highly important political, social andcultural events. social political, important highly were ofeditors Dismissals ofspeech. offreedom audience, were signposts they For system. ofthe for the aspirations social authorities towards liberalisation gy. For community, the journalistic ofthe flexibility were of ameasure the they that contenttee the published would remain ideolo inthe domainofofficial were. Formedia were the them, guaran whoappointed editors-in-chief those worse? working conditions been have never that which signal accountability grievances andthe ofjournalistic persistence media’s the lackofaculture ofpublic onstate funds, dependence increasing integrity, forgle of media the protection the inthe context crisis, of economic resource inthe consideredanimportant strug be today? Couldthey important editors-in-chief in the public Are journalism interest. re-affirmation of ethical a inthe the ofthe effort towards with issue role ofeditors-in-chief deals paper This for ofjournalism. are-professionalisation onthe need discussion ulated andPetković 2016). sources (Hrvatin funding of the agendas forwhich the enable of the particular instrumentalisation media censorship, ofsoft the intact mechanisms market andleft media dysfunctional on the hadnoeffect They in2014, expectations. adopted below have far fallen ofthe government. ofscrutiny andameans dialogue social ofasource instead ofinformation, aplace of and publiclynching, blackmail da, into ofpromotion, propagan the ameans media turned has owners media new of the with dominance coupled onthe ofcommercial part motives funding, source andnon-transparent of arbitrary the apowerful, with state as market, inanunregulated industry The of chaotic development the media culiarities. for the explanation importance pe ofits ofcrucial no longerconsideredto be is status ofjournalists economic sional deterioration for longthat so the poor In the socialist era, it was very important who the editors-in-chief ofthe whothe editors-in-chief important very it was era, In the socialist field in the media have stim developments negative steady The numerous, laws media scene, prompted new bythree Recent inthe changes media Serbian journalism has been caught in a process of economic andprofes ofeconomic caught inaprocess been has journalism Serbian by MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN INTRODUCTION THAN TO JOURNALISTS CLOSER TO OWNERS JOVANKA MATIĆ
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MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS dition to editors from diverse national and regional media. media. national diverse from andregional dition to editors editor-in-chief one deputy tors-in-chief, editor-in-chief, and one former in ad editor-in-chief inthe media. position to ofwhether itmatters the question positively taking whois study responded ofB92 achievements B92 Danas ented daily ofeditor-in-chiefin the position andconsistently ofthe ori high-quality civic analyst recentlynot wonderwhy aserious columnist has replaced asatirical do professional myths andlegends, transitional change andthe stillsurviving of their weariness between who are caught somewhere Vučićević. Journalists, of the the tabloidfor Informer, owner all that in journalism: wrong is Dragan editor-in-chief known asymbol that to is the fact andbest theacts loudest en oreight years. for sev mode insurvival operating industry, bynowbeen the which has media aprofession andthe of collapse as injournalism itors the is ofthe result crisis ed of Thesilencechief over anddismissals appointments organisational goals. professional and between conflicts for resolving procedures and established autonomy ofmedia guarantees effective with system, ofthe media regulation of This absence turbulence, however, public. the wider is not offine the result donotattracteditors much attention, community either the within orin media camps. these within future ofthe media another, for the were ofimportance whilethe appointments ofeditors-in-chief Matić (Radio (daily Marinković Borba Staša as frenzy, suchalistic engagement ofchief largely to editors, the thanks personal ofsanityinanation islands as side the were state created control, media new to Incontrastitors theto loyal regime. the regime’s out andeditors, media regime; their strong propaganda functioning was secured bytheofed actions secured was their functioning strongregime; propaganda were ofthe oneofthe pillars Milošević strategic media State-owned editors. chief byappointments were ofnew followed inthis policy policy. Alltwists war state andits party for the new support media andthus to secure media Serbian important intheof the most party, to change people the leading was hadwonpredominanceinthe group structure his after Milošević, Slobodan act of Thefirst important. once became nation-state, again editors-in-chief Interviewed inMarch current edi three 2016, included ourrespondents Interviewed ofthis for the purpose interviewed andexperts editors Still, the 12media the audienceWith nolongerre media, from ofexpectations alowlevel Today, ofchief reform, appointments anddismissals 15 after ofmedia years In the period of disintegration of socialism and the building of the Serbian and the building of the Serbian of disintegration of socialism In the period , although he presided over the atrophy , although hepresided journalistic ofallthe important B92 ). The two opposing media camps grew in parallel withparallel one in grew camps media ). Thetwoopposing . No one cares why. Noonecares Veran Matić stilleditor-in-chief is ofRTV , achievements which had once made it world famous. which hadonce madeitworld, achievements famous. ), Dragoljub Žarković (weekly Vreme (weekly ), Veran), DragoljubŽarković ------
WIDER PUBLIC. COMMUNITY OR IN THE WITHIN THE MEDIA ATTENTION, EITHER NOT ATTRACT MUCH CHIEF EDITORS DO AND DISMISSALS OF APPOINTMENTS OF MEDIA REFORM, TODAY, AFTER 15 YEARS MEDIA INTEGRITY. THE PROTECTION OF IN THE STRUGGLE FOR IMPORTANT RESOURCE BE CONSIDERED AN TODAY? COULD THEY CHIEF IMPORTANT ARE EDITORS-IN-
