Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia

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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LÍNGUA, LITERATURA E CULTURA JAPONESA SIMONIA FUKUE NAKAGAWA Apropriações de elementos constitutivos do mangá: investigando Murakami e Nara (versão corrigida) v.1 São Paulo 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LÍNGUA, LITERATURA E CULTURA JAPONESA Apropriações de elementos constitutivos do mangá: investigando Murakami e Nara (versão corrigida) Simonia Fukue Nakagawa Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Língua, Literatura e Cultura Japonesa do Departamento de Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Orientador: Profa. Dra. Madalena Natsuko Hashimoto Cordaro v.1 São Paulo 2016 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Nakagawa, Simonia Fukue N163a Apropriações de elementos constitutivos do mangá: investigando Murakami e Nara / Simonia Fukue Nakagawa ; orientadora Madalena Natsuko Hashimoto Cordaro. - São Paulo, 2016. 214 f. Dissertação (Mestrado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Letras Orientais. Área de concentração: Língua, Literatura e Cultura Japonesa. 1. Mangá. 2. Kawaii. 3. Basara. 4. Takashi Murakami. 5. Yoshitomo Nara. I. Cordaro, Madalena Natsuko Hashimoto, orient. II. Título. Nome: NAKAGAWA, Simonia Fukue. Título: Apropriações de elementos constitutivos do mangá: investigando Murakami e Nara. (versão corrigida) Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dra. __________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Prof. Dr. __________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Prof. Dr. __________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Agradecimentos Agradeço primeiramente àquela que me ensinou e teve paciência na minha jornada, e que me orgulho carinhosamente de ter sido orientanda, à querida Profa. Dra. Madalena Natsuko Hashimoto Cordaro. À querida Michiko Okano que me acolheu em seus grupos de estudo sobre arte e cultura japonesa e se tornou uma grande mentora para a vida. Ao querido Prof. Dr. Waldomiro Vergueiro a quem espelho conhecimento sobre histórias em quadrinhos. Aos professores do Centro de Estudos Japoneses (CEJAP), que sem perceberem me mostraram outras áreas de estudos japoneses como a literatura e língua japonesa. Aos colegas do Programa de Pós-graduação em Língua, Literatura e Cultura Japonesa por poder compartilhar o desespero da entrega de trabalhos e pelas divertidas viagens e organizações de congressos. À Capes, que me auxiliou com a bolsa de estudos para que eu pudesse dar continuidade à pesquisa. Aos três grupos de estudos que, uma sexta por mês, proporcionam-me ensinamentos, curiosidades e alegrias: Observatório de Histórias em Quadrinhos, Grupo de Estudos da Arte da Ásia e Grupo de Estudos da Arte Japonesa. Aos meus alunos, conhecidos como Turma de Mangá, que acompanharam, apoiaram e acreditaram nos meus estudos. A Bere, Lu, Má e Yuk que sempre me animaram fosse para tomar um café, trocar ideias, ir a uma exposição ou ouvir boa música. Agradeço fortemente aos meus queridos e amáveis sobrinhos: Rebecca, Ethan e Mel que aqueciam minha vida solitária como mestranda. Agradeço imensamente as minhas irmãs: Mônica, Mônia e Monique que sempre estiveram ao meu lado e aguentaram meus choramingos dos estudos e da vida, e não menos, ao meu falecido irmão que sei ter estado presente em espírito nos meus caminhos. Agradeço principalmente e de forma kawaii e basara, aos meus queridos e amados pais que me instigaram a ter curiosidade de mundo e me deram suporte financeiro e emocional para seguir meus estudos longe de casa. E a Deus, a quem tenho fé. Aos meus pais com muito amor. Resumo Este estudo traz para a discussão, no primeiro capítulo, o mangá como expressão artística, cujo modelo de criação se distingue dos demais quadrinhos pela pluralidade e diversidade de gêneros. São apresentados estudos sobre a linguagem visual das histórias em quadrinhos a partir de teorias ocidentais e japoneses que se correlacionam, como a forma de desenho de quadros, balões, hiatos, linhas cinéticas, metáforas visuais e suas características de linguagem universal. As linhas, planos de fundo e composições das páginas estabelecem relações com a arte tradicional japonesa dos emakimono (rolos de pintura), das xilogravuras ukiyo-e e das padronagens dos quimonos, sendo por isso analisados tais