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The London School of Economics and Political Science Inhibiting The London School of Economics and Political Science Inhibiting Integration? Tensions in the Security- Development Nexus in Sierra Leone and Bosnia- Herzegovina Sasha Jesperson A thesis submitted to the Department of Government of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2014 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 83,676 words. The ideas presented in Chapter 5 have been published in Conflict, Security and Development. 2 Abstract The security-development nexus has received significant attention from policymakers as a new trend in post-conflict reconstruction. Integrating the traditionally separate areas of security and development, the nexus has been touted as a new strategy to achieve a comprehensive approach to post-conflict reconstruction. Despite the enthusiasm behind the security-development nexus, it has received significant criticism. Critics argue that rather than an integrated approach, the nexus results in the securitisation of development, where development is employed to further desired security objectives. These critiques focus on the outcomes of the security-development nexus, with little understanding of what contributes to these outcomes. In my research, I address this gap by focusing on processes and investigating how security and development are integrated. The thesis asks what in practice inhibits the integration of security and development into a nexus. To do this, the thesis hypothesises and investigates four tensions that influence the integration of security and development. Conceptual tension arises from the different understandings of security and development. Causal tension arises from the different applications of security and development and the linkages between them. Institutional tension arises from the way actors and institutions inform the implementation of programmes. Motivational tension arises from the drivers behind international involvement. The research is informed by the Welsh School of Critical Security Studies. From this perspective, the security-development nexus is imbued with the potential of a positive result. This potential is operationalised through a human security approach, defined in terms of people-centredness, holism and emancipation. The tensions track the divergence of the security-development nexus from its potential, and show how the integration of security and development is inhibited. The thesis compares two case studies of internationally driven initiatives to address organised crime in Sierra Leone and Bosnia. Examination of the tensions reveals that actors addressing organised crime have attempted to move away from a security approach, resulting in incipient integration between security and development. In some areas the relationship is mutually constitutive, and sequential in others. However, barriers still remain. Integration is inhibited by the prioritisation of international security concerns and the dominance of security actors. While these factors appear to support the argument on securitisation of development, the continued prominence of security is not an explicit strategy that co-opts development, rather the process of integration is shaped by the tacit knowledge of security actors. 3 CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 LIST OF FIGURES 6 ACRONYMS 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 INTRODUCTION: THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS: AN UNEASY RELATIONSHIP 10 RELEVANCE AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH 11 EXAMINING THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS 14 RESEARCH DESIGN 17 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 20 CONCLUSION 23 CHAPTER 1: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS 25 THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION 25 STUDYING THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS 33 THE WELSH SCHOOL OF CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIES 38 TENSIONS IN THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS 45 CONCEPTUAL TENSION 47 CAUSAL TENSION 60 INSTITUTIONAL TENSION 67 MOTIVATIONAL TENSION 76 CONCLUSION 85 CHAPTER 2: ADDRESSING ORGANISED CRIME THROUGH THE SECURITY- DEVELOPMENT NEXUS IN SIERRA LEONE AND BOSNIA 88 INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS ORGANISED CRIME AS A SITE OF INQUIRY 88 COMPARABILITY OF THE CASE STUDIES 94 ORGANISED CRIME IN SIERRA LEONE 99 ORGANISED CRIME IN BOSNIA 106 THE PRIMACY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT 115 CHAPTER 3: TENSIONS IN THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS: SIERRA LEONE 118 CONCEPTUAL TENSION 118 CAUSAL TENSION 128 INSTITUTIONAL TENSION 137 MOTIVATIONAL TENSION 152 CONCLUSION 161 CHAPTER 4: TENSIONS IN THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS: BOSNIA 163 CONCEPTUAL TENSION 163 CAUSAL TENSION 171 INSTITUTIONAL TENSION 178 MOTIVATIONAL TENSION 193 CONCLUSION 200 4 CHAPTER 5: INHIBITING INTEGRATION? 202 TENSIONS IN THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS 203 FACTORS LIMITING INTEGRATION 219 THE SECURITISATION OF DEVELOPMENT? 225 TACIT KNOWLEDGE 227 ENGAGEMENT WITH DEVELOPMENT 233 THE LATENT POTENTIAL OF THE SECURITY-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS 234 CONCLUSION 245 CONCLUSION 248 REFERENCES 255 ANNEX I: INTERVIEW PARTICIPANTS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 5 List of Figures FIGURE 1 Understandings of Security and Development by Referent Object and Locus 59 FIGURE 2 Defining the Relationship Between Security and Development 69 FIGURE 3 Ideal Types of Security and Development 78 FIGURE 4 Spectrum of Motivations 84 FIGURE 5 Understandings of Security and Development in Sierra Leone 122 FIGURE 6 Understandings of Security and Development in Bosnia 166 FIGURE 7 How External Actors Perceive the Linkage between Security and Development 206 FIGURE 8 The Influence of Development on the Institutional 211 Underpinnings 6 Acronyms BiH Bosnia-Herzegovina CARDS Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation (EU) CCYA Centre for the Coordination of Youth Activities CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy (EU) CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIVCOM Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (EU) CPCC Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (EU) DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DEA Drug Enforcement Agency (US) DfID Department for International Development (UK) DG RELEX Directorate of External Relations (EU) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EEAS European External Action Service ESDP European Security and Defence Policy ESS European Security Strategy EU European Union EUFOR European Force EUPM European Union Police Mission FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation (UN) FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK) FDIDSL Foundation for Democratisation and Development Initiatives HDI Human Development Index ICITAP International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program (US) IfS Instrument for Stability (EU) IMF International Monetary Fund INL Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (US) IPA Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (EU) 7 IPTF International Police Task Force (UN) JDITF Joint Drug Interdiction Task Force (Sierra Leone) MDGs Millennium Development Goals MoD Ministry of Defence (UK) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDLEA National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (Sierra Leone) NGO Non-governmental organisation OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ONS Office of National Security (Sierra Leone) PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Process PSC Political and Security Council (EU) RUF Revolutionary United Front SAP Structural Adjustment Program SIPA State Investigation and Protection Agency (Bosnia) SOCA Serious and Organised Crime Agency (UK) SSR Security Sector Reform TOCU Transnational Organised Crime Unit (Sierra Leone) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDPA United Nations Department of Political Affairs UNDPKO United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations UNIPSIL United Nations Peacebuilding Mission in Sierra Leone UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNOWA United Nations Office in West Africa USAID United States Agency for International Development VoIP Voice over internet protocol WACI West Africa Coast Initiative WACSI West Africa Cooperative Security Initiative 8 Acknowledgements Although a PhD is generally considered a solitary endeavour, this thesis could not have been completed without support. My two supervisors, Denisa Kostovicova and Mary Martin have been a driving force, continually pushing me towards a better quality thesis, and to dig deeper in my analysis. The research also benefitted from the generosity of the individuals interviewed in Sierra Leone and Bosnia, both for taking the time to speak with me, but also in being open about their experiences in addressing organised crime. The last four years have not been just about the thesis. Regents Canoe Club deserves a special mention for maintaining my sanity throughout the process. There is nothing like a wild river to stop thinking about theoretical frameworks. Through kayaking I have also met some of the most encouraging and supportive people I have had the fortune to spend time
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