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 2 17 either way, of in influenced thedirection that could meaning stillbe they Twoprofessional of conduct. code out and could out of five areturn burned inthe say, professiondoingwhat is their superiors survival ofthe regardless accept that They a condition of journalism. their responsible to socially ted orthink. know onwhat they porting at a safe contract the job cost reof not even always would choose respondents could while22 percent workthey freely, of level, of status andsalary regardless toism work inanother field, percent37 outletwhere wouldopt for any media ample,in favour journal of most leaving 41 would be percent of respondents ofpreferences in terms ranks for their professional future.Forjournalistic ex andthe conditions ofwork. security job hours, rights, working labour of in terms ofwork andlife,particularly precarisation asignificant been Thestudy employment. found that for percent workers61 there ofmedia has notthe place ofwork and especially cure. Nothing safe is andlong lasting, work i.e.the ofrendering andlife process inse the ofprecarisation, process by affected of the study been that concluded profession has the journalistic and –in job.” paid highly apoorly constant precarious itis there, itis already thethreat exists, for threats “because noneed there was putit, inthe survey oneofthe respondents As in order to receive their salaries. them from required andethics professional from rules departures the drastic to well as as commercialisation andtabloidisation ofjournalism, the increasing to used became alive, boiled being frog likeslowly a who remained, sion. Those the profes left Alarge ofjournalists number the crisis. economic during cally their jobs. oflosing are afraid than censorship, since journalists while76 percent think widespread, is that thereists more is self-censorship that 73 percentself-censorship amongjournal believe inSerbia, of the media that 62 thelieve state controls percent think that the media, there nofreedom is and370 percent) ofthemployed (77 be quarters three About unemployed). oftheinstrumentalisation media. efficient thatresistance to future andthat factor the near prevents the itis key continue will ofthe the profession maincharacteristic to inthe be of journalists that the unfavourable believe position economic ofjournalists sion. Amajority a chronicbecome state 2015), in the profes(Mihailović has confirms thatcrisis inthe Work study Fromlished toWage Journalists and Precarious Life Earners. According to the above data, one in five journalists is nolonger commit Accordingjournalists oneinfive to thedata, above within the findingofresearch concernsadivision this important The most theHaving work authorsthe in detail, examined conditions of journalistic study drasti This shows thatchanged culturethe professional journalists of workers involving 1,100 (740 media 2015 ona survey based The studyis em The latest research concerning the situation of journalists in Serbia, pub Serbia, in latest The concerning research the situationjournalists of 1 THE IMAGE OF A PROFESSION IN CRISIS ------OF WORK. AND THE CONDITIONS HOURS, JOB SECURITY RIGHTS, WORKING TERMS OF LABOUR PARTICULARLY IN WORK AND LIFE, PRECARISATION OF A SIGNIFICANT THERE HAS BEEN OF MEDIA WORKERS THAT FOR 61 PERCENT THE STUDY FOUND PROFESSION. CHRONIC STATE IN THE CRISIS HAS BECOME A LIFE CONFIRMS THAT PRECARIOUS WORK AND WAGE EARNERS, JOURNALISTS TO THE STUDY FROM
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 3 17
and (Ringier’s ofnational chief Blic editors dailies included editions usually ones of the privileged The lists period. weresame names on the in the list observed though notthe were onthe list, 12editors-in-chief years while inoneofthese there were 13 ontwooccasions, chief editors persons, the 50 powerful most See 2 See 1 ofeditor-in-chief. that to the path position leads injournalism career today’s profile or general Thereis noprevailing are diverse. chief highly editors reputation). journalistic aparticular with aneditor outlet was media ofagiven the head orwhere coincided, andchief editor ofdirector whenthe functions the case (except media ofelectronic anddirectors incharge in ofmedia the ministry from people owners, house production agencies, of advertising owners ers, al charisma. authoritysonal andthe reputation oftherepresent andperson institution they Blic ly newspaper integrity,dia at cost to high themselves. even identityprofessional andme who arepreserve theones two outoffive.These can Theprofessionre-professionalisation. stillcount on the firmly remaining powerful people in the media sector, inthe media bythe dai published people the lists such as powerful communities. their local outside little known aretheir very actually editors and them. outlets Many oranalyses ofthe media a thousand, butnoonetracks longsurpassed editors has of The chief number chief editors. ofmedia the ranks twoare (corrupt) combative, ‒applies to andone“lost” twolethargic journalists, the Kurir tabloids Nedeljnik, Studio to achieve their goals, public recognition, financial and political influence, per influence, political and financial publicrecognition, their goals, to achieve was for them it howdifficult involved the criteria powerful, the most choosing Accessed 2April 2016. In the opinion of the 12 media editors and experts interviewed for our study, interviewed andexperts editors In the opinion ofthe 12media Accessed 2April 2016. 23181 http://www.nuns.rs/info/news/ e.g. See It turned out that more powerful than own It the are chief outthat the editors media turned more powerful Interestingly are chief enough, rarely editors of the found most on the lists five There are finding‒ every noindications ofhow thatthis research for 2 UNKNOWN PROFILE OF EDITORS Alo 679 http://www.blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/pedeset-najmocnijih-u-medijima/tvg B, , two serious newspapers Politika and Danas newspapers , two serious TV , magazin Novi 2 Avala , for years. On the lists from 2011, from 2014 Onthe lists and2015, for years. , ) and the weekly magazines (NIN, magazines , andInformer) andthe weekly Pres ). According Beograd Radio to the when authors ofthe list, Blic), butonlyrarely žena radioandTV /50 -najmocnijih-u-medijima-u-srbiji.html. , the tabloid Novosti semi , media (B92 media b. 1 among Vreme, - - - - - ,
THEMSELVES. AT HIGH COST TO INTEGRITY, EVEN IDENTITY AND MEDIA PROFESSIONAL ONES WHO PRESERVE FIVE. THESE ARE THE REMAINING TWO OUT OF COUNT FIRMLY ON THE PROFESSION STILL CAN EITHER WAY. THE OUT AND COULD TURN OF FIVE ARE BURNED JOURNALISM. TWO OUT SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE LONGER COMMITTED TO JOURNALISTS IS NO ONE IN FIVE
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 4 17 development of professional journalism and resisted the war-mongering and resisted prop ofprofessionaldevelopment journalism contributed to the subsequently excellent chief editors, who,as professionals, Borba such as outlets “red” media at that, the ofthe Before endofthe 1990s. 1980s, workers inthe period media professional quality. in the of thequality of decline process locates Jakovlevski thatof today is the chief anyone editor, be can and ofeducation irrespective 3 to have the began dominant influence owners whenthe and2008, media 2005 between inthe period ofthe media inthe eraoftherise economic importance that the its role to ofeditor-in-chief believes lose Jakovlevski began aganda. editors-in-chief. became persons which these apatternby orany says criteria recognise Jakovlevski that normally hecannot Mitko inSerbia, ofmedia the ofavariety met chief editors has journalists, generaleducation. orhigher secondary lowing fol ortrainingsessions byattending courses knowledge journalism specialised percent) hadacquired (24 aquarter whileabout injournalism, ulty specialising (17 than afifth less relativelypercent) was fac low: had a completed journalism education in specialised (19 qualifications