DOCSLIB.ORG

Paleoindian Economic Organization in the Lower Great Lakes Region: Evaluating the Role of Caribou As a Critical Resource

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paleoindian Economic Organization in the Lower Great Lakes Region: Evaluating the Role of Caribou As a Critical Resource PALEOINDIAN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IN THE LOWER GREAT LAKES REGION: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF CARIBOU AS A CRITICAL RESOURCE By Dillon H. Carr A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ANTHROPOLOGY 2012 ABSTRACT PALEOINDIAN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IN THE LOWER GREAT LAKES REGION: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF CARIBOU AS A CRITICAL RESOURCE By Dillon H. Carr There is a widespread perception that Rangifer tarandus (caribou) constitutes a critical resource for Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene hunter-gatherers inhabiting the lower Great Lakes region. However, this perception has not been formally tested using the regional archaeological record. To this end, this dissertation constitutes a formal test of the caribou hunting hypothesis utilizing archeological data from lower Great Lakes Paleoindian (ca. 11,500- 10,000 BP) sites. To formally test the hypothesis that caribou were the organizational focus of lower Great Lakes Paleoindian subsistence economies a heuristic model for a residentially mobile caribou hunting society is constructed from ethnographic and comparative archaeological data. Archaeological data from lower Great Lakes Paleoindians are compared against expected patterning derived from the residentially mobile caribou hunting model to evaluate the extent to which patterned variability in the Paleoindian archaeological record reflects an intensive caribou hunting society. This formal evaluation of the caribou hunting hypothesis indicates that certain aspects of the Paleoindian archaeological record support the idea that caribou were an important resource. In particular, there is some evidence to suggest that more standardized extractive implements and larger, multi-locus, Lake Algonquian coastal sites support an interpretation of intercept caribou hunting. Likewise assemblage level data and regional scale data support the interpretation that Paleoindian inhabitants of the lower Great Lakes region practiced a high rate of residential mobility across large territories. Residential mobility, the large size of these territories, and the likelihood for low population density are all characteristics consistent with those modeled for intensive caribou hunting societies. However, and in contradiction with expected patterns, there is less evidence to support the interpretation that Paleoindian bands practiced herd-following, where groups would spatially relocate themselves between the winter and summer ranges of caribou herds. Instead, standardization data and site level data suggest an interior/coastal focus, as opposed to a north/south focus, within the overall organization of the economic system. This realization raises the possibility that caribou herds may have been intercepted during autumn near the coastal zone with the exploitation of other interior resources at other times of the year. In this regard, lower Great Lakes Paleoindian archaeological data conform more closely with central European Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian economies. This pattern contrasts with the classic barren-ground herd following pattern exemplified by ethnographic and archaeological data from the Ethen-edeli Chipewyan. In loving memory of my mother, Diane Marie Carr, 1953-2003 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation, as with any major work, would never have been possible without assistance from a large number of individuals. I would like to gratefully acknowledge those individuals here, although I recognize that these few words of thanks will fall far short