elementos. Ainda, abordam-se as onomatopeias, característica peculiar da língua japonesa que se revelam como subsídios necessários para valorizar sensações e emoções na narrativa, mesmo quando o silêncio é proposto; acentua-se também o grafismo visual que as integram à cena. Por fim, são levantadas as características na construção dos personagens, como a forma dada a corpos e olhos e as expressões faciais, que têm forte semelhança com as figuras das xilogravuras ukiyo-e, das revistas ilustradas Jojô-ga e das desenhadas por Osamu Tezuka. O segundo capítulo põe em debate o boom do mangá, animê e da cultura otaku do pós-guerra, que se apresentam para os artistas japoneses, da década de 1990, como elementos importantes para a produção de suas obras: assim se inserem os trabalhos de Takashi Murakami e Yoshitomo Nara, em suas relações com o mangá e com as artes tradicionais. Mesmo com ideais distintos, esses artistas participaram do movimento Neo Pop japonês e da exposição Super Flat (2000), e repensaram suas produções a partir da catástrofe natural de 2011. Pela dificuldade em encontrar bibliografia, muitas das informações obtidas nesta pesquisa se basearam em textos de jornais, curadores e críticos de arte ocidentais e japoneses, bem como na visitação a exposições dos artistas no Japão. Soma-se a esse capítulo a estética kawaii cujo ideal revela um universo infantilizado, que influencia as artes, se fortalece pelo fomento da indústria pop nipônica, atravessa as fronteiras para o ocidente e por isso se configura como produto de identidade nacional. As obras dos artistas supracitados dialogam com essa estética e também com a estética basara, que ostenta aquilo que é exuberante e luxuoso. Palavras-chave: Mangá. Kawaii. Basara. Takashi Murakami. Yoshitomo Nara. Abstract In its first chapter, this study arises the discussion of the manga as an artistic expression. Its creation model is distinguished from other comics by the plurality and diversity of genres. It presents studies on the visual language of comics from Western and Japanese theories which correlates, such as how to design panel, balloons, gutter, motion lines, living lines and they characteristics of universal language. The lines, backgrounds and pages compositions establish relations with the Japanese traditional art of emakimono (paint rollers), ukiyo-e woodblock prints and kimono’s patterns, and have, therefore, such elements analyzed. Furthermore, approach the onomatopoeia, a peculiar characteristic of the Japanese language that reveal as necessary support to value sensations and emotions in the narrative, even when silence is proposed; it also accentuates the visual graphics that are part of the scene. Finally, the features are lifted in the construction of the characters, as the form given to bodies and eyes and facial expressions, which have strong resemblance to the woodblock ukiyo-eimages, the illustrated magazines Jojo-ga and drawn by Osamu Tezuka. The second chapter puts on the manga boom debate, anime and otaku culture of the postwar period, which are presented to the Japanese artists of the 1990s, as important elements for the production of their artworks: thus are inserted the work of Takashi Murakami and Yoshitomo Nara, in its relations with the manga and traditional arts. Even with ideal distinct, these artists participated in the movement Neo Japanese Pop and exposure Super Flat (2000), and rethought their production from natural disaster 2011. The difficulty in finding bibliography, much of the information obtained in this study were based on newspaper texts, curators and critics of Western and Japanese art, as well as visits to exhibitions of artists in Japan. Added to this chapter kawaii aesthetic ideal which reveals infantile universe, which influences the arts, strengthened by foment Nipponese pop industry, crosses borders to the West and so is configured as national identity product. The artworks of the above artists dialogue with this aesthetic and also with basara aesthetics, which boasts what is exuberant and luxurious. Keywords: Manga. Kawaii. Basara. Takashi Murakami. Yoshitomo Nara. Sumário 1. Introdução ................................................................................................................... 10 2. Linguagem visual dos mangás ...................................................................................
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