possessing percent). Theary number (22percent) than post-second education with there were more secondary with (4percent). universities Amongthe remaining technical ated from participants, although there whogradu those sciences were also insocial holddegrees they percent haduptoand 20 15 ofeditors ofexperience. years 15 ofexperience, sional experience, years while21 and20 percent hadbetween and30 ofprofes 20 years (30 ofeditors number percent)largest hadbetween theer than 30, compared ofage.Overall, to 7percent over60years ofeditors considerably low. For were young media example, 4percent inlocal ofeditors still buttheir was number media, in local ofagewere represented better years cent) were olderthan 40, over50 andoneinthree ofage.Editors30 below years (76 editors per ofthese three-quarters About in the middleoftheir careers. and whowere to middle-aged those incomparison prevailed careers fessional lengthycent with pro were men,andonly29percent women.Olderjournalists 71 per of media, all types from editors Among the 167 sciences. surveyed cial inthe fieldso of universitydegree andwith for more thanyears, 20 journalism working in tor-in-chief 40 been and 50 of age, who has years a male between is in2011. Serbia across outlets ofmedia amongthe editors ed 4 As someone who, during decades ofinvolvement of inthe education decades who,during someone As More than cases half(55 andinmost percent) haduniversityeducation, The survey was conducted by four journalistic and professional associations (NUNS associations andprofessional byjournalistic four conducted was The survey and assistants (others were the owners, directors orother (others editors). directors and assistants were the owners, ofwhich 167 ortheira sample deputies inthe of240 were executives media, editors-in-chief on European Standards for Press) the Media publicationSerbian VS Scene andLocal NDNV 19 March 2016. Belgrade, education, inmedia andspecialist Mitko editor former with Jakovlevski, Interview Some outlines of the chief editors’ profile are offered by a survey conduct ofthe outlines profile chief are editors’ byasurvey Some offered gave rise to of acadre gave Belgrade rise andRadio 4 In his view, Inhis adominant practice 3 A typical edi Atypical , , ANEM ------OF EDITOR-IN-CHIEF. LEADS TO THE POSITION IN JOURNALISM THAT GENERAL CAREER PATH PREVAILING PROFILE OR DIVERSE. THERE IS NO EDITORS ARE HIGHLY TODAY’S CHIEF
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 5 17 Novosti, and Dnevnik for “cheap disciplined and ambitious” butfast, 2015, (Mihailović runners 92). but amongtheir authors subordinates, experience andknowledge with good for areeditors-in-chief notlooking These compromises the with management. make whoeasily ofindividuals favouritism as to otherel transferred media is onetabloid to movefrom another. andthen they rise, a meteoric mod This record individuals relations, onthese remain hidden.Based whooften owners, with andconfidential the structures ties or other security service the secret including the with establishment, connections ontheir having good based als for thatthe editors. appointment different prevail of criteria say they Still, for other media, skills. leadership reputation andpersonal ics, ontheir professional experience, eth based were chosen the ofeditors majority claim that for this report interviewed the 12editors currentlywhere work, they tors andaffiliations. ), (NUNS ofSerbia ofJournalists presidentvice Association ofthe Independent andformer According weekly ofthe magazin Novi editor to Jelka Jovanović, for placement. internal ajob education ofthe practice ofgradual disappearance andto the ofpeople, asmallnumber with creation ofamultitude ofnewsrooms to the led has two decades over last the The of chaotic development the media Todayration for more complex tasks. the this is exception rather than the rule. prepa ic andlengthy. bygradual intheir Editors newsrooms, were cultivated centres. andrelatedfor power the economic promotion ofpolitical ‒thus the making chief vate editor’s media into used onethat position be can pri butalso broadcasters, are publiccompanies orpublicservice notjust these –according inpower to Jakovlevski, ofparties the have prey become media orthefinancial arrangements madebytheowner.”the needs Inaddition,many in to accordance ofthework ofjournalists theframework hedetermined that is, andthe “chief oftheowner’son the desires, media, only theexecuter editorwas 5 section,” byother fac determined are being careers Editorial disappeared. has covering theNational toediting Assembly, the commentaries writing and from market to covering thegreen from tothetop,starting rise gradual “the former In the remnants of the state-owned media – the daily newspapers (Politika, –the newspapers daily In the media remnants ofthe state-owned the model for the advancementestablished tabloid ofindividu The press once or inwhichworked they inthe media editors about When speaking Interview with Jelka Jovanović, editor, Jelka with Jovanović, weekly,Interview magazin Novi 19 March Belgrade, 2016. . In previous decades, the path ofeditor-in-chief schemat to the position was decades, In previous 3 AN EDITORIAL CAREER MODELS AND EXAMPLES OF ), public service broadcasters and the minority media media andthe minority broadcasters ), publicservice
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HIDDEN. WHO OFTEN REMAIN TIES WITH THE OWNERS, AND CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY STRUCTURES SERVICE OR OTHER INCLUDING THE SECRET THE ESTABLISHMENT, CONNECTIONS WITH THEIR HAVING GOOD INDIVIDUALS BASED ON ADVANCEMENT OF MODEL FOR THE ESTABLISHED THE THE TABLOID PRESS
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 6 17 his dismissal by the local authority, bythe local dismissal his the situa Timofejev clearly depicted very At the changes. timeof didnotintroduce orpersonnel owner any editorial new , still partially owned by the state. Smajlović was appointed to appointed this po by the state. was Smajlović owned Politika, stillpartially ofthe current chief national editor Ljiljana is daily tors-in-chief Smajlović, force. the governing came institutions lowersince the SNS society ofcivil andthenarrower credibility getting is discourse whilethe publicspace for production, opposition media editors and on the ofany consequently is denial influence onmedia dencies, ten strong with authoritarian One ofthe features rule, the opposite. ofits does party, ruling ence the new on the the appointments of editors-in-chief, me. replaced brought andpolitics me to thetion: politics position, ( Party Progressive Serbian ruling orientation infavour ofthe propaganda into new an aggressive anoutletwith (DS Party Democratic ruling in favour of thechannel previous a mild bias with Studio authority turned the dynamic local activities”“more . Infact, Timofejev inMay 2014, the with explanation that the publiccompany needed fired Assembly City Belgrade tions inMarch of 2014.the composition Thenew authority, which wonthe forces, elec nowunderthe