of being able to repay their assistance. First of all I would like to thank the members of my doctoral committee, each of whom devoted the necessary time to sort through and interpret my frequently obtuse writing. Dr. William Lovis, Dr. John Norder, Dr. Jodie O‟Gorman, and Dr. Catherine Yansa each offerred countless constructive comments, helpful directions to go in, ideas to think about, encouragement, and much needed editorial assistance. In particular, Dr. Lovis adeptly served as the chair of the committee; even going so far as to track me down in the frigid U.P. to make sure I was staying on task. Conversations and readings courses with both Dr. Lovis and Dr. Norder greatly expanded my understanding of the ethnography and archaeology of hunting and gathering societies, from which this dissertation benefited. Dr. Yansa made sure that my environmental information is clear, correct, and aligned well with current research. There are also a number of colleagues that have helped shape my thinking about the Paleoindian archaeological record from which this dissertation has also benifited. First and foremost is Dr. Christopher Ellis. I was fortunate to have completed a M.A. at Western Ontario studying under Dr. Ellis, and this dissertation has been influenced by him in countless ways. I am also grateful to Dr. David Anderson, Dr. Daniel Amick, Dr. Thomas Loebel, Dr. Mark Seeman, Don Simmons, and Andy White for sharing their thoughts about Paleoindian economic organization with me over the past several years. Although I build upon their insights, any errors in logic contained herin are, of course, my own. v Much needed support to complete this dissertation research came in a variety of forms. Monetarily, both the Department of Anthropology and College of Social Sciences at Michigan State University provided funds to facilitate travel and data collection. Personally, thanks are owed to my family, Gary and Darcy Molenaar, Dr. Barbara Evans, Dr. Joe Susi, and Dr. Sally Childs all of whom provided much needed encouragement on a number of fronts during the writing process. Finally an extra special offering of thanks is owed to Amy Molenaar who served as a very dear friend, a greatly needed task master, capable editor, sounding board, counselor, personal chef, laundress, hair stylist, and a hundred other roles. Thank you for seeing me in a much different light than I ever saw myself. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables xi List of Figures xii Chapter 1: Introduction and Background 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Large Game Hunting in the Northern Hemisphere 4 1.3 Large Game Hunting in the Lower Great Lakes Region 6 1.4 Great Lakes Paleoindians and Caribou Hunters 10 1.5 Statement of Research Problem 13 1.6 Structure of Research 15 1.6.1 Theory and Method 18 1.6.2 Model Building 22 1.6.3 Modeling and Predictions 25 1.6.4 Testing the Archaeological Record 29 1.6.5 Analysis of Results 30 Chapter 2: Environmental Background and Caribou Ecology 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Glacial Geology of the Central and Eastern Great Lakes 34 2.2.1 Ice Advance and Retreat 36 2.2.2 Lake Levels in the Huron And Erie Basins 38 2.3 Late Glacial Climates 40 2.4 Late Glacial Floral Communities 43 2.4.1 Tundra Phase 47 2.4.2 Spruce and Sedge Phase 48 2.4.3 Reorganization Phase 51 2.4.3.1 Establishment of Ecotone 53 2.5 Late Glacial Faunal Communities 54 2.5.1 Fauna and Community Richness 57 2.6 Caribou Ecology 59 2.6.1 Sub-species Variability 64 2.7 Summary and Discussion 68 Chapter 3: Ethnography of North American Caribou Hunting Societies 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Ethnography and Ethnohistory of North American Caribou Hunters 72 3.2.1 Inuit Ethnography: Tundra Adaptations 73 3.2.1.1 Nunamiut 73 3.2.1.2 Central Canadian Arctic 76 3.2.1.3 Quebec/Labrador Inuit 78 3.2.1.4 Mackenzie Delta Inuit 78 vii 3.2.1.5 Caribou Inuit 79 3.2.2 Athapaskan and Algonquian Ethnography: