Prokletstvo Korupcije

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Prokletstvo Korupcije North Atlantic Geneva Centre for Centre for Integrity Treaty Organization the Democratic Control in the Defence Sector of Armed Forces Izgradnja integriteta i smanjenje korupcije u sektoru odbrane: zbornik najboljih praksi Ženevski centar za demokratsku kontrolu oružanih snaga (DCAF) www.dcaf.ch Ženevski centar za demokratsku kontrolu oružanih snaga jedna je od vodećih svetskih institucija u oblasti reforme sektora bezbednosti (RSB) i upravljanja sektorom bezbednosti (USB). Ženevski centar za demokratsku kontrolu oružanih snaga (DCAF) pruža programe savetodavne podrške i praktične pomoći na terenu, razvija i promoviše odgovarajuće demokratske norme na međunarodnom i nacionalnom nivou, zastupa najbolje prakse i predlaže politike radi osiguravanja delotvornog demokratskog upravljanja u sektor bezbednosti. Partneri DCAF-a jesu vlade država, parlamenti, civilno društvo, međunarodne organizacije i čitav niz aktera iz sektora bezbednosti, kao što su policijske, sudske i obaveštajne agencije, granične bezbednosne službe i oružane snage. Norveški centar za jačanje integriteta u sektoru odbrane (CIDS) Norveški centar za jačanje integriteta u sektoru odbrane (CIDS), sa sedištem u Oslu, osnovalo je 2012. godine Ministarstvo odbrane Kraljevine Norveške. Proglašen je Glavnim centrom za izradu kurikuluma u okviru NATO programa izgradnje integriteta (BIP), i u tom svojstvu je odgovoran za sprovođenje NATO Plana obrazovanja i obuke u oblasti izgradnje integriteta koji je usvojio Severnoatlantski savet u avgustu 2012. godine. Izgradnja integriteta i smanjenje korupcije u odbrani: zbornik najboljih praksi Beograd, 2013. U izradi knjige „Zbornik najboljih praksi u izgradnji integriteta i smanjenju korupcije u sektoru odbrane“ učestvovali su sledeći saradnici: Uređivački odbor: Filip Fluri (Philipp Fluri), DCAF; Ejdrijen Kendri (Adrian Kendry), NATO; Sajmon Lan (Simon Lunn), DCAF; Mark Pajman (Mark Pyman), TI – Velika Britanija Urednik i glavni autor: Todor Tagarev, Bugarska Saradnici: Žan-Žak de Dardel (Jean-Jacques de Dardel), Švajcarska – predgovor; Fransoa Meliz (Francois Melese), SAD – poglavlja 2 i 9; Ejdrijen Kendri i Suzan Pond (Susan Pond), NATO – poglavlje 3; Džejms Grin (James Greene), SAD – poglavlja 5, 16 i 22; Mark Pajman (Velika Britanija) – poglavlje 8; Aditja Batara (Aditya Batara), Indonezija – poglavlje 11; Džordž Lukas (George Lucas), SAD – poglavlje 12; Aleksandar Kukjanidze (Alexandre Kukhianidze), Tamuna Karosanidze, Nina Hacikaci (Nina Khatiskatsi) i Aleksander Skrivener (Alexander Scrivener), Gruzija – poglavlje 13; Ana Kristina Vegener (Anne-Christine Wegener) i Mark Pajman, TI – Velika Britanija – poglavlje 14; Leonid Poljakov (Leonid Polyakov), Ukrajina i Džejms Grin, SAD – poglavlje 17; Vim F. van Ikelen (Wim F. van Eekelen), Holandija – poglavlje 18; Valeri Račev (Valeri Ratchev), Bugarska – poglavlje 19; Alis Eldridž (Alice Eldridge), korporacija „Lokid Martin“ – poglavlje 20.1; Dominik Lamore (Dominique Lamoureux), „Tales“ – poglavlje 20.2; Ian Dejvis (Ian Davis), Velika Britanija – poglavlje 21; Nikolaj Slatinski (Nickolay Slatinski), Bugarska – poglavlje 24. Pojedini antrfilei predstavljaju doprinos drugih autora: Maćej Vnuk (Maciej Wnuk), Poljska – antrfilei 7.2, 17.4 i 17.6; Elizabet Rajt (Elisabeth Wright), SAD – antrfile 7.6; Leonid Poljakov, Ukrajina – antrfile 16.2; Sami Faltas, Holandija – antrfile 23.6; Velizar Šalamanov (Velizar Shalamanov), Bugarska – antrfile 24.2; Todor Tagarev, Bugarska – antrfilei 2.4, 8.2, 9.4, 9.5, 9.9, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 17.1, 19.5, 20.1, 20.2 i 24.1. Odricanje od odgovornosti Za sve stavove i primere predstavljene u ovom Zborniku lično su odgovorni njihovi autori i oni ne odražavaju nužno zvanične stavove NATO ili Ženevskog centra za demokratsku kontrolu oružanih snaga. Originalna verzija: Na engleskom jeziku, objavljena u Ženevi 2010. godine Izdavač originalnog izdanja: © Ženevski centar za demokratsku kontrolu oružanih snaga, 2010. Tehnička priprema izdanja na srpskom: Beogradski centar za bezbednosnu politiku (BCBP) PREDGOVOR Jedna od manje poznatih prednosti korenitih promena u jednačini međunarodne bezbednosti – čiji je nastanak pre dvadeset godina omogućio krah sovjetske vladavine – bila je u tome što je ponovno preispitana valjanost izreke da cilj opravdava sredstva. Promenio se konačni cilj svih napora odbrane: nije više potrebno izdržati napad znanog i moćnog neprijatelja i pobediti ga, već treba u nestabilnom i multipolarnom svetu obezbediti bezbednost, shvaćenu u širem smislu. Istovremeno, u novom svetlu ukazala su se sredstva kojima se može osigurati sveobuhvatnija bezbednost. Novi pojmovi, poput ljudske bezbednosti i dobre uprave, postali su značajni za nastojanja država