control political ofnew Studio Bhadthe donebythe chance local Timofejev`s to this realise was fears, of owner inthe More publicinterest. the before programming than new ayear wouldhave owner aprivate nointerest incontinuingB because to produce work (Matićits 2014). Timofejev that Studio woulddestroy feared privatisation absence of ofany andacorresponding critique authoritiesonallthecity issues of the commensurate proved promotion ics of the the views with sophisticated Studio topic ofTV inthe programming notthe primary was In reality, indeed politics to make TV CityAssembly. that hehadmanaged authority ‒Belgrade the He local believed by from governed andactually the budget financed outlet, media a state-owned tion. He Studio promoted the privatisa preparation during of the law mandatory thatmedia envisaged Party. Timofejev ofthe ofprivatisation opponent astrong active andhighly was the founder ofStudio Timofejev. of and of chiefthe editor director the is case sector basis. onapolitical sen are stillcho –editors-in-chief bythe ofnational councils founded minorities ed bythe SNS ed sition in2013, ofthe bythe Politika Management publisher, Board dominat A good example of the new patterns of work of politically affiliated edi affiliated example patterns ofwork ofthe ofpolitically new A good influ to political conceal its try did not even Party While the Democratic CityAssembly, in2007 bythe Belgrade to appointed this position He was exampleA paradigmatic inthe publicmedia ofappointment priorities B. However, according to content top the research, absence ofpolitical
Studio . The appointment marked her second mandate. The second appointment her marked at Politika, since “good city television which nothing politics”. has todowith B a“good television city , which was at the timedominated bytheB, which was Democratic as a public service broadcaster, apublicservice natureB as hidingits as SNS ). Studio was privatised in late 2015. privatised The B was RTV Studio , Aleksandar B, Aleksandar from a B from SNS be ------) ,
(POLITIKA, NOVOSTI, BASIS. CHOSEN ON A POLITICAL IN-CHIEF ARE STILL MINORITIES –EDITORS- COUNCILS OF NATIONAL FOUNDED BY THE THE MINORITY MEDIA BROADCASTERS AND PUBLIC SERVICE AND DNEVNIK), DAILY NEWSPAPERS OWNED MEDIA – THE OF THE STATE IN THE REMNANTS
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 7 17 body she greatly helped to establish. she greatly helped body though the the council is very even reviewed, Politika are against being peals the authority undermining from of the not refrain when ap Council Press does Additionally, ofthe government. the with priorities fectly Ljiljana Smajlović coincide butthe per thematicmore, priorities opinions, there are nocritical inthe daily. onlytwopages occupy or editorials Inthe remaining 22pages, mentions free that Shenever these factions. come different from political ists column regular its outletbecause professional media andmost the freest as editor praises The chief organisations. society or civil ent state bodies that internationalindepend be from organisations, sources ofopposition, tial andthus poten to andcredibility undermine theiring to legitimacy question Whereis aleader, it try effects. negative is in critics, ongovernment the attacks However,ment. notproblematise Vučić’s itdoes orinvestigate their decisions for Vučić’s propagandist Politika notadirect is to be. she used as ism govern consistentjournal longer as professionalisation afighterethical and for media Vučić,time ofthe government ofAleksandar the no ofPolitika chief is editor body. However,tic self-regulatory once at again the forefront ofPolitika at the inthe active establishment ofthe thejournalis Council, Press first very also Shewas ofthe media. freedom which restricted measures theagainst legal and on actively foughtthe media the Party against influenceDemocratic of the editor, dismissed With ofapolitically she ofSerbia. the legitimacy Journalists publicly, except for Veran onB92 pressures whoreported Matić, them to about talk butnone dared to theitors same pressures, were exposed the office Serbian President andDSleader, of the Tadić. Boris chief ed Other pressure advertiser, coming from media reported Shealso Miroslav Mišković. and businessman underpressure Serbian the from biggest Politika hadbeen that Sherevealed external from them bymaking public. pressures journalists ofthe DSS. the onethat the with priorities being coincided ofnational orientation, the anddemocratic national-democratic one, blocks tothe the third andclosest erencesbetween were lineinthe obvious conflict pref andinternational herpolitical matters, onpolitical views keen with nalist jour andanalytical hadaconsiderablealready anexperienced reputation as she Although in2005 motivated. politically also her appointment was in2005 not accept that and does reasons for political dismissed thatemphasize she was Party. of the Democratic However, victory the political 2008 to likes Smajlović after position, Minister. political his when Koštunica lost dismissed She was Prime as party, editor-in-chief whenKoštunica served the DSS,andbecame to the orientationclose of was Smajlović In herfirst term, Vojislav Koštunica’s 2005-2008. editor-in-chief as inthe ofthis daily period she served hadalready Ljiljana Smajlović later became president ofUNS Ljiljana later Smajlović became herself andPolitika herfirst term, defended Ljiljana Smajlović During , the Association of , the Association by Mišković. byMišković. Politika ------
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 8 17 in order to stay out of the circle of ignored or blackmailed media outlets. media in order to stay orblackmailed outofthe circle ofignored government bodies, concessions to the main sources ofinformation, especially Editors are thus for forced there violators. to nopenalty proved, make is easily be and can which visible is and favour others, and media editors some against where, for Even example, sources ofinformation incases discriminate scribed. are notpre andfreedoms Penalties rights forofthese violation chief editors. for any notprovide exercising mechanisms of does the the rights Law assault, orattacked.physically However, blackmailed ened, except ofphysical for cases to pressure, threat exposed against, discriminated be cannot (and journalists) are notefficient. they clearly defined, incommunication are ofother participants the rights the obligation to respect however,tions, Even for breach of exist though onlyfor the editors. penalties Additionally, Theobliga have the samerights. andother journalists editors There are in lawrights. nosanctions the listed. formally violators for of these communication. unethical from However, are ofchief only editors the rights of the interests ofthe audience, the public’s protected toand right know be the from standpoint andobligations ofeditors-in-chief the with rights deals legislation ofthe media publicinterest, inthe service ofjournalism tive ideals Inaccordance andobligations. the with stipulation norma oftheir rights