Tundra and Taiga Adaptations 82 3.2.2.1 Ethen-eldeli (Caribou-eater Chipewyan) 83 3.2.2.2 Innu 87 3.2.3 Athapaskan and Algonquian Ethnography: Boreal Forest Adaptations 91 3.3 Caribou Hunting Strategies and Technology 93 3.3.1 Herd Following 93 3.3.2 Intercept Hunting 96 3.3.2.1 Terrestrial Based Intercept Hunting 98 3.3.3 Individual Hunting Strategies 101 3.4 Economic Considerations 104 3.4.1 Dietary Considerations 104 3.4.2 Non-food Considerations 108 3.4.3 Consumer Supply and Demand 110 3.4.4 Sustainability 112 3.5 Situating Caribou Hunting Economies in the Ethnographic Present 116 3.6 Generalizing the Organization of Caribou Hunting Economies 119 3.6.1 Opportunistic Caribou Hunters 119 3.6.2 Part-Time (Seasonal) Caribou Hunters 121 3.6.3 Full-Time (Specialized) Caribou Hunters 123 3.7 Full-Time Caribou Hunting Economies: Inuit vs. Non-Inuit Adaptations 128 3.7.1 Intercept Hunting and the Kayak 129 3.7.2 Risk Management: Practical vs. Social Storage 131 Chapter 4: Comparative Archaeological Case Studies 4.1 Introduction 139 4.2 Taltheilei Tradition: Barren Ground Herd Followers 140 4.2.1 Settlement and Mobility Strategies 141 4.2.2 Site Layout and Structure 144 4.2.3 Use of Lithic Raw Materials 144 4.2.4 Organization of Lithic Technology 145 4.3 Magdalenian Caribou Hunters: Paleolithic Intercept Hunting 150 4.3.1 Magdalenian Subsistence Economies 151 4.3.2 Paris Basin Magdalenian 154 4.3.3 Storage, Food Sharing, and Mobility 156 4.3.4 Economic Organization 158 4.3.5 Settlement and Mobility Strategies 159 4.3.6 Inter-Site Patterning 162 4.3.7 Organization of Lithic Technology 165 Chapter 5: Residentially Organized Caribou Hunters: A Model 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 Ecological Parameters 170 5.3 Cultural Parameters 175 5.3.1 Herd Following Strategies 178 viii 5.3.2 Territory Size, Mobility Magnitude and Frequency 179 5.3.3 Subsistence, Mobility, and Lithic Technology 184 5.4 Organization of Lithic Technology 186 5.4.1 Risky Business: Formal vs. Expedient Technologies 187 5.4.2 Scheduling: Seasonal Shoppers vs. Bargain Hunters 188 5.4.3 Tool Design: Versatility 189 5.4.4 Tool Design: Reliability
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Collision Course
    FINAL-1 Sat, Jul 7, 2018 6:10:55 PM Your Weekly Guide to TV Entertainment for the week of July 14 - 20, 2018 HARTNETT’S ALL SOFT CLOTH CAR WASH Collision $ 00 OFF 3ANY course CAR WASH! EXPIRES 7/31/18 BUMPER SPECIALISTSHartnett's Car Wash H1artnett x 5` Auto Body, Inc. COLLISION REPAIR SPECIALISTS & APPRAISERS MA R.S. #2313 R. ALAN HARTNETT LIC. #2037 DANA F. HARTNETT LIC. #9482 Ian Anthony Dale stars in 15 WATER STREET “Salvation” DANVERS (Exit 23, Rte. 128) TEL. (978) 774-2474 FAX (978) 750-4663 Open 7 Days Mon.-Fri. 8-7, Sat. 8-6, Sun. 8-4 ** Gift Certificates Available ** Choosing the right OLD FASHIONED SERVICE Attorney is no accident FREE REGISTRY SERVICE Free Consultation PERSONAL INJURYCLAIMS • Automobile Accident Victims • Work Accidents • Slip &Fall • Motorcycle &Pedestrian Accidents John Doyle Forlizzi• Wrongfu Lawl Death Office INSURANCEDoyle Insurance AGENCY • Dog Attacks • Injuries2 x to 3 Children Voted #1 1 x 3 With 35 years experience on the North Insurance Shore we have aproven record of recovery Agency No Fee Unless Successful While Grace (Jennifer Finnigan, “Tyrant”) and Harris (Ian Anthony Dale, “Hawaii Five- The LawOffice of 0”) work to maintain civility in the hangar, Liam (Charlie Row, “Red Band Society”) and STEPHEN M. FORLIZZI Darius (Santiago Cabrera, “Big Little Lies”) continue to fight both RE/SYST and the im- Auto • Homeowners pending galactic threat. Loyalties will be challenged as humanity sits on the brink of Business • Life Insurance 978.739.4898 Earth’s potential extinction. Learn if order can continue to suppress chaos when a new Harthorne Office Park •Suite 106 www.ForlizziLaw.com 978-777-6344 491 Maple Street, Danvers, MA 01923 [email protected] episode of “Salvation” airs Monday, July 16, on CBS.
