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Pukaskwa Pits: Rethinking the Vision Quest Hypothesis

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Pukaskwa Pits: Rethinking the Vision Quest Hypothesis PUKASKWA PITS: RETHINKING THE VISION QUEST HYPOTHESIS A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada Copyright by Nancy Denise Champagne 2009 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program September 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-53244-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-53244-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondares ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada ABSTRACT Pukaskwa Pits: Rethinking the Vision Quest Hypothesis and Other Cosmological Interpretations Nancy Denise Champagne Since Norman Emerson's work in the late 1950s and Kenneth Dawson's work in the mid 1970s, little research has been conducted to elucidate the creation of "Pukaskwa Pits" despite the continuing appearance of these cobble features in northern Ontario. Re- analysis of the archaeological evidence which led researchers to the vision seeking hypothesis, reveals that this hypothesis originated in mere conjecture and not in sound academic reasoning. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U statistics are used to test an alternative hypothesis for these features, which compares these particular cobble features to features found on "traditional" archaeological sites. I conclude that these cobble features were likely not used for cosmological rituals but instead represent a multitude of activities that one would expect on the beaches of a lake which is both known as a migration route and celebrated for its fishing resources. These results enhance our understanding of northern Ontario's archaeological assemblages and inferences we derive from them. KEYWORDS Pukaskwa Pits, Lake Superior, Cobble Features, Algonquian, Cree, Ojibwa, Fishing, Vision Quest Hypothesis, Pits, Paves, Rings, Bifurcated Features, Walls, Walled Enclosures, Pole Supports, Hearths, Cache Pits, Archaeological Cultures, Ethnicity, Direct Historic Approach, Archaic, Woodland, Mann-Whitney U Test, Analogy, Ethnoarchaeology. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Ben Mortimer for presenting Pukaskwa Pits as a thesis topic. This work would not have been possible without the opportunities presented to me by Parks Canada. Specifically from Parks Canada I would like to thank Brian Ross for allowing me to join his team in the field and for giving me access to the feature form information and I would like to thank Stacey Taylor for her participation in giving me access to artefacts and helping me around Cornwall. I am also indebted to my supervisor Dr. James Conolly, and my committee Dr. Susan Jamieson, Dr. Mark Munsen and Dr. Eugene Morin for their help. Kristine Williams has also been of great help throughout my Masters, both as an administrator and as someone to talk to. I would also like to thank Michael Skuce for all his support, I could not have made it through this entire process without him. in TABLE OF CONTESTS ABSTRACT / ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / iii TABLE OF CONTENTS / iv LIST OF TABLES / vi LIST OF FIGURES / vii CHAPTER 1 Introduction / 1 1.1 Environmental Setting of the Red Sucker Point Site / 2 1.2 Competing Hypotheses: Archaeological interpretations at the Red Sucker Point Site / 3 1.3 Main Issues with the Vision Quest Hypothesis / 7 1.4 Research Objectives / 9 CHAPTER 2 Archaeological Context / 11 2.1 Material Culture and Prehistoric Populations / 12 2.2 The Written History of Northwestern Ontario / 24 2.3 Summary/38 CHAPTER 3 Historical Review of Vision Quests in Archaeology and the Vision Quest Hypothesis / 40 3.1 Supporters of the Vision Quest Hypothesis / 40 3.2 Religion and the Vision Quest Hypothesis in North American Archaeology / 46 3.3 The Role of Vision Quests in Indigenous North America / 48 3.4 Symbols Created By Dreams / 50 3.5 TheRoleofAnalogy/52 3.6 Non-Supporters of the Vision Quest Hypothesis / 54 3.7 Summary/61 CHAPTER 4 Data Set/63 4.1 Pukaskwa National Park / 63 4.2 Data Set / 70 4.3 Statistical Method / 86 CHAPTER 5 Analysis / 89 5.1 An Analogy for Living Floors / 95 5.2 An Analogy for Hearths / 99 5.3 An Analogy for Cache Pits / 101 5.4 An Analogy for Pole Supports / 102 5.5 An Analogy for Burials / 103 5.6 Summary/ 105 5.7 Multiple Analogues: Combinations Tested Against the Pukaskwa National Park Data/106 5.8 Field Observation: Do Pits and Mounds Represent Different Parts of the Cache Pit Life Cycle?