legal something coulddone.” notbe something ofwhy “how atitors clear arecoulddoneinstead making aimed be change and teachthe them mentality that of employees conversations ed with journalists.” theunderpaid “motivate difficultto itmost finds Another editor is says job to that difficult for most his this report interviewed A chief editor criminals. andindividual circles criminal treatment, anduncritical er visibility organisations that great want society civil inthe opposition, parties political power,political centres of clude and notonlythe current financial the butalso in ofthe andbyadmission chief editors, are publicity numerous, for positive andaudiences. journalists owners, financiers, sources of information, media meet: formation production is a matter of internal regulation, while the law imposes some sort ofobligation amatteris sort some whilethe ofinternal law regulation, imposes autonomy. editorial danger this relationship systems, In the ofmedia majority exert sides since strong that the pressures and managerial ownership en ers, the site where the interests of various stakeholders in the process of media in the stakeholders site inthe ofmedia where process the interests ofvarious It interpreted. simplistically often is is the position ‒as founders ofthe media Another unregulated but very important relation the important the is onewith own butvery Another unregulated Law (2014) onPublicInformation and The stipulatesMedia editorsthat editorsis aofinconsistent result of chief position of the weakness basic The Seekers basis. face theA wholerangeofchallenges onadaily chief editors The editor-in-chief is not only a bridge between journalists andowners/ journalists editor-in-chiefbetween The is notonlyabridge 4 LEGAL REGULATION OF THE EDITOR’S POSITION ------THESE RIGHTS. LAW FOR VIOLATORS OF SANCTIONS IN THE THERE ARE NO FORMALLY LISTED. EDITORS ARE ONLY RIGHTS OF CHIEF OBLIGATIONS. THE THEIR RIGHTS AND STIPULATION OF INCONSISTENT LEGAL IS A RESULT OF OF CHIEF EDITORS OF THE POSITION THE BASIC WEAKNESS
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 9 17 6 on the any influencebased especially ofthe media, policy menting the editorial editor of inimplethe influencechief over orindirect thedecisions ther direct notto exercise obliged the founder ei wouldbe ample, under this agreement, Forchief editor, ex andjournalists. chief editor relations well as as between to the owner/founder, the alongwith obligations of the founder toward the editor-in-chief of rights the contract defined in relation Theproposed Serbia. of ofJournalists the Code whilerespecting integrity media to protect nalists andjour editors owners, media andencouraged gaps that the legal plugged employers ofanemploymentSerbian amodel contracteditorsoffered for chief ofothers andprofessional the codes. rights respect are thereforeal ethics than anypressure onthem much to legal more powerful other to counter interests act and actors on the editors-in-chief to profession reputation. from Pressures to apersonal injury from aside damage, particular any orfeel responsibility any the direct so editor-in-chief notbear enues, does rev from media arepaid They bythe injured parties. compensation requested are always damages much smaller than monetary The ly prolonged. awarded be extremecan ofoffences that types forprocedures charge these penalties Thejudicial andthe prohibition ofdiscrimination. cence, the to right privacy sis. ba daily ona violated are massively journalism of tive. Theprofessional norms damage. for the to personal responsible suethe editor decides who onthe doneto damage the party decisions orcourt penalties demeanour tors inany communication. Violations to mis obligations are ofthese subject whichthe may ofreplyandthe to right right acorrection, relate ac to various of editorsrespect indetail theobligations of in regulates lawThe specifically citement allunderthreat hatred orviolence, to ofpunishment. discrimination, prohibitionthe of in presumption of innocence, of minors, privacy, the rights editorsrespect to obliges Media Law onPublicInformation and The specific. communication,of the clearer unethical and morepublic from is the legislation realisation. actual from andfar onlyonpaper scribed thus anddirectors remains bythe in aright owners andjournalists on editors pressure from Protection ofpublicmedia. inthe case on this demarcation, even autonomy. editorial der to protect however, legislation, Serbian notinsist does competences inor andmanagerial for the demarcation formal ofjournalistic 6 ) (NUNS ofSerbia ofJournalists Association agothe Independent years A few However, insufficiently obligations is effec ofeditorial regulation the legal ofobligationsIn terms ofthe toward the chief editor publicandprotection 33 vesti/ http://www.savetzastampu.rs/latinica/ See ofthe profession 3,357 rules the ethical times. ed ninemonths violat bytheduring Council Press of2015,According newspapers to asurvey . Accessed 2April 2016.vinama.html This is especially the case withviolation of the presumption ofinno case the especially is This / 2016 / 01 / 29/ 937 /monitoring-postovanja-kodeksa-novinara-srbije-u-dnevnim-no ------CODES. AND PROFESSIONAL THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS ON THEM TO RESPECT ANY LEGAL PRESSURE MORE POWERFUL THAN ARE THEREFORE MUCH PROFESSIONAL ETHICS TO ACT COUNTER TO EDITORS-IN-CHIEF AND ACTORS ON THE OTHER INTERESTS PRESSURES FROM AUTONOMY. ENDANGER EDITORIAL PRESSURES THAT SIDES EXERT STRONG AND MANAGERIAL SINCE THE OWNERSHIP WITH THE OWNERS, RELATION IS THE ONE VERY IMPORTANT UNREGULATED BUT ANOTHER
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 10 17 on their situation, even when it involves the participation of journalists. Several Several of journalists. on when itinvolvestheir the situation, participation even dure for the or that appointment an impact important it has is of chief editors according media. ofminority pressure to onchief editors editors, the National Minority, andexercises strongest structured which politically is lisher. However, bythe National of elected Council is the Management Board Board of is madeby the pub the Management afinaldecision media, minority of case In the thority, activities. editorial which of may reducethe effectiveness ofau thecedure (publiccompetition), have chief basis editors noindependent tors of them. whoelect to ofthose the are will left ofchiefpointment editors, anddismissal However, i.e.,the ap ofthe election, oflowerrank. allotherto aspects journalists in relation position strengthenshis/her This professional arena. competitive open ofapublic competition. onbasis the performed is that selection the specifies the law cases, Inboth bythe ofnational councils founded minorities. languages, inminority and the media media ‒ the public service onlyintwo cases plied and ap rather handled superficially is forwhile the their procedure selection of editors-in-chief, for the with procedure dismissal not deal does legislation worsened.” be in theposition norcan thenewsroom