    [Show full text]
  • Archeological and Bioarcheological Resources of the Northern Plains Edited by George C
    Tri-Services Cultural Resources Research Center USACERL Special Report 97/2 December 1996 U.S. Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Archeological and Bioarcheological Resources of the Northern Plains edited by George C. Frison and Robert C. Mainfort, with contributions by George C. Frison, Dennis L. Toom, Michael L. Gregg, John Williams, Laura L. Scheiber, George W. Gill, James C. Miller, Julie E. Francis, Robert C. Mainfort, David Schwab, L. Adrien Hannus, Peter Winham, David Walter, David Meyer, Paul R. Picha, and David G. Stanley A Volume in the Central and Northern Plains Archeological Overview Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series No. 47 1996 Arkansas Archeological Survey Fayetteville, Arkansas 1996 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Archeological and bioarcheological resources of the Northern Plains/ edited by George C. Frison and Robert C. Mainfort; with contributions by George C. Frison [et al.] p. cm. — (Arkansas Archeological Survey research series; no. 47 (USACERL special report; 97/2) “A volume in the Central and Northern Plains archeological overview.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56349-078-1 (alk. paper) 1. Indians of North America—Great Plains—Antiquities. 2. Indians of North America—Anthropometry—Great Plains. 3. Great Plains—Antiquities. I. Frison, George C. II. Mainfort, Robert C. III. Arkansas Archeological Survey. IV. Series. V. Series: USA-CERL special report: N-97/2. E78.G73A74 1996 96-44361 978’.01—dc21 CIP Abstract The 12,000 years of human occupation in the Northwestern Great Plains states of Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota is reviewed here.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Clovis Dynamics: Confronting Theory with Models and Data Across Scales
    QUANTIFYING CLOVIS DYNAMICS: CONFRONTING THEORY WITH MODELS AND DATA ACROSS SCALES by MARCUS JOHN HAMILTON B.Sc., Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 1998 M.S., Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2002 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ANTHROPOLOGY The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico August, 2008 Marcus J. Hamilton: Quantifying Clovis Dynamics ©2008, Marcus John Hamilton ii Marcus J. Hamilton: Quantifying Clovis Dynamics DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my wife, Ana Desiree Davidson, and the two halves of my family, the UK Hamilton side and the US Davidson side, for all their love and support. I would also like to dedicate this dissertation to two old friends who were instrumental in getting me interested in archaeology, Briggs Buchanan, and Wayne Warren Kinney, Jr. iii Marcus J. Hamilton: Quantifying Clovis Dynamics ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee for their advice and guidance over the years. They are co-chairs, Bruce Huckell and Jim Boone, 3rd department member Ozzie Pearson, and outside member Vance Holliday. Much of this dissertation would not have been possible without access to the Rio Grande Valley Clovis collections, granted by Dr. Robert H. Weber, of Socorro, New Mexico. Bob sadly died in February, 2008 after leading a long and productive life, very much in the tradition of classic Southwest scientists. Over his 80+ years Bob amassed an encyclopedic knowledge of the geology, geography, archaeology and history of the region, much of it on foot with a canteen and map.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Investigation of Late Fort Ancient Bifacial Endscrapers
    The College of Wooster Open Works Senior Independent Study Theses 2020 Tools of the Trade: An Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Investigation of Late Fort Ancient Bifacial Endscrapers Kevin Andrew Rolph The College of Wooster, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy Recommended Citation Rolph, Kevin Andrew, "Tools of the Trade: An Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Investigation of Late Fort Ancient Bifacial Endscrapers" (2020). Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 9005. This Senior Independent Study Thesis Exemplar is brought to you by Open Works, a service of The College of Wooster Libraries. