Janibacter Limosus Gen. Nov., Sp. Meso
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INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1997, p. 529-534 Vol. 47, No. 2 0020-7713/97/$04.00+0 Copyright 0 1997, International Union of Microbiological Societies Janibacter limosus gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Actinomycete with meso-Uiaminopimelic Acid in the Cell Wall KARIN MARTIN,l* PETER SCHUMA",2 FREDERICK A. RAINEY,3 BARBARA SCHUETZE,' AND INGRID GROTH' Hans-Knoll-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung e. V, and DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Aussenstelle Jena, 0-07745 Jena, and DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, 0-38124 Braunschweig, Germany New gram-positive bacteria were isolated from 1-year-old sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. The isolates are coccoid to rod-shaped, nonmotile aerobes that form neither spores nor mycelia. They are charac- terized by a peptidoglycan with directly cross-linked rneso-diaminopimelic acid (type Aly), by the presence of menaquinone MK-S(H,), and by the lack of mycolic acids. The strains have complex fatty acid patterns with i-C16:oand straight-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as major components. The G+C content of the DNA is 70 mol%. The results of chemotaxonomic studies and a 16s ribosomal DNA sequence comparison support our proposal to assign these bacteria to a new genus, the genus Janibacter gen. nov.; the type species is Junibucter Zirnosus sp. nov., and the type strain of J. Zirnosus is strain HKI 83 (= DSM 11140). Both spore-forming and asporogenous actinomycetes have and starch were determined by the methods of Gledhill and Casida (10). The been screened during the last few years for useful bioactive cytochrome oxidase test was performed by using DrySlide Oxidase Test strips (Difco). The oxygen requirement was determined by using a Generbag Microaer compounds (13,39). The asporogenous organisms play impor- incubation system (bioMerieux, Marcy I'Etoile, France). The test to determine tant roles in mineralization of environmentally hazardous hydrolysis of hippurate was performed as described by Cowan and Steel (5). The chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (22), and test to determine decomposition of gelatin was performed by using a modifica- in biotechnological production of natural products (23,26,29). tion of the method described by Lanyi (25). A UV-sterilized photographic film To isolate new actinomycetes with new biological activities, strip was immersed in phosphate buffer, which was inoculated with the test strains at a density of 6 X lo8 cells per ml (McFarland no. 2 nephelometer we investigated several samples of soil, sludge, and sewage standard). After 3 to 7 days of incubation, hydrolysis of the gelatin layer was waste. A total of 168 strains were isolated from a 1-year-old checked. Sodium chloride tolerance and growth at 28, 37, and 50°C were tested sludge sample collected from a wastewater treatment plant. on brain heart infusion (BHI) medium (Difco) and R medium. Resistance to Two of these isolates were found to be markedly different from antibiotics was tested by placing antibiotic discs (Oxoid, Hampshire, United the other isolates and from previously described genera in their Kingdom) on agar plates seeded with the test strains. Cell wall analysis. A cell wall analysis was performed as described previously chemotaxonomic and their physiological features. In this paper (14). Purified cell wall preparations were obtained by the method of Schleifer these two strains are characterized phenotypically and phylo- and Kandler (34). The amino acids and peptides of cell wall hydrolysates were genetically. Below we propose the creation of a new genus, the analyzed by thin-layer chromatography on cellulose plates by using the solvent genus Janibacter gen. nov., with one species, Janibacter limosus systems described by Schleifer and Kandler (34). The molar ratios of amino acids sp. nov., for these organisms. were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of N-heptafluoro- butyryl amino acid isobutyl esters as described previously (14). The whole-cell sugars were determined by gas chromatography of alditol acetates as described MATERIALS AND METHODS by Saddler et al. (33). The glycolate content of bacterial cells was determined by the colorimetric method of Uchida and Aida (41). Bacterial strains and cultural conditions. Strains HKI 83T (T = type strain) and HKI 84 were isolated from a 1-year-old sludge sample from the wastewater Lipid analysis. The cellular fatty acid methyl esters were determined by gas treatment plant near Jena, Thuringia, Germany, by the dilution plate technique chromatography by using the method of Stead et al. (38). Menaquinones were on plate count agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.). General laboratory extracted as described by Collins et a]. (4) and were analyzed by high-perfor- cultivation was performed at 28°C on solid rich medium (R medium) or in liquid mance liquid chromatography (14). Polar lipids were extracted and identified by R medium (43), which contained 1% (wtivol) Bacto Peptone (Difco), 0.5% the method of Minnikin et al. (31). The absence of mycolic acids was shown by (wt/vol) yeast extract, 0.5% (wt/vol) Casamino Acids, 0.2% (wthol) meat ex- thin-layer chromatography as described by Minnikin et al. (30). tract, 0.5% (wt/vol) malt extract, 0.2% (wtivol) glycerol. 