cannot reduced, be Media are exercised insucheditor away that “cannot editors earnings their fired, be Namely, dismissed. under whichbe ofthe the can chief chief editor allrights ofthe forpensates conditions the regulation lackofgeneralorinternal legal that ofchief which to theeditor ensures provide. independence the lawposal, failed to the editor-in-chiefgave rights these inrelation to the owner/founder. concept) orcontradict the the proposal editorial ofjournalism rules the ethical outorders that violate to claim, for carry for refusing publishingatrue ished rights. ofownership abuse See 7 See of journalists inrelation orpun demoted to (that the wouldnotbe editor of journalists they Management Board as part of his/her team. Despite a democratic election pro election ademocratic Despite team. ofhis/her part as Management Board whonominatesto the editors to General, the given Director is the procedure However, by the Managementare Board. elected formally the main role in Many of the editors interviewed for our study do not think that the proce Many interviewed of the editors (2014), the Broadcasting chief edi According to onPublicService the Law inan ofthe winner the legitimacy given is achiefBy publiccompetition, editor this contract adopted pro It inSerbia whetherany ofthe notknown media is The employment contract for the chief editor proposed byNUNS The employment contract editorfor proposed the chief 5 % THE APPOINTMENT AND DISMISSAL PROCEDURES 20 GL % ANEKS http://www.novimagazin.rs/public/uploads_ck/files/ Radio TelevisionRadio (RTS of Serbia AV % NOG 20 I%20 % ODGOVORNOG 7 In the same manner as the law guarantees the rights the rights the Inthe law samemanneras guarantees 20 UREDNIKA ) and Radio TelevisionRadio of Vojvodina (RTV . Accessed 2April.pdf 2016. 20 % UGOVORA 20 also com also O % 20 DU RA ------) MINORITIES. COUNCILS OF NATIONAL FOUNDED BY THE MINORITY LANGUAGES, AND THE MEDIA IN PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA IN TWO CASES – THE AND APPLIED ONLY RATHER SUPERFICIALLY SELECTION IS HANDLED PROCEDURE FOR THEIR IN-CHIEF, WHILE THE DISMISSAL OF EDITORS- THE PROCEDURE FOR DOES NOT DEAL WITH MEDIA LEGISLATION
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 11 17 owner’s representative. direct most the as orthe director owner media the the individual founders’ board, casters, whetherthat broad the general director,ed, be ofpublicservice inthe case as orappoint elected him/herbythe authorities bywhomhe/she was upon erted that the from ex for the pressures protection editor-in-chief mechanisms lacks rights. of journalists’ at the order of theeditor,”to do everything which eliminates protection the legal employment containing contracts stipulating aclause that have they “theduty tice, however, about fromjournalists There are this rarelytestimonies happens. Inprac process. the editorial during altered been has their meaning work ifits have also right not the to sign profession. They ofthetice journalistic andethics editor’s of prac or codes regulations if it violates order consequences without an them the to of theright refuse and gives chief on the editor action part trary whoare underhim. those towards chief editor of editor-in-chief him,andinthe inrelation stance ofthe whoelected to those inthe atradition ofstrong subordinate both hierarchical relations, role left riod pe socialist The of the past. and the on custom legacy are mainly based editors consulted. somewhat is though overallmood their most sultative one,even acon noteven have ofchief editors, anddismissal astrong role inthe selection donot journalists is uniform: opinion, the practice amongdifferent outlets media ofdifferences Regardless in twosides. toward these inloyalty ambivalent editors the itmakes chief notrational, ofthe is chief because editor cerns the selection con as broadcaster ofthe orthe publicservice generaldirector andowners ists the journalists. noteven sions, an editor-in-chief the to right influencewho as deci has andthatthese nobody and a journalist hire as will who they to right decide ers/founders have every however, Others, of the organisational (ownership) think that goals. the own instead professional to chief goals protect editors andadditionallyobliges room chief editor, the within news thisand cooperation contributes to trust because ofthe consulted inthe selection should be that journalists didbelieve editors earnings of all its employees for the last three months three for the of employees 2015. last of all its The previous earnings RTS broadcaster management ofthe publicservice new However, ofmedia. 2016 inJanuary the and coherently byalltypes secret kept Yet, complex element inthese the important the is fact most relationships, from arbi journalists Law protects onPublicInformation and The Media andobligations ofchief In the the absence rights ofnormative regulation, journal between think also and that of responsibilities roles the division They Data on the economic position of chief editors is scarce. It is ofchief editors consistently is on the position Data economic 6 THE ECONOMIC POSITION OF EDITORS published data onthe data published ------OR APPOINTED. HE/SHE WAS ELECTED AUTHORITIES BY WHOM UPON HIM/HER BY THE PRESSURES EXERTED PROTECTION FROM THE MECHANISMS FOR IN-CHIEF LACKS THAT THE EDITOR- ELEMENT IS THE FACT THE MOST IMPORTANT
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 12 17 journalists to integrity. compromise their personal journalists is can do to avoid compelling they Themost the andmanagers. byowners short ofpreferential cut contentsources andthe expectation media notbeen which has to onfinancial mount adefence oftheirposition the media against dependence Editors are notina parties. andpolitical orgovernment bodies circles, political with connected agencies buying media companies, advertising be whether these al integrity. It forces to enter the sources ofrevenue, with media into ties corrupt createsfunding the strongest threat to profession system ofmedia The prevalent self-censorship andapathy. their whileencouraging obedience, of alljournalists, Itprofessional theatmosphere professional on all counts. freedom undermines poor creates a industry in the media poverty economic The general sional credo. thatnot amechanism stimulates the editor-in-chief to to profes stay his true ofchief editor. the towards position journalists motive driving However, that is their onlyjob. that should be editing believe editors interviewed whileother oftheir media), the visibility other work increase paid (which can performing from think that prevented should chief notbe editors interviewed All the that chief editors we and other chief journalists. editors gence between point of diver is a have This else. an additional work engagement somewhere outlet. media cess ofthe particular onthesuc economic donotdepend andusually ofthe editor thewith position come wages Higher 300 andabout euro inthe city euroinother capital places. 