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Independent Study Theses by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Copyright 2020 Kevin Andrew Rolph Tools of the Trade: An Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Investigation of Late Fort Ancient Bifacial Endscrapers By Kevin A. Rolph A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements of Independent Study In Archaeology at The College of Wooster Archaeology 451 Dr. Olivia Navarro- Farr March 23, 2020 Abstract The arrival of Europeans to the New World forever changed the social and economic landscapes of Native Peoples who occupied the continents. Colonial institutions profited off the land and those who occupied it. One institution that exemplified this was the Fur Trade. Throughout the North and Northeast colonies, European nations acquired furs from a variety of mammals to meet the trans-Atlantic demand. To maximize profits in the New World many European colonizers turned to Native peoples to aid in their economic endeavors. Native Americans employed trade routes and knowledge of the land to their advantage in the new economic landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix I Lunar and Martian Nomenclature
    APPENDIX I LUNAR AND MARTIAN NOMENCLATURE LUNAR AND MARTIAN NOMENCLATURE A large number of names of craters and other features on the Moon and Mars, were accepted by the IAU General Assemblies X (Moscow, 1958), XI (Berkeley, 1961), XII (Hamburg, 1964), XIV (Brighton, 1970), and XV (Sydney, 1973). The names were suggested by the appropriate IAU Commissions (16 and 17). In particular the Lunar names accepted at the XIVth and XVth General Assemblies were recommended by the 'Working Group on Lunar Nomenclature' under the Chairmanship of Dr D. H. Menzel. The Martian names were suggested by the 'Working Group on Martian Nomenclature' under the Chairmanship of Dr G. de Vaucouleurs. At the XVth General Assembly a new 'Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature' was formed (Chairman: Dr P. M. Millman) comprising various Task Groups, one for each particular subject. For further references see: [AU Trans. X, 259-263, 1960; XIB, 236-238, 1962; Xlffi, 203-204, 1966; xnffi, 99-105, 1968; XIVB, 63, 129, 139, 1971; Space Sci. Rev. 12, 136-186, 1971. Because at the recent General Assemblies some small changes, or corrections, were made, the complete list of Lunar and Martian Topographic Features is published here. Table 1 Lunar Craters Abbe 58S,174E Balboa 19N,83W Abbot 6N,55E Baldet 54S, 151W Abel 34S,85E Balmer 20S,70E Abul Wafa 2N,ll7E Banachiewicz 5N,80E Adams 32S,69E Banting 26N,16E Aitken 17S,173E Barbier 248, 158E AI-Biruni 18N,93E Barnard 30S,86E Alden 24S, lllE Barringer 29S,151W Aldrin I.4N,22.1E Bartels 24N,90W Alekhin 68S,131W Becquerei
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts from the Fifth European Workshop on Astrobiology EANA
    International Journal of Astrobiology 5 (1): 67–88 (2006) Printed in the United Kingdom 67 doi:10.1017/S1473550406002849 f 2006 Cambridge University Press Abstracts from the Fifth European Workshop on Astrobiology EANA – European Astrobiology Network Association 10–12 October 2005 Budapest, Hungary Early Stars and Stellar Environments Oral Presentations The UV radiation environment in the Solar System Setting a scene: before another Earth will be found A. Hanslmeier(1), M. Vazquez(2), H. Lammer(3), M. Khodachenko(3) E. Szuszkiewicz(1,2), J. C. B. Papaloizou(3,4) (1) Institut fu¨r Physik, Geophysik Astrophysik Meteorologie, Univ.- (1) Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Poland; (2) Centre for Platz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (2) Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Advanced Studies in Astrobiology and Related Topics, Szczecin, C/Vı´aLa´ctea s/n, E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (3) Austrian Poland; (3) Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary, University of London, Academy of Science Space Research Institute Schmiedlstraße 6, A-8042 England; (4) Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Graz, Austria Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, England The UV radiation environment in the Solar System is dominated of The increasing number of extrasolar multi-planet systems, their diver- course by the Sun. Since the early Sun radiated more intensely in the sity, and dynamical complexities provide a strong motivation to study short wavelength range, the influence of this radiation to the early the evolution and stability of such systems. One of the most important planets and to the formation of early planetary atmospheres as well as features connected with planetary system evolution is the occurrence of to the evolution of life on Earth and possibly other planets has to be mean motion resonances, which may relate to conditions at the time of considered in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions by Employer
