial Photography. (Information circle and square. Also visible are the three I think the photographs presented here leaflet.) U.S. Department of Agriculture, mounds and two small circular enclosures clearly illustrate the point that while early shown by Squier and Davis within and Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation maps and drawings of the earthworks are Service, Salt Lake City, Utah.

45 Figure 1 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph showing Figure 2 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph showing the Anderson earthwork. the Baum earthwork.

Figure 3 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph showing Figure 4 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph showing the Cedar Bank earthwork. the Dunlap earthwork.

46 Figure 1 (Romain) Composite assemblage of topographic maps showing how the Dunlap earthwork is located west of an unnamed hill located just north of Surgarloaf Mountain.

Figure 6 (Romain) Telephoto view from the west, of the unnamed hill located east of the Dunlap earthwork and shown in Figure 5.

47 Figure 7 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph showing Figure 8 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph showing the High Bank earthwork. the circular earthworks located southwest of High Bank.

Figure 9 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph showing Figure 10 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph show­ the Hopeton earthwork. ing the Mound City earthwork.

48 Figure 11 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph show­ Figure 12 (Romain) Close-up of 1938 aerial photograph show­ ing the Seip earthwork. ing the Shriver earthwork.

DUNLAP CEDAR BANK

V__HIGH BANK , EIP U^C.A ••-- *htr- \ „«»,

F/gure 73 (Romain) Compostie assemblage of Squire and Davis' maps showing the earthworks discussed herein.

49 A CHLORITE WINGED BANNERSTONE by Paul Hooser

In the spring of 1991 I was hunting a attemps at finding the other half, I found it middle where the % inch hole was drilled field in Medina County where I found half 30 yards to east of the first find which I and has some plow marks on it. of a winged bannerstone. It was made of had made one year earlier. The find won the class award at the deep gray chlorite with schist-like inclu­ Considering the damage done by mod­ January meeting of the ASO for BEST sions. Needless to say, I was very happy. ern farm machinery, the two halves fit to­ FIELD FIND of 1992. In June of 1992, after numerous other gether fairly well. It is split almost in the

3 Figure 1 (Hooser) Both halves of a chlorite winged bannerstone. Figure 2 (Hooser) Bannerstone, 4 A inches wide, with the two pieces joined.

GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLES photographs - they still have to be typed other such descriptions do not make for Many people have said that they don't before the printer gets them. good articles and are usually inappropriate. know how to prepare an article for the Ohio Any clear picture - black and white or If you cite references, list them at the Archaeologist. The following are some of color - is fine, just so it is clear. Do not end of the article. the guidelines and suggestions for a good send negatives. Site reports are highly desirable and report. Put your name and address under the ti­ their importance to archaeology cannot Please type and double space - this is tle - you would be surprised at how many be overstated. Exact location of site need important. While some writers print or write times this is omitted. not be given. longhand beautifully, it still has to be typed While human interest is fine for some When in doubt, follow the format seen before it goes to the printer. Check your publications, The Ohio Archaeologist tries in previous issues. spelling. to stay with the facts and pertinent infor­ SEND YOUR ARTICLES-THE MORE WE Attach captions to photographs and mation. The sort of weather, how tired you HAVE, THE BETTER THE PUBLICATION number them. Do not write on the backs of were, how elated you were, poetry, and

(Continued from page 42) of silicon beach sands yielding a high de­ 12,(Linda and Shane 1966: Personal tices which produced disasters archaeo­ gree of acidity and in direct contact with Communication): (Granger 12, p.74). logical damage a few years ago, have been cultural materials, do I measure any sub­ In closing, new equipment and tech­ discontinued in most places. stantial bone loss. niques have bought about an ever larger New chemical research has surfaces The Summer Island site, 150 A.D., re­ expansion of acreage under cultivation. with its own problems like the chemicals ported pH measurements from 6.0 on the The use of high speed equipment along currently being used to modify the growth flat or gentle slopes to 7.5 on the steeper with high analysis fertilizers will continue and development of plants. Again, one slopes. Bone preservation was quite good. to expand, and will continue to adjust it­ such group is a quaternary ammonium (Brose, 11, p.10).(9). The River Haven self toward higher yielding farms as a chemical. Complex, 570 A.D. reported pH measure­ consequence. There are only moderate possibilities of ments of 6.8 to 7.0 with excellent preserva­ We are gaining a better understanding of protection of a site. The most effective of tion of faunal remains. (Granger, 12 p.4). the chemical, physical and biological inter­ course is not to farm it at all. Should that It should be noted that both Summer relationship of soils, moisture and the phys­ fail, enlisting the farmer's help in an active Island and River Haven Complex were non- iology of plants. Fertilizers may have con­ soil analysis program. Results from the Old agricultural sites. One additional site is the tributed more than any other technological Woman's Creek Estuary study indicates far Sinking Ponds site. Here a completely dif­ advance to production and efficiency of too much nitrogen is leaching unused out ferent physiography exists unlike Erie and land use. of the soils into the nations streams. This Huron County Ohio. Here the soil is very Consequently, this vastly improved tech­ has prompted an active program in these acidic, pH 4.2 to 4.4 in all horizons. This nology is placing nearly all archaeology counties to no till farming (10), reducing fer­ acidic soil was instituted by coniferous sites at risk. Valuable cultural remains are tilizer usage with an added benefit of less forests with their low humic buildup. Due to being bathed in harmful chemicals year af­ crop land erosion. the porous nature of this soil, leaching is ter year. Moreover, the simple practice of As long as we continue to promote tech­ highly operant. Acidic water percolating fall plowing Increases the length of time ni­ nological farm processes, we can look for­ through the features removed most of the trogen fixation processes are active. ward with reasonable expectations, to total organic faunal elements. (Granger, Fortunately, subsoiling and aeration prac­ faunal extinction.