400 about earn who journalists, of are higher than significantly those salaries well. are Estimates that as editors’ ofother journalists, theions about earnings editor, ofjoban the of the importance reflective held identical opin but they that were neither for adequate their the salaries amount nor invested, ofeffort believed also They to other employees. notknown was ofeditors-in-chief ries said that of the the sala size that we interviewed of othermajority journalists than 400 400 less and800euro,inthe euro. The second between itwas case, Inone ontheir data salaries. onlytwoprovided 5editors-in-chief, with terviews 557 chief for editor. the assistant 846considerably eurofor lower: the chief editor, 585 and for theeditor deputy chief editor,of assistant to1,000euro.At about were the radiostation, earnings to to 1,500 1,130 editors ed euro, ofdeputy euro and 950 euro, respectively, and editor-in-chief of the The for TV salary average net ties. anddepu 600euro,including andtheir chief above assistants editors earnings thousand ofRTS matter The of publicinterest. salary average net were a broadcasters thatPublic Importance the ofthe operations publicservice pay afine for contempt of the Commissioner for Information of of the decision RTS The financial rewards for being editor-in-chief being for rewards constitute do certainly one The financial notuncommon itis for to chief editors oftheir salaries, inadequate Because Inourin ofother editors-in-chief. the about earnings onlyguess One can management had refused to disclose any financial data and preferred data any andpreferred to financial to disclose management hadrefused RSD , i.e. about 400 euro per month. Seven percent of employees had percent ofemployees month. 400, i.e.about europer Seven employees was about 48 about was employees programming amount programming ------PERSONAL INTEGRITY. COMPROMISE THEIR THE JOURNALISTS TO TO AVOID COMPELLING MOST THEY CAN DO IS AND MANAGERS. THE SHORT BY OWNERS HAS NOT BEEN CUT MEDIA CONTENT WHICH OF PREFERENTIAL AND THE EXPECTATION FINANCIAL SOURCES OF THEIR MEDIA ON THE DEPENDENCE A DEFENCE AGAINST A POSITION TO MOUNT EDITORS ARE NOT IN
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 13 17 benefits for their financiers and wages for their employees. Others struggle to Others struggle for wages their for and employees. their financiers benefits appropriate work onlyinorder for to their producemedia revenues owners, rather of theHowever, than media for professional development. survival some is unstable andstimulates position economicthem to fight Their for the lic. andtheirand to obligations the towards management pub than to journalists the editor-in-chief to position to the closer owner serves pointment procedure The ap ofother agendas. ahead professional to goals protect them powers with equip not integrity. does them for ofmedia framework the protection Thelegal plays editors-in-chief. astrong some role inthe ofat behaviour least andstill that professional ideals the professional notabandoned culture has show itdoes journalism, of crisis on the deep ofthe findings ground research tutional patronage professional self-esteem. andstillretain andinsti captivity economic which tofull havesent resist the managed media andinnovation. modernisation andanaffinityskills for with broadmanagerial andfinally mitment values to strengthening democratic com bythe pressure, experience arecognisable ofresisting backed al integrity aproven with record ofperson the Next, fession. editor-in-chief associated is ofthe for pro by, standards the ethical arespect earned amongother things, extensive with professional workingexperienceperson andahigh reputation Additionally, regulation. andmedia a as literacy seen the is media chief editor technologies, new inother featuresjournalism countries, of thewith specific trade andthecontent) entire ofthe media chain ofproduction andfamiliarity ucation, complemented byextensive (the journalistic professional knowledge ed include a general broad These qualifications. andthechief necessary editor of the position between madebyinterviewees more clearly inthe links seen is belief aprofession. This as save can journalism ofuniqueindividuals the part thatbelieve enthusiasm on They many so highlights. negative experienced has are forced to create professional myths inorder to remain inaprofession that ofeditors. characteristics personal the behind andrecognitions a more elaborate ofprofessional rewards system the suchimprovement as tors, status of the situation,and economic legal better fac putinstitutional They and reputation (experience) traits. and personality astrong professional identity(general andvocational), areknowledge These infirstplace. ofeditors characteristics putthe personal for this report viewed ofchief editor, position dependent inter andexperts of12editors amajority Nothing in the profile and position of Nothingtoday’sposition inthe profile empowers editors-in-chief and the utopian against back Although seems their of chief perception editors is thatrepre they wayThe other ofourinterviewees of the reading reaction is One that ways. the interviewees intwo be explained can This response When asked to list the conditions necessary for achieving a strong and in for achieving to the list conditionsWhen asked necessary 7 CONCLUSIONS ------INTEGRITY. PROTECTION OF MEDIA THEM FOR THE IN-CHIEF EMPOWERS OF TODAY’S EDITORS- PROFILE AND POSITION NOTHING IN THE
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 14 17 far failed to promote successfully for a variety ofreasons. to promote for successfully avariety failed far have so that associations standards professional journalist journalism the ethical the appropriate would be for that establishing means such an association believes dation of democratic processes inSerbia. processes dation ofdemocratic inthe operating publicinterest consoli andtowards anindustry as to survive a chance of their work has and life, then journalism precariousness increasing the despite inprofessional ideals stillbelieve ofjournalism, on the precarisation who,according journalists to of the study two-fifths those from are recruited Ifchief editors association. ofown onthe idea the futureofjournalism better for on greater impact the mechanism base will journalism re-professionalise ofthe Council. Press member acollective form they the Netherlands, for andinsome, example exist doalready inmany in countries, the oneheproposes like Associations journalists. affecting arethose bychief notthe editors sameas faced However, exist. already associations the challenges andthat journalists’ ly journalists, editors. among the idea chief for his to findsupport that hefailed RTV of employee He along-time is byeducation. engineer , andanelectrical Sad Novi Television Radio broadcaster lic service ofVojvodina of TV director , andtechnical nowhave. that than they owners better the is protection andmedia politics bythe pressures from government, andprotection independence them editorial to allow to as buildtheir so professional standards professionals needs of media job