/114 5.9 Conclusion / 116 IV CHAPTER 6 Discussion / 117 6.1 Vision Quest Hypothesis Premises and Problems / 117 6.2 Premises of the Camp Site Subsistence Model /128 6.3 Summary/132 CHAPTER 7 Conclusion/ 135 7.1 Research Obj ectives /13 5 7.2 The Bigger Picture and Direction for the Future /l 40 7.3 Final Words /142 APPENDIX 4A Tree Throw Revealing Cobble Matrix Below Top Soil /144 APPENDIX 4B Pictures of Artefacts Recovered in Pukaskwa National Park /145 APPENDIX 4C Cobble Beach Feature Summary Form / 148 APPENDIX 4D Break Down of the Apartment Complex Data / 149 APPENDIX 4E Bifurcated Feature Data, Break Down and Images /150 APPENDIX 4F Cairn Feature Information / 153 APPENDIX 4G Linear Formation Data, Break Down and Images / 156 APPENDIX4H Mound Feature Data, Breakdown and Images / 158 APPENDIX 41 Pave Feature Data, Breakdown and Images / 160 APPENDIX 4J Pit Feature Data, Breakdown and Images/ 169 APPENDIX 4K Pole Support Feature Data, Breakdown of Data and Images / 185 APPENDIX4L Ring Feature Data, Breakdown and Images / 189 APPENDIX 4M Wall Feature Information and Breakdown of Data / 195 APPENDIX 4N Walled Enclosure Data, Breakdown and Image / 197 APPENDIX 40 Information on the Miscellaneous Feature / 198 APPENDIX 5A Living Floors Sample From the Archaeological Record /199 APPENDIX5B Hearth Data from the Archaeological Record / 202 APPENDIX 5C Burial Data from the Archaeological Record / 203 APPENDIX 5D Cache Pit Data from the Archaeological Record / 204 APPENDIX 5E Pole Support Data from the Archaeological Record / 205 APPENDIX 5F Results of Mann-Whitney U tests / 206 APPENDIX 5G A Sample of Site Maps From Pukaskwa National Park / 215 APPENDIX6A Cobble Feature Sites in Pukaskwa National Park and Number of Features Recorded / 223 APPENDIX 6B Cobble feature Site Locations Recorded by Parks Canada and Key / 225 REFERENCES / 228 v LIST OF TABLES Table Description Page 2.1 Legend for Figure 2.1. Site Names 12 4.1 Total Counts of Feature types present in Pukaskwa National Park 72 as of 2007 4.2 Bifurcated Features Sub Types discovered in Pukaskwa National 75 Park 4.3 Cairn Sub Types Found in Pukaskwa National Park 76 4.4 Linear Formation Sub Types Found in Pukaskwa National Park 77 4.5 Mound Sub Types Found in Pukaskwa National Park 78 4.6 Pave Sub Types Found in Pukaskwa National Park 79 4.7 Pit Sub Types Found in Pukaskwa National Park 80 4.8 Pole Support Sub types found in Pukaskwa National Park 82 4.9 Ring Sub Types found in Pukaskwa National Park 84 4.10 Wall Sub Types of found in Pukaskwa National Park 85 4.11 Walled Enclosure Sub Types found in Pukaskwa National Park 85 5.1 Mann-Whitney U Test Comparing Hearth Diameters in Pukaskwa National Park to Hearth Diameters in the Archaeological Record 100 5.2 Mann-Whitney U Test Comparing Cache Pit Diameters in Pukaskwa National Park to Cache Pit Diameters in the Archaeological Record 102 5.3 Mann-Whitney U Test Comparing Pole Support Diameters in Pukaskwa National Park to Pole Support Diameters in the Archaeological Record 103 5.4 Mann-Whitney U Test Comparing Pole Support Depths in Pukaskwa National Park to Pole Support Depths in the Archaeological Record 103 VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Page 1.1 Map Showing the Location of the Red Sucker Point Site 2 2.1 Map of Sites Mentioned in Chapter 2 12 4.1 Location of Pukaskwa National Park 63 4.2 Main Rivers that Drain Pukaskwa National Park 67 4.3 Size Distribution for Pit features 81 6.1 Location of the North Byron II site and the Swallow Bay site 130 VII 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The term "Pukaskwa Pit" first appeared in print in 1958 when Norman Emerson and Thomas Mcllwraith both wrote about the Red Sucker Point site, near Terrace Bay, Ontario.
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