so BOOK REVIEW by Brian M. Fagan Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent New York: Thames and Hudson 1991, pp. 480, $29.95 If the success of any new book can be ested readers to more specific studies, some beginning students, Fagan makes gauged by the ability of its author to and the selections listed at the end of no effort to introduce his readers to the meet the objectives set forth in the pref­ each chapter under "For Further Reading" "fundamental principles and terminology ace of his work, then Brian Fagan's are generally fresh and up-to-date. of archaeology" (p.9), substituting in their Ancient North America: The Archaeology Fagan's maps, charts, and illustrations place two short chapters on the history of a Continent is, indeed, a successful are both attractive and well chosen. and theory of archeaology. To his credit, volume. A second aim of Fagan was readability, however, Fagan has included two chap­ As expressed in the preface, one of and, generally, he has produced a book ters entitled "Discovery" and "The Fagan's objectives in writing Ancient which will captivate the interest of stu­ Archaeology of European Contact"—both North America was to strike a compro­ dents, instructors, and amateur archeolo- of which assist the reader in viewing mise between "the harsh dictates of gists. Technical terms have been avoided North American archeology within the space and the need to be comprehen­ as well as the marginal notes which were larger framework of world history. sive" (p.9)—a goal which the author has included in Fagan's world prehistory Although writing the prehistory of the clearly met throughout the 480 pages of book, People of the Earth. Although the entire North American continent certainly this book. Following an introductory seg­ end result is an "easy read" and the sacri­ cannot be an easy undertaking, Fagan ment and subsequent chapters on the fice of technical terminology may have has carried out the task with apparent Paleo-lndians, Fagan devotes the body of been justifiable, the inclusion of marginal ease, producing, for the most part, a solid his book to tracing the cultural develop­ notes nevertheless would have been an and enduring volume which will appeal to ment of prehistroic peoples from several aid to students wishing to review the ma­ a wide audience for some time to come broad geographic areas, skillfully synthe­ terial for a test or to the casual reader de­ and will rival other works of this genre. sizing voluminous archeological data from siring to digest further the vast amounts Susan K. Bechtel the Great Plains, the Far North, the West, of information presented in this book. David M. Stothers and the Eastern Woodlands., Although Also lacking in this new volume are chap­ Archeology Program the author admittedly has been forced to ter previews, which undoubtedly aided University of Toledo limit or omit references to numerous re­ many students in gaining an overview of Toledo, Ohio 43606 gional studies, the end product is a bal­ the material presented in People of the USA anced overview. Bibliographic citations Earth. Reprinted from usually refer to sources which are broad In further contrast to People of the International Social Science Review and authoritative enough to direct inter­ Earth, and perhaps to the detriment of

CHAPTER NEWS Dividing Ridges Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio President - John M. Mocic, Box 170 Rt #1, Valley Drive, Diles Bottom, Ohio, 43947 Meetings are on the first Wednesday of each month, 7 PM, at the Citizens Savings Bank, Martin's Ferry, Ohio.

BACK COVER - RAMEY KNIFE by Mike Sedler 24067 Jeb Drive, Lawrenceburg, Indiana Photograph by Corson Hirschfeld

This Ramey knife was excavated on Generally, finely shaped bifacial Ramey Further investigation of Fort Ancient March 24, 1989, from a Fort Ancient site knives were manufactured from a variety sites in Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky may in Dearborn County in southeastern of cherts such as Burlington, Kaolin, and provide additional eveidence of the na­ Indiana. The knife is of Kaolin flint and is Mill Creek. Kaolin chert originates from ture and extent of the trade network be­ 3 13 /8 inches long and 2% inches wide. Union County in Southern Illinois. It is tween the Mississippian and Fort Ancient There is no evidence of wear or use. The usually fawn-colored with reddish-brown peoples. site has been dated approximately A.D. spots and streaks. Ramey knives have 1090 based on radiocarbon tests of char­ been found in Illinois, Missouri and References coal samples. Tennessee. The Ramey knife point type got its The presence of this Ramey knife on an Central States Archaeological Journal 1990 The Archaeology of Missouri and Greater name from James Ramey after examples early Fort Ancient site in Southeast St., Louis, Vol. 37, No.4. were found on the Ramey farm located Indiana is an indication that a trade net­ Mississippian Period (900 AD-1700AD) near the Cahokia Mounds. The Cahokia work existed between the Mississippian p. 112 site is a Mississippian site believed to and Fort Ancient peoples. Other evidence have been inhabited between AD 900 to of Mississippian influence on this site is Emerson, Thomas E. and R. Barry Lewis 1300. Cahokia is in Collinswood, Illinois Mississippian-style pottery shards and (editors) near St. Louis, Missouri. spuds excavated there. 1991 Cahokia and the Hinterlands, pp. 70,109, 153.

51