0.1% (wt/vol) MgSO, - Analysis of DNA base composition. DNA was isolated by using a modification 7H,O, and 0.005% (wt/vol) Tween 80 (pH 7.2). To determine the cellular of the Marmur method (27). DNA was purified by treatment with proteinase K fatty acids, strains were cultivated for 24 h in liquid tryptic soy broth (Difco) at and was degraded to nucleosides with P1 nuclease and bovine intestinal mucosa 28°C. alkaline phosphatase as described by Mesbah et al. (28). The nucleosides were Morphological and physiological characteristics. Colony morphology on R separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as de- medium and cell morphology at different ages were determined by stereomicros- scribed by Tamaoka and Komagata (40). G+C contents were calculated from the copy and phase-contrast microscopy (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Nitrate reductase ratios of deoxyguanosine and thymidine. activity, urease activity, indole production, methyl red and Voges-Proskauer DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA was isolated by chromatography on hydroxy- reactions, hydrogen sulfide production, and hydrolysis of esculin and Tween 80 apatite by the procedure of Cashion et al. (1). DNA-DNA hybridization was were determined as described by Lanyi (25). Acid production from carbohy- carried out as described by De Ley et al. (6),with the modifications described by drates was determined by using the method of Hugh and Leifson (16), as Huss et al. (17), using a Gilford System model 2600 spectrophotometer equipped modified by Gledhill and Casida (10). Utilization of organic acids (2% wt/vol; with a Gilford model 2527-R thermoprogrammer and plotter. Renaturation rates sodium salts) was studied by the method of Gordon and Mihm (12). Decompo- were computed with the TRANSFER.BAS program (18). sition of adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and tyrosine was determined by using 16s rDNA sequence determination and analysis. Genomic DNAs were ex- the method of Gordon et al. (11). Catalase production and hydrolysis of casein tracted from the strains investigated in this study and were used for PCR- mediated amplification of 16s ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as described by Rainey et al. (32). The purified PCR products were directly sequenced by using previ- ously described protocols (32), and the sequence reaction mixtures were elec- * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Hans-Knoll-Institut fur trophoresed by using a model 373A automatic DNA sequencer (Applied Bio- Naturstoff-Forschung e.V., Beutenbergstraae 11, D-07745 Jena, Ger- systems, Foster City, Calif.). The 16s rDNA sequences were manually aligned many. Phone: 049-3641-656669. Fax: 049-3641-656600. E-mail: kmartin with the sequences of previously described members of the order Actinomyce- @leutra.imb-jena.de. tales. Evolutionary distances were calculated by the method of Jukes and Cantor 529 530 MARTIN ET AL. TNT. J. SYST.BACTERIOL. following accession numbers: J. limosus DSM 11140T, Y08539; J. limosus DSM 11141, Y08540; and Microsphaera multipartita JCM 9543T, Y08541. RESULTS Morphological and cultural characteristics. Cells of strains HKI 83T and HKI 84 are gram-positive and nonmotile and occur singly, in pairs, or occasionally in irregular clumps. While the cells of strain HKI 84 are always coccoid and vary in diameter from 0.4 to 1.1 pm (Fig. la), the cells of strain HKI 83T differ mor hologically during the growth cycle. In liquid strain HKI 83.p cultures only coccoid cell are observed, and these cells vary from 0.3 to 1.2 pm in diameter (Fig. lb). After the cells are transferred to agar slides, the coccoid cells give rise to small irregular rods (0.4 by 1.2 pm) (Fig. lc), but the cells in older cultures are coccoid. Colonies of strain HKI 83T on nutrient agar are white, opaque, and convex with glistening surfaces (Fig. 2a). The colony margins are entire. Colonies of strain HKI 84 on nutrient agar are yellow, opaque, and convex (Fig. 2b). The surfaces are matt, and the colony margins are entire. Both strains grow aerobically and in presence of 4% (wt/vol) sodium chloride in the culture medium. The optimal growth temperature is 28°C. Growth occurs at 37°C on BHI medium but not on R medium. No growth occurs under anaerobic conditions. Spore formation is not observed. Physiological characteristics. The physiological properties of isolates HKI 83T and HKI 84 are shown in Table 1. FIG. 1. (a) Micrograph of strain HKI 84 cells grown on solid R medium at 28°C for 24 h. Bar = 10 pm. (b) Micrograph of strain HKI 83T cells grown in liquid R medium at 28°C for 24 h. Bar = 10 pm.