i međunarodne zajednice da omoguće tranziciju od hladnoratovskog stava ka efikasnijim društvima, koja se suočavaju sa izazovima globalizacije. Savez NATO i njegove države članice doprinele su ovoj evoluciji. Alijansa je postala otvorena za nova partnerstva i nove članice. Otkako je ona počela da prilagođava svoje strukture i otkako su države članice započele racionalizaciju i preorijentaciju svojih oružanih snaga, sve više pažnje počelo je da se posvećuje potrebama postojećih i budućih članica za hitno sprovođenje reformi. Reforme sektora bezbednosti isprva su započete među nekadašnjim suparnicima NATO. Kako su te reforme odmicale, širi pristup bio je primenjen na čitav spektar pokrenutih transformacija. Te promene su obuhvatile parlamentarni nadzor nad oružanim snagama i razvoj međunarodnog humanitarnog prava, te mnoge neophodne interakcije između oružanih snaga i civila, institucija u sektoru odbrane, policije, civilnog društva, međunarodnih organizacija i NVO. Mnogo širi pristup radu sektora bezbednosti i svih njegovih aktera ubrzo je doveo do boljeg razumevanja toga šta je potrebno da bi se optimizovala bezbednost i da bi se uvećali prihodi od političkih, ekonomskih i socijalnih ulaganja u stabilizaciju sukoba i tenzija. Etička pitanja sveobuhvatnije su sagledana i shvaćena kao ključna za ostvarivanje konačnog cilja – postizanje trajne bezbednosti. Nevladine organizacije, poput organizacije „Transparensi internešnal“ (Transparency International, TI), postale su prihvaćenije i poštovanije, dok je dosta država značajno usredsredilo svoje napore na mogućnosti koje je doneo novi duh otvorenosti i efikasnosti. Tako je u okviru EAPC-a/PfP-a pokrenuta nova inicijativa, čiji naslov dovoljno govori o njenoj svrsi: Izgradnja integriteta i smanjenje rizika od pojave korupcije u sektoru odbrane. Ova inicijativa i njen fond, koje predvode Poljska, Švajcarska i Velika Britanija, predstavljaju važan deo i proširenje poglavlja o saradnji Partnerskog akcionog plana za izgradnju institucija odbrane (Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building, PAP-DIB), formiranog nekoliko godina posle samita u Istambulu. Čini se da se u ovoj oblasti javljaju značajne potrebe, koje moraju biti uzete u obzir u novim oblastima, u kojima deluju NATO i njegovi pojedini partneri. Prilikom obavljanja svojih aktivnosti u ovoj oblasti Međunarodni sekretarijat NATO i zemlje učesnice od početka dobijaju pomoć i podršku eksternih aktera, poput TI, Akademije odbrane Velike Britanije (Defence Academy of the United Kingdom) i Ženevskog centra za demokratsku kontrolu oružanih snaga (DCAF), koji su zajedno izradili ovaj „Zbornik o izgradnji v vi Predgovor integriteta“. Zapravo, DCAF je razvio ekspertizu u oblasti izgradnje transparentnosti, o čemu svedoče brojne publikacije. Među njima su i „Priručnik za parlamentarce“, objavljen u saradnji sa Interparlamentarnom unijom na skoro 50 jezika, kao i priručnik koji su izradili DCAF i Parlamentarna skupština NATO pod naslovom „Nadzor i smernice“ (Oversight and Guidance). Trenutno je u fazi revizije, a očekuje se da će u novom izdanju biti objavljen 2010. godine. On predstavlja još jedan doprinos Švajcarske programu „Partnerstvo za mir“. Uopštenije govoreći, o posvećenosti DCAF-a akcionom planu PAP-DIB svedoče i njegova brojna zalaganja u mnogim slučajevima, koja su donela korist i pojedinačnim državama i evroatlantskoj zajednici u celini. Zajedno sa Ženevskim centrom za bezbednosnu politiku (Geneva Centre for Security Policy, GCSP), kao i sa drugim napred navedenim partnerima, DCAF je organizovao brojne seminare i konferencije, na kojima je razmatrana postojeća situacija i na kojima su uočene najbolje prakse i pokrenute inicijative za upravljanjem izgradnjom integriteta u sektoru odbrane. Vlada Švajcerske je, zajedno sa svojim partnerima iz NATO, opredeljena za to da i dalje podržava DCAF i GCSP, kao i da nastavi sprovođenje ciljeva iz akcionog plana PAP-DIB u oblastima izgradnje integriteta i kapaciteta. Zadatak koji je pred nama i dalje je obiman i složen, kao što je nesavršena i sama ljudska priroda. Međutim, rezultati koje smo do sada zajedno postigli u reformi sektora odbrane, stabilizaciji regiona sklonih sukobima i proširenju međunarodne saradnje svedoče o ispunjenu obećanja datih u ovom vrednom Zborniku. Ambasador Žan-Žak de Dardel Šef misije Švajcarske pri NATO Sadržaj Deo I Uvod ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Poglavlje 1 Prokletstvo korupcije ...................................................................................................... 3 Poglavlje 2 Strateški pristup izgradnji integriteta i smanjenju korupcije u sektoru odbrane ........... 13 Poglavlje 3 Savez NATO i evolucija inicijative za izgradnju integriteta ..........................................
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