and different group thattion that is fromthis the of editing job the reporting assump on the editors of rests chief association ofaprofessional ago. Theidea community inthe more launched media than ayear which was association, cial inaspe regardto ofunitingeditors with the idea especially editors-in-chief, external from pressures. defence ofjournalists and last editor-in-chief The journalism. is and ethical the first professional, responsible to aspire whetherornotothersand professional will authoritieswhodetermine are the moral They extent onprofessional ethics. to which their work based is tothe work andaffect motivate journalists the atmosphere inthe newsroom, create Editors-in-chief or founder) and create the public image of the media. by the owner orientation (whichisdetermined editorial the profile ofan dia, give astamp to the me They docontributeeditors performance. to the media However, butto andmanagers. the to owners els editors-in-chief, donotfall twomod these between the about work ofthe media mentalisation. Decisions patterns ofinstru orlong-standing the permanent the publicandescape serve 8 According to Isakov, outthat point oftheare idea primari alleditors opponents Perhaps more inthe actively toinvolved whowant the effort to be editors Isakov,is Siniša of idea The originator this General ofpub Director a former done to improve of the side,not much been position On the practical has current advisor to Director General, Novi Sad, 21 Sad, March Novi 2016. General, to Director current advisor SinišaIsakov, with Television ofRadio General Interview Director former ofVojvodina and and a big supporter of the concept of public service broadcasting. Isakov says broadcasting. ofthe concept ofpublicservice andabigsupporter 8 However, he ------
AGO. MORE THAN A YEAR MEDIA COMMUNITY WAS LAUNCHED IN THE ASSOCIATION, WHICH EDITORS IN A SPECIAL THE IDEA OF UNITING WITH REGARD TO IN-CHIEF, ESPECIALLY POSITION OF EDITORS- DONE TO IMPROVE THE NOT MUCH HAS BEEN
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 15 17 1. State-media fi- andPetković, B.,State-media S. Hrvatin, umedijima,” najmoćnijih B.,“Pedeset E. Od novinara donadničara. al.,Od et Mihailović , thePublicorGovernment J.,Serving Matić, 4. 3. 2. Editors-in-chief should establish an association and use it as a tool for im atool itas anduse an association shouldEditors-in-chief establish Accessed 2April 2016. et-najmocnijih-u-medijima/tvg679b. broadcasters. inpublicservice cially integrity, that media to protect strive adoptioninmedia lobby for espe its work and editors-in-chief contract for for aspecific promote proposal its ) should (NUNS better Serbia of of Journalists Association The Independent broadcasters. audienceinthe publicservice trust andincrease lines along political diminish the for ground election candidates, tion of the best This could ensureselec possible. transparent as as ment ofeditors-in-chief should make for the broadcasters the procedure appoint Public service butnotefficiently which are defended. listed nowonlyformally rights rights, of the theirprotection enhanced professional and provide itors-in-chief andobligations ofed the balance should rights better legislation Media policy. on editorial to pressures exposed is the media defenders whenever freedom the media from for support andask integrity media protecting towards should strive association The andprofessional position. economic theirproving legal, 8 for state and media capture and, SEE media for state Financial Europe: engineering East South of in thecountries nancial relations http://www.blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/pedes Blic Accessed 10 April 2016. Media%20Capture-10%20Apr.pdf. Engineering%20for%20State%20and%20 tory.net/sites/default/files/Financial%20 - 2016. Available http://mediaobserva at: Peace Institute,Observatory, Ljubljana, razvoj sindikalizma, 2015. sindikalizma, razvoj CentarFondacija za otvoreno društvo, za Graf, Dan rad, Beograd, iživot Prekarni 2014. naslov,Dobar Beograd, BIBLIOGRAPHY RECOMMENDATIONS , 12 January 2011. Available, 12January at: Media Media - Savet za štampu, MonitoringSavet za - poštovan NUNS NUNS 2 April 2016. Accessed je-u-dnevnim-novinama.html. - ing-postovanja-kodeksa-novinara-srbi nica/vesti/33/2016/01/29/937/monitor http://www.savetzastampu.rs/lati- at: 2016.novinama, 29January Available ja Kodeksa novinara Srbije udnevnim Accessed 2Aprilma-u-srbiji.html. 2016. news/23181/50-najmocnijih-u-mediji- Available http://www.nuns.rs/info/ at: 19 2015 January (quoted Blic from Accessed 2April 2016. UREDNIKA %20 ODGOVORNOG GLAVNOG%20 %20I%20 RADU O%20 %20 UGOVORA %20 ANEKS loads_ck/files/ - http://www.novimagazin.rs/public/up Available urednika. at: odgovornog , “50 najmoćnijih u medijima uSrbiji,”, “50 umedijima najmoćnijih i ugovoraoraduglavnog , Aneks .pdf. .pdf. .). ------
THE EDITORS’ ROLE IN MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN SERBIA CLOSER TO OWNERS THAN TO JOURNALISTS 16 17 Božidar Andrejić, editor, Andrejić, Božidar Danas daily Dalila Ljubičić, executive director, Ljubičić, Dalila Media editor,Jelka Jovanović, , magazin Novi weekly Mitko editor, former Jakovlevski, in specialist Isakov,Siniša of General Director former agen - editor-in-chief, news Ivan Cvejić, Beta JOVANKA a partner organisation inthe SEE a partner ofJournalism, School Sad bythe Novi engaged aresearcher as Matić contributed this report inBelgrade. Sciences at the Institute Associate ofSocial aResearch Sheis Serbia. Belgrade, Association, Belgrade, 25March 2016. Belgrade, Association, 18 MarchBelgrade, 2016. 19 March Belgrade, 2016. education, media 21Sad, March 2016. Novi General, torent Director advisor TelevisionRadio ofVojvodina andcur cy 23 MarchBelgrade, 2016. LIST OF INTERVIEWS AUTHOR , Belgrade, 18 March, Belgrade, 2016. MA TIĆ holds aPhDholds inCommunication Studies the from Faculty ofPolitical in Science Media Observatory. Media , - Editor at the regional radio in Central Serbia, Editor at radioin Central the Serbia, regional broad- Editor at publicservice the regional broad- Editor at the national publicservice Sad, Novi Editor-in-chief portal, ofanews Editor-in-chief inaminority ofamagazine to editor-in-chiefAssistant ofanational- dai editor-in-chief, former Vlajić, Đorđe Radio 22 March 2016. caster, 27 Sad, March Novi 2016. caster, 18 March Belgrade, 2016. 29 March 2016. 30 Sad, March Novi 2016.language, ly, 27 March 2016. Belgrade, 17, Belgrade, Belgrade March 2016.
AUTHOR Jovanka Matić EDITOR Brankica Petković THE EDITORS' ROLE IN ASSISTANT EDITOR Saša Panić TRANSLATION Jelena MEDIA INTEGRITY PROTECTION Jovović LANGUAGE EDITOR Amy Kennedy PUBLISH- This report has been produced with the financial assistance IN SERBIA ER Peace Institute, Institute for Contemporary Social of the European Union. The contents of the report are the The report has been produced and Political Studies, Metelkova 6, SI–1000 Ljubljana, sole responsibility of the Peace Institute and the author, and within the project South East CLOSER TO OWNERS Slovenia,