    2/4/2019 CONTRIBUTIONS FOR HILLARY CLINTON FOR PRESIDENT HOME / CAMPAIGN FINANCE REPORTS AND DATA / PRESIDENTIAL REPORTS / 2008 APRIL MONTHLY / REPORT FOR C00431569 / CONTRIBUTIONS BY EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONS BY EMPLOYER HILLARY CLINTON FOR PRESIDENT PO Box 101436 Arlington, Virginia 22210 FEC Committee ID #: C00431569 This report contains activity for a Primary Election Report type: April Monthly This Report is an Amendment Filed 05/22/2008 EMPLOYER SUM NO EMPLOYER WAS SUPPLIED 6,724,037.59 (N,P) ENERGY, INC. 800.00 (SELF) 500.00 (SELF) DOUGLASS & ASSOCI 200.00 - 175.00 1)SAN FRANCISCO PARATRAN 10.50 1-800-FLOWERS.COM 10.00 101 CASINO 187.65 115 R&P BEER 50.00 1199 NATIONAL BENEFIT FU 120.00 1199 SEIU 210.00 1199SEIU BENEFIT FUNDS 45.00 11I NETWORKS INC 500.00 11TH HOUR PRODUCTIONS, L 250.00 1291/2 JAZZ GRILLE 400.00 15 WEST REALTY ASSOCIATES 250.00 1730 CORP. 140.00 1800FLOWERS.COM 100.00 1ST FRANKLIN FINANCIAL 210.00 20 CENTURY FOX TELEVISIO 150.00 20TH CENTURY FOX 250.00 20TH CENTURY FOX FILM CO 50.00 20TH TELEVISION (FOX) 349.15 21ST CENTURY 100.00 24 SEVEN INC 500.00 24SEVEN INC 100.00 3 KIDS TICKETS INC 121.00 3 VILLAGE CENTRAL SCHOOL 250.00 3000BC 205.00 312 WEST 58TH CORP 2,000.00 321 MANAGEMENT 150.00 321 THEATRICAL MGT 100.00 http://docquery.fec.gov/pres/2008/M4/C00431569/A_EMPLOYER_C00431569.html 1/336 2/4/2019 CONTRIBUTIONS FOR HILLARY CLINTON FOR PRESIDENT 333 WEST END TENANTS COR 100.00 360 PICTURES 150.00 3B MANUFACTURING 70.00 3D INVESTMENTS 50.00 3D LEADERSHIP, LLC 50.00 3H TECHNOLOGY 100.00 3M 629.18 3M COMPANY 550.00 4-C (SOCIAL SERVICE AGEN 100.00 402EIGHT AVE CORP 2,500.00 47 PICTURES, INC.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleo-Indians
    Paleo-Indians “Prehistory of the Americas” redirects here. For other 15 000 4500 aspects of the prehistory of the Americas, see History of 25 000 40 000 the Americas § Pre-colonization. 12 000 100 000 70 000 Paleo-Indians (Paleoindians) or Paleoamericans is a 200 000 30 000 1500 classification term given to the first peoples who entered, 50 000 Homo sapiens 1500 and subsequently inhabited, the American continents dur- Homo neanderthalensis Homo erectus ing the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene pe- riod. The prefix “paleo-" comes from the Greek ad- jective palaios (παλαιός), meaning “old”. The term Map of early human migrations based on the Out of Africa the- [7] “Paleo-Indians” applies specifically to the lithic period ory. in the Western Hemisphere and is distinct from the term "Paleolithic".[1] routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and [8] Evidence suggests big-animal hunters crossed the Bering discussion. The traditional theory has been that these Strait from Eurasia into North America over a land early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge be- and ice bridge (Beringia), that existed between 45,000- tween eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around [9][10] 12,000 BCE (47,000-14,000 BP).[2] Small isolated 40,000 – 17,000 years ago, when sea levels were [11] groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation. large herbivores far into Alaska. From 16,500-13,500 These people are believed to have followed herds of now- BCE (18,500-15,500 BP), ice-free corridors developed extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America.[3] that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice [12] This allowed animals, followed by humans, to migrate sheets.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo 17 Index: 70 Mm, 35 Mm, and 16 Mm Photographs
    General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) Preparation, Scanning, Editing, and Conversion to Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) by: Ronald A. Wells University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 May 2000 A P O L L O 1 7 I N D E X 7 0 m m, 3 5 m m, A N D 1 6 m m P H O T O G R A P H S M a p p i n g S c i e n c e s B r a n c h N a t i o n a l A e r o n a u t i c s a n d S p a c e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n J o h n s o n S p a c e C e n t e r H o u s t o n, T e x a s APPROVED: Michael C .
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submissions
    CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Information for Parks, Federal Agencies, Indian Tribes, States, Local Governments, and the Private Sector VOLUME 19 NO. 9 1996 CRM SUPPLEMENT National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submissions he National Register of Historic California, or Usonian Houses by Frank Lloyd Places has been accepting multiple Wright, 1945-1960, in Iowa, contain valuable infor­ property nominations since 1977. mation that can be used in other states. To date, over one third of the Many cover documents are worthy of publica­ 66,300 National Register listings tion. The National Park Service encourages nominat­ are parTt of multiple property submissions. The ing authorities and others to seek ways to have them National Register multiple property nomination is published for scholars and the public to use. The designed to be a flexible tool for recording written information contained in them can also be used in statements of historic context and associated prop­ developing travel itineraries, World Wide Web sites, erty types and to provide a framework for evaluating for walking tours, interpretative projects, and other the significance of a related group of historic proper­ public education initiatives. ties. The statement of historic context is a written National Register Bulletin 16B: How to narrative that describes the unifying thematic frame­ Complete the National Register Multiple Property work; it must be developed in sufficient depth to Documentation Form (issued in 1991) explains in support the history, the relationships, and the detail how to nominate groups of related significant importance of the properties to be considered. A properties to the National Register. A video, The property type is a grouping of individual properties Multiple Property Approach, has been produced by characterized by common physical and/or associa­ the National Register.
    [Show full text]
  • Floris Heyne Joel Meter Simon Phillipson Delano Steenmeijer
    Floris Heyne Joel Meter Simon Phillipson Delano Steenmeijer Edited by Neil Pearson With a special foreword by Apollo 7 astronaut Walt Cunningham “When you get back… you will be a national hero. But your photographs… they will live forever. Your only key to immortality is the quality of your photography.” Richard W. Underwood NASA Chief of Photography for Mercury, Gemini and Apollo 4 Small steps. Giant leaps. The English word ‘photograph’ is made up of the The early exploration of space is one such historical ancient Greek words ‘photos’ and ‘graphos’ which event, unrivaled among humanity’s achievements. literally mean ‘light writing’. At the time of the Apollo Fortunately space travelers were able to bring back program, that meant exposing a chemically-treated beautiful, moving and instantly recognizable images film to patterns of light and it was this process which to depict it. Those images add a new understanding made it possible to seize moments in time and share to what it means to be human, what it means to them with the world. live on a delicate little orb circling the Sun since time immemorial. A single photograph can tell a story to billions of people. It transcends language barriers, physical Not only did Apollo bring us this photographic barriers and requires no prior knowledge of testimony but many major advancements in the subject. This is the beauty of photography: photographic technology date back to the extensive it reaches out to all people and everybody can research and engineering that was part of the hugely intuitively understand its form and content.
    [Show full text]
  • A Primer on Tribal Political Systems
    SMALL WARS JOURNAL smallwarsjournal.com Governance in the Raw: A Primer on Tribal Political Systems by Stan Wiechnik This paper will introduce the reader to some different types of pre-state or tribal governance systems a person is likely to find in portions of the planet where people are living at just above the subsistence level and there is limited or no state influence. While each culture may be unique, certain commonalities can be seen between tribal people living across the globe. The intended audience for this paper is the practitioner working with these people, be they military or civilian, who are trying to influence the group without necessary trying to change it. To achieve this, a better understanding than might be provided by being told you are going to be dealing with a tribal society might be helpful. Who are the leaders of the group? What authority do they have? Who settles disputes? Who doles out patronage? Are they the same person? What affect might I have on the group if I deal with this person rather than that? While this paper cannot answer all these questions, it might provide a starting place to help you focus your search for key players. Why Bother? Normally, when entering a new area, practitioners get some background briefing on the indigenous, tribal people in the area. Hopefully it will include history, traditions, culture, and who the leaders are. Isn‟t that enough? Doesn‟t know the traditions of the tribe sufficient? Maybe … or maybe not. The Pashtuns are a single tribe, yet their level of political integration as well as their key political players will vary based on whether you are dealing with the qalang of the valleys or